Stimulating dormancy release and emergence of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seeds using short-term hydrated storage in darkness

Experiments were performed to determine whether the dormancy release effect of hydrated storage in darkness (dark-stratification) is common amongst annual ryegrass populations and has the potential to occur under field conditions. Dormant seeds from all populations tested (22) became sensitive to light during dark-stratification, enabling them to germinate when subsequently exposed to light. Under controlled temperature (25/15degreesC), light (12-h photoperiod), and hydration (solidified agar-water) conditions, more seeds germinated by 28 days if the first 14 days were in darkness followed by exposure to light for 12 h per day than if they were exposed to light throughout or darkness throughout. Constraint over the conditions imposed during dark-stratification and germination was gradually reduced to investigate whether the dormancy release effect was diminished. Dark-stratification was effective in promoting germination when performed under natural diurnal temperatures, and burial in moist soil provided suitable conditions for dark-stratification to occur. The surface of moist soil, with natural diurnal temperatures and sunlight, was suitable for germination of dark-stratified seeds. Dark-stratification is a quick and effective means to enhance the sensitivity of dormant annual ryegrass seeds to light, enabling the majority of the population to germinate. However, large quantities of light are required to promote germination of dark-stratified seeds, so buried seeds must be moved to the soil surface to allow exposure to adequate light for germination.

Executive "brake failure" following deactivation of human frontal lobe

In the course of daily living, humans frequently encounter situations in which a motor activity, once initiated, becomes unnecessary or inappropriate. Under such circumstances, the ability to inhibit motor responses can be of vital importance. Although the nature of response inhibition has been studied in psychology for several decades, its neural basis remains unclear. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we found that temporary deactivation of the pars opercularis in the right inferior frontal gyrus selectively impairs the ability to stop an initiated action. Critically, deactivation of the same region did not affect the ability to execute responses, nor did it influence physiological arousal. These findings confirm and extend recent reports that the inferior frontal gyrus is vital for mediating response inhibition.

Out of the shadows: The critical sociology of sport in Australia, 1986 to 1996

The sociology of sport in Australia has reached a key point in its development. A critical tradition in the subdiscipline has been established over the last decade, but its intellectual and institutional progress has been uneven. This article briefly traces the emergence of critical sports sociology in a country outside the major centers in the UK and U.S., its break with functionalist approaches, and its attempts to overcome the neglect of local mainstream sociology. The authors proceed to examine (self-reflexively) the changes of theoretical direction and the new lines of research that are being explored in the field. A recent ''skirmish'' with narrative history over the preferred theories and methods in sports analysis is discussed as illustrative of the difficulties encountered by an energetic but small, dispersed and underorganized scholarly movement in Australia.

Healing of displaced condylar process fracture in rats submitted to protein undernutrition

Introduction: This study evaluated the healing of mandibular condylar fracture in rats submitted to experimental and protein undernutrition (8% of protein) by means of histological analysis. Material: Forty-five adult Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 15 animals: a fracture group, who were submitted to condylar fracture with no changes in diet; an undernourished fracture group, who were submitted to a low protein diet and condylar fracture: an undernourished group, kept until the end of experiment, without condylar fracture. Displaced fractures of the right condyle were created under general anaesthesia. The histological study comprised fracture site and temporomandibular joint evaluations. Results: The undernourished fracture group showed significant weight loss. There was a marked decrease in the values of serum proteins and albumin in the undernourished fracture group. Histological analysis showed that protein undernutrition lead to atrophy of the condylar fibrocartilage. Fractures in undernutrition presented a delay in callus formation due to more extensive devitalized bone areas, and after 3 months there were still bone formation areas, while fibrous ankylosis occurred in the articular space. Conclusion: It was concluded that mandibular condyle fractures in rats with protein undernutrition had impaired callus formation, as well as fibrous ankylosis into the temporomandibular joint. (C) 2010 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery.

Low Level Laser Effects On Pain to Palpation and Electromyographic Activity in TMD Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of diode laser (GaAlAs - 780 nm) on pain to palpation and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. The laser was applied on the temporalis and masseter muscles twice a week (four weeks). Forty-eight (48) patients with myofascial pain were randomly assigned between actual and placebo treatments and between the energetic doses of 25 J/cm(2) and 60 J/cm(2), and were evaluated using VAS before, immediately after the final application, and 30 days after the laser treatment. Surface electromyography was performed with maximum dental clenching before and after laser therapy. The results show there were no significant statistical differences in the EMG activity between the groups before and after laser treatment. With regard to the pain at palpation, although both groups presented a significant difference in the symptoms before and after the treatment, only the active doses showed statistically significant reductions in pain level in all the regions of the palpated muscles. However, there was no significant statistical difference between groups (experimental and placebo). In conclusion, low level laser did not promote any changes in EMG activity. The treatment did, however, lessen the pain symptoms in the experimental groups.

Haptic information stabilizes and destabilizes coordination dynamics

Goal-directed, coordinated movements in humans emerge from a variety of constraints that range from 'high-level' cognitive strategies based oil perception of the task to 'low-level' neuromuscular-skeletal factors such as differential contributions to coordination from flexor and extensor muscles. There has been a tendency in the literature to dichotomize these sources of constraint, favouring one or the other rather than recognizing and understanding their mutual interplay. In this experiment, subjects were required to coordinate rhythmic flexion and extension movements with an auditory metronome, the rate of which was systematically increased. When subjects started in extension on the beat of the metronome, there was a small tendency to switch to flexion at higher rates, but not vice versa. When subjects: were asked to contact a physical stop, the location of which was either coincident with or counterphase to the auditor) stimulus, two effects occurred. When haptic contact was coincident with sound, coordination was stabilized for both flexion and extension. When haptic contact was counterphase to the metronome, coordination was actually destabilized, with transitions occurring from both extension to flexion on the beat and from flexion to extension on the beat. These results reveal the complementary nature of strategic and neuromuscular factors in sensorimotor coordination. They also suggest the presence of a multimodal neural integration process-which is parametrizable by rate and context - in which intentional movement, touch and sound are bound into a single, coherent unit.

Discrimination of adsorption kinetic models for the description of hydrocarbon adsorption in activated carbon

Five kinetic models for adsorption of hydrocarbons on activated carbon are compared and investigated in this study. These models assume different mass transfer mechanisms within the porous carbon particle. They are: (a) dual pore and surface diffusion (MSD), (b) macropore, surface, and micropore diffusion (MSMD), (c) macropore, surface and finite mass exchange (FK), (d) finite mass exchange (LK), and (e) macropore, micropore diffusion (BM) models. These models are discriminated using the single component kinetic data of ethane and propane as well as the multicomponent kinetics data of their binary mixtures measured on two commercial activated carbon samples (Ajax and Norit) under various conditions. The adsorption energetic heterogeneity is considered for all models to account for the system. It is found that, in general, the models assuming diffusion flux of adsorbed phase along the particle scale give better description of the kinetic data.

Molecular orbital theory calculations of the H2O-carbon reaction

Carbon gasification with steam to produce H-2 and CO is an important reaction widely used in industry for hydrogen generation. Although the literature is vast, the. mechanism for the formation of H-2 is still unclear. In particular, little has, been done to investigate the potential of molecular orbital theory to distinguish different mechanism possibilities. In this work, we used molecular orbital theory to demonstrate a favorable energetic pathway where H2O is first physically adsorbed on the virgin graphite surface with negligible change in molecular structure. Chemisorption occurs via O approaching the carbon edge site with one H atom stretching away from the O in the transition state. This is followed by a local minimum. state in which the stretching H is further disconnected from the O atoms and the remaining OH group is still on the carbon edge site. The disconnected H then pivot around the OH group to bond with the H of the OH group and forms H-2. The O atom remaining on the carbon edge site is subsequently desorbed as CO. The reverse occurs when H-2 reacts with the surface oxygen to produce H2O.

Finite, three-dimensional adsorbed phase growth in activated carbon mesopores

The role of PACs (primary adsorption centers) in the mesopore (i.e., transport) region of activated carbons during adsorption of polar species, such as water, is unclear. A classical model of three-dimensional adsorption on finite PACs is presented. The model is a preliminary, theoretical investigation into adsorption on mesopore PACs and is intended to give some insight into the energetic and physical processes at work. Work processes are developed to obtain isotherms and three-dimensional sorbate growth on PACs of varying size and energetic characteristics. The work processes allow two forms of adsorbed phase growth: densification at constant boundary and boundary growth at constant density. Relatively strong sorbate-sorbent interactions and strong surface tension favor adsorbed phase densification over boundary growth. Conversely, relatively weak sorbate-sorbent interactions and weak surface tension favor boundary growth over densification. If sorbate-sorbate interactions are strong compared to sorbate-sorbent interactions, condensation with hysteresis occurs. This can also give rise to delayed boundary growth, where all initial adsorption occurs in the monolayer only. The results indicate that adsorbed phase growth on PACs may be quite complex.

Interaction of directional, neuromuscular and egocentric constraints on the stability of preferred bimanual coordination patterns

We investigated how the relative direction of limb movements in external space (iso- and non-isodirectionality), muscular constraints (the relative timing of homologous muscle activation) and the egocentric frame of reference (moving simultaneously toward/away the longitudinal axis of the body) contribute to the stability of coordinated movements. In the first experiment, we attempted to determine the respective stability of isodirectional and non-isodirectional movements in between-persons coordination. In a second experiment, we determined the effect of the relative direction in external space, and of muscular constraints, on pattern stability during a within-person bimanual coordination task. In the third experiment we dissociated the effects on pattern stability of the muscular constraints, relative direction and egocentric frame of reference. The results showed that (1) simultaneous activation of homologous muscles resulted in more stable performance than simultaneous activation of non-homologous muscles during within-subject coordination, and that (2) isodirectional movements were more stable than non-isodirectional movements during between-persons coordination, confirming the role of the relative direction of the moving limbs in the stability of bimanual coordination. Moreover, the egocentric constraint was to some extent found distinguishable from the effect of the relative direction of the moving limbs in external space, and from the effect of the relative timing of muscle activation. In summary, the present study showed that relative direction of the moving limbs in external space and muscular constraints may interact either to stabilize or destabilize coordination patterns. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Phase equilibria and surface tension of pure fluids using a molecular layer structure theory (MLST) model

This paper presents a new model based on thermodynamic and molecular interaction between molecules to describe the vapour-liquid phase equilibria and surface tension of pure component. The model assumes that the bulk fluid can be characterised as set of parallel layers. Because of this molecular structure, we coin the model as the molecular layer structure theory (MLST). Each layer has two energetic components. One is the interaction energy of one molecule of that layer with all surrounding layers. The other component is the intra-layer Helmholtz free energy, which accounts for the internal energy and the entropy of that layer. The equilibrium between two separating phases is derived from the minimum of the grand potential, and the surface tension is calculated as the excess of the Helmholtz energy of the system. We test this model with a number of components, argon, krypton, ethane, n-butane, iso-butane, ethylene and sulphur hexafluoride, and the results are very satisfactory. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Análise da fibrose do tecido adiposo de mulheres submetidas à abdominoplastia e cirurgia bariátrica

A fibrose é um acúmulo demasiado de matriz extracelular, resultante de um desequilíbrio entre a síntese e a degradação dos seus componentes. É associada às alterações metabólicas do tecido adiposo, contudo sua ocorrência nos diferentes depósitos e repercussões clínicas ainda não são totalmente compreendidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a fibrose no tecido adiposo em relação à presença de obesidade, localização do depósito [tecido adiposo subcutâneo abdominal (TASA) e visceral (TAV)] e sua associação a variáveis clínicas. Amostras de gordura do TASA e TAV foram obtidas de 21 mulheres submetidas à cirurgia bariátrica (IMC>40Kg/m2) e 25 amostras de TASA das submetidas à abdominoplastia (IMC<30Kg/m2). As amostras foram processadas para histologia convencional. O corante picrosirius foi utilizado para avaliação das fibras colágenas totais. As imagens obtidas foram analisadas no ADIPOSOFT®. O percentual de fibrose no TASA e no TAV foi analisado com testes estatísticos não paramétricos, adotando-se um valor de p<0,05. A fibrose no TASA foi maior em mulheres com obesidade (p<0.0006). A fibrose entre os depósitos de TASA e de TAV foi observada apenas em mulheres pardas e negras com obesidade (p<0,012). A fibrose no TASA não foi correlacionada com as variáveis clínicas nas mulheres sem obesidade. No entanto, nas submetidas à cirurgia bariátrica, foram observadas correlações da fibrose no TASA com Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC), hemoglobina glicada (A1c), LDL e triglicerídeos; e no TAV com porcentagem de perda gordura pré-operatório, % de perda de gordura total, % de massa magra pré, Taxa Metabólica Basal (TBM) e Gasto Energético Basal (GEB). Os parâmetros metabólicos e de perfil antropométrico antes da cirurgia bariátrica foram associados à fibrose no TASA, enquanto os parâmetros após a cirurgia foram associados à fibrose no TAV.

Protecção contra descargas atmosféricas: aplicação informática de identificação das vulnerabilidades das edificações e de apoio à concepção da protecção

A concepção de instalações eléctricas deve garantir condições de segurança para as pessoas e equipamentos. Para tal é exigida, quer por força de regulamentação ou de normalização, a instalação de dispositivos que garantam a detecção e a protecção contra os defeitos mais comuns nas instalações eléctricas como, por exemplo, as sobreintensidades e as sobretensões. Susceptíveis de criar sobretensões perigosas nas instalações eléctricas, as descargas atmosféricas podem ainda causar danos estruturais elevados, o que, em algumas actividades económicas, torna fundamental a implementação de medidas de protecção contra este fenómeno natural. A protecção contra descargas atmosféricas directas consiste em identificar as vulnerabilidades das estruturas e, nesses locais, implementar dispositivos de captura, direccionamento e escoamento da descarga atmosférica à terra, em condições de segurança. O presente trabalho, desenvolvido no âmbito da dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica, visa desenvolver e implementar uma ferramenta computacional, baseada em programas de desenho assistido por computador (CAD) de utilização corrente na área de projecto de arquitectura e de engenharia, que permita, no âmbito de normas internacionais, a análise e implementação de sistemas de protecção em edifícios contra descargas atmosféricas de uma forma rápida e expedita. Baseado num programa CAD 3D, que permite a modelização tridimensional das estruturas a proteger, a ferramenta desenvolvida tentará identificar as suas vulnerabilidades das estruturas às descargas atmosféricas directas, com o intuito de implementar as medidas de protecção mais adequadas do ponto de vista técnico económico. Prevê-se que a ferramenta resultante deste estudo, o Simulador do Modelo Electrogeométrico (SIMODEL), possibilite aos projectistas e particularmente aos alunos das unidades curriculares na área do projecto de instalações eléctricas da Área Departamental de Engenharia de Sistemas e Potencia e Automação (ADESPA) do ISEL, estudar e implementar sistemas de protecção contra descargas atmosféricas (SPDA) baseados na normalização internacional do CENELEC e da IEC, nomeadamente as normas da série 62305.

O impacto energético e as emissões de CO2 dos veículos eléctricos em Portugal

Para a diminuição da dependência energética de Portugal face às importações de energia, a Estratégia Nacional para a Energia 2020 (ENE 2020) define uma aposta na produção de energia a partir de fontes renováveis, na promoção da eficiência energética tanto nos edifícios como nos transportes com vista a reduzir as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa. No campo da eficiência energética, o ENE 2020 pretende obter uma poupança energética de 9,8% face a valores de 2008, traduzindo-se em perto de 1800 milhões de tep já em 2015. Uma das medidas passa pela aposta na mobilidade eléctrica, onde se prevê que os veículos eléctricos possam contribuir significativamente para a redução do consumo de combustível e por conseguinte, para a redução das emissões de CO2 para a atmosfera. No entanto, esta redução está condicionada pelas fontes de energia utilizadas para o abastecimento das baterias. Neste estudo foram determinados os consumos de combustível e as emissões de CO2 de um veículo de combustão interna adimensional representativo do parque automóvel. É também estimada a previsão de crescimento do parque automóvel num cenário "Business-as-Usual", através dos métodos de previsão tecnológica para o horizonte 2010-2030, bem como cenários de penetração de veículos eléctricos para o mesmo período com base no método de Fisher- Pry. É ainda analisado o impacto que a introdução dos veículos eléctricos tem ao nível dos consumos de combustível, das emissões de dióxido de carbono e qual o impacto que tal medida terá na rede eléctrica, nomeadamente no diagrama de carga e no nível de emissões de CO2 do Sistema Electroprodutor Nacional. Por fim, é avaliado o impacto dos veículos eléctricos no diagrama de carga diário português, com base em vários perfis de carga das baterias. A introdução de veículos eléctricos em Portugal terá pouca expressão dado que, no melhor dos cenários haverão somente cerca de 85 mil unidades em circulação, no ano de 2030. Ao nível do consumo de combustíveis rodoviários, os veículos eléctricos poderão vir a reduzir o consumo de gasolina até 0,52% e até 0,27% no consumo de diesel, entre 2010 e 2030, contribuindo ligeiramente uma menor dependência energética externa. Ao nível do consumo eléctrico, o abastecimento das baterias dos veículos eléctricos representará até 0,5% do consumo eléctrico total, sendo que parte desse abastecimento será garantido através de centrais de ciclo combinado a gás natural. Apesar da maior utilização deste tipo de centrais térmicas para produção de energia, tanto para abastecimento das viaturas eléctricas, como para o consumo em geral, verifica-se que em 2030, o nível de emissões do sistema electroprodutor será cerca de 46% inferior aos níveis registados em 2010, prevendo-se que atinja as 0,163gCO2/kWh produzido pelo Sistema Electroprodutor Nacional devido à maior quota de produção das fontes de energia renovável, como o vento, a hídrica ou a solar.

A energia das ondas e o seu aproveitamento

As crises energéticas surgidas no decorrer do último século, incluindo a crise do petróleo, obrigaram o Homem a procurar cada vez mais fontes de energia alternativas e preferencialmente inesgotáveis. Desta situação, resultou uma forte aposta na exploração das fontes de energias renováveis, que são uma das principais alternativas para responder a um aumento de procura, e também, face às exigências de consumos actuais, beneficiando de ao se apostar numa energia limpa e renovável existir uma forte redução nos impactes ambientais que outras fontes de energia não apresentam. O aproveitamento dos recursos provenientes de fontes de energia renováveis para a produção de energia já existe há vários anos, e, em alguns casos, atingiram já um estado de maturidade considerável, como é caso da energia eólica. Em comparação, o mesmo já não acontece com a energia das ondas. Embora o oceano apresente um recurso com enorme potencial para ser explorado, incluindo as ondas e correntes oceânicas, os dispositivos tecnológicos necessários para a exploração deste recurso encontram-se maioritariamente ainda em fase experimental, havendo casos pontuais que atingiram a fase pré-comercial. Assim, não existe até à data um dispositivo padrão para a exploração da energia das ondas em grande escala, contrariamente ao que acontece com a energia eólica. Para esta situação, contribuiu o elevado número de dispositivos patenteados para a exploração da energia das ondas, nenhum deles com vantagens significativas relativamente a outros, e também, devido ao facto de a exploração deste tipo de energia não poder ser feito de igual modo na costa ou a muitos quilómetros dela. Na presente dissertação são apresentados alguns dos principais dispositivos existentes para a extracção de energia proveniente das ondas oceânicas, com especial atenção para os dispositivos de coluna de água oscilante.