Associations between flavan-3-ol intake and CVD risk in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk)

Background: Dietary intervention studies suggest that flavan-3-ol intake can improve vascular function and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, results from prospective studies failed to show a consistent beneficial effect. Objective: To investigate associations between flavan-3-ol intake and CVD risk in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). Design: Data was available from 24,885 (11,252 men; 13,633 women) participants, recruited between 1993 and 1997 into the EPIC-Norfolk study. Flavan-3-ol intake was assessed using 7-day food diaries and the FLAVIOLA Flavanol Food Composition database. Missing data for plasma cholesterol and vitamin C were imputed using multiple imputation. Associations between flavan-3-ol intake and blood pressure at baseline were determined using linear regression models. Associations with CVD risk were estimated using Cox regression analyses. Results: Median intake of total flavan-3-ols was 1034 mg/d (range: 0 – 8531 mg/d) for men and 970 mg/d (0 – 6695 mg/d) for women, median intake of flavan-3-ol monomers was 233 mg/d (0 – 3248 mg/d) for men and 217 (0 – 2712 mg/d) for women. There were no consistent associations between flavan-3-ol monomer intake and baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP). After 286,147 person-years of follow up, there were 8463 cardio-vascular events and 1987 CVD related deaths; no consistent association between flavan-3-ol intake and CVD risk (HR 0.93, 95% CI:0.87; 1.00; Q1 vs Q5) or mortality was observed (HR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.84; 1.04). Conclusions: Flavan-3-ol intake in EPIC-Norfolk is not sufficient to achieve a statistically significant reduction in CVD risk.

Sticking to the script? The co-production of Neighbourhood Planning in England

Efforts to engage with communities in spatial planning have been criticised as being tokenistic, vehicles for co-option or designed to promote neo-liberal agendas. The introduction of neighbourhood planning (NP) in England under the Localism Act (2011) is claimed by proponents to be a step change in the way that local communities are involved in planning their own areas. However, little empirical evidence has yet emerged to substantiate such claims, or provide details about the practices and experiences of NP. The paper highlights that there are numerous parties involved in the co-production of Neighbourhood Development Plans and there are numerous instances where ideas, policies and priorities that emerge from within neighbourhoods are being ‘rescripted’ to ensure conformity to a bounded form of collaboration.

Playing Kant at the Court of King Arthur

This article contrasts the sense in which those whom Bernard Williams called ‘political realists’ and John Rawls are committed to the idea that political philosophy has to be distinctively political. Distinguishing the realist critique of political moralism from debates over ideal and non-ideal theory, it is argued that Rawls is more realist than many realists realise, and that realists can learn more about how to make a distinctively political vision of how our life together should be organised from his theorising, although it also points to a worrying tendency among Rawlsians to reach for inappropriately moralised arguments. G. A. Cohen’s advocacy of socialism and the second season of HBO’s The Wire are used as examples to illustrate these points.

Economic evidence in regulatory disputes: revisiting the court-regulatory agency relationship in the US and the UK

This article examines the issue of the appropriate scope of review of economic evidence enshrined in the discretionary assessments of utility regulators in the US and the UK. It advances a balance of institutional competencies approach to the question of the degree of deference owed to the regulatory agency’s economic assessments. In doing so, it revisits the doctrinal positions advanced in the US and UK for the substantive review of administrative discretion, so as to become attuned to the challenges posed by economic evidence. Drawing on insights from political science and economics, the suggested approach illuminates the institutional disadvantages of the courts that may warrant a high degree of deference. At the same time, however, it remains sensitive to the polycentric elements of regulatory disputes as well as to a number of institutional realties that may attenuate the weight of such comparative institutional disadvantages.

Leaving the Court, But Never the Team: Legendary coach Dick Whitmore retires after 40 years, but his relationship with his "basketball people" endures

Legendary coach Dick Whitmore retires after 40 years, but his relationship with his “basketball people” endures.

February 2010: United States Supreme Court Cases

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Instrumentalização do Propagar MOO com ferramentas de planejamento do uso da água e de análise da simulação através da utilização da linguagem Pascal Script

A simulação é uma das ferramentas mais utilizadas para a aplicação da análise sistêmica nos mais diversos estudos. Ao longo do tempo, vários modelos foram desenvolvidos para representar sistemas de recursos hídricos, utilizando a simulação. Dentre esses modelos, está o Propagar MOO, que simula a propagação de vazões em uma bacia hidrográfica, submetida à decisões operacionais de suprimento de demandas e de operação de reservatórios, introduzidas pelo usuário através de rotinas escritas na linguagem de programação Pascal Script. A utilização eficiente dessas rotinas permite ao usuário ampliar a capacidade e flexibilidade do modelo na representação de um sistema hídrico. Com o objetivo de contribuir na ampliação da flexibilidade do modelo Propagar MOO e de sua aplicabilidade à modelagem de sistemas de recursos hídricos em geral, bem como facilitar o estudo da linguagem de programação Pascal Script e motivar os profissionais da área no desenvolvimento de novas rotinas aplicadas ao modelo, foram implementadas, através do presente trabalho, rotinas genéricas contendo estratégias de planejamento do uso da água e de operação de reservatórios, bem como ferramentas para analisar seus resultados. Para ampliar essa contribuição, foi aprimorada a possibilidade de simulação da geração de energia hidrelétrica em pontos de uma rede hidrográfica, com a criação de novas ferramentas para esse fim, na estrutura interna do modelo. Por fim, para que o próprio usuário pudesse construir ferramentas para auxiliar na verificação dos resultados obtidos nas simulações, esse estudo apresenta a implementação de rotinas de uso geral para servir como exemplos de ferramentas de análise de dados.