Non Invasive Tools for Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) describe a set of neurodevelopmental disorders. ASD represents a significant public health problem. Currently, ASDs are not diagnosed before the 2nd year of life but an early identification of ASDs would be crucial as interventions are much more effective than specific therapies starting in later childhood. To this aim, cheap an contact-less automatic approaches recently aroused great clinical interest. Among them, the cry and the movements of the newborn, both involving the central nervous system, are proposed as possible indicators of neurological disorders. This PhD work is a first step towards solving this challenging problem. An integrated system is presented enabling the recording of audio (crying) and video (movements) data of the newborn, their automatic analysis with innovative techniques for the extraction of clinically relevant parameters and their classification with data mining techniques. New robust algorithms were developed for the selection of the voiced parts of the cry signal, the estimation of acoustic parameters based on the wavelet transform and the analysis of the infant’s general movements (GMs) through a new body model for segmentation and 2D reconstruction. In addition to a thorough literature review this thesis presents the state of the art on these topics that shows that no studies exist concerning normative ranges for newborn infant cry in the first 6 months of life nor the correlation between cry and movements. Through the new automatic methods a population of control infants (“low-risk”, LR) was compared to a group of “high-risk” (HR) infants, i.e. siblings of children already diagnosed with ASD. A subset of LR infants clinically diagnosed as newborns with Typical Development (TD) and one affected by ASD were compared. The results show that the selected acoustic parameters allow good differentiation between the two groups. This result provides new perspectives both diagnostic and therapeutic.

Effetti audio digitali lineari per strumenti elettrici a corda

L’obbiettivo di questa tesi è quello di studiare le tecnologie e i metodi necessari alla simulazione degli effetti audio lineari, normalmente utilizzati per strumenti a corda elettrici, ed implementarla sullo smartphone. I vantaggi di questa idea sono evidenti nella versatilità e nella comodità di utilizzo, rispetto ai classici dispositivi impiegati dai musicisti (come gli effetti a pedali). Per fare ciò è necessaria la conoscenza delle tecniche di rappresentazione digitale di un segnale, come la trasformata di Fourier, il processo di campionamento e la trasformata Z, esposte nel Capitolo 1. Il Capitolo 2 continua l’introduzione trattando dei metodi utilizzati per creare effetti audio lineari tramite lo studio dei filtri FIR e IIR. Nel capitolo 3 sarà disponibile una classificazione degli effetti più utilizzati, seguiti dal procedimento di sviluppo di due sistemi: un equalizzatore a 10 bande e un delay, che saranno implementati nello smartphone. L’ultimo Capitolo, il quarto, spiega come è sviluppato il progetto, perché iOS è l’unico sistema operativo che permetta di farlo, ed indica le principali classi che necessitano di essere utilizzate.

Fenomeni di interazione audio-visiva in soggetti sani e in soggetti autistici: analisi mediante rete neurale

Negli ultimi anni, studi scientifici hanno evidenziato come il nostro sistema nervoso abbia la capacità di combinare e integrare informazioni di diversa natura sensoriale. Una interazione ampiamente studiata è quella audiovisiva. Oggetto principale di questa tesi è un esempio di interazione audiovisiva, ovvero un fenomeno illusorio visivo indotto dal suono che prende il nome “sound-induced flash illusion”: quando una coppia flash+beep è preceduta o seguita - ad una distanza temporale detta Stimulus Onset Asynchorny (SOA) - da un secondo beep, i soggetti spesso riportano la percezione di aver visto due flash. Il fenomeno illusorio tende a svanire al crescere dell’SOA, e si definisce “finestra temporale d’integrazione” l’intervallo di valori di SOA all’interno del quale si verifica l’illusione. Il fenomeno illusorio è presente anche nei soggetti autistici; questi, rispetto ai soggetti sani, presentano una maggiore propensione nel riportare l’illusione e una finestra temporale d’integrazione di durata maggiore. Obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato approfondire questi fenomeni di interazione mediante l’utilizzo di un modello di rete neurale precedentemente sviluppato dal gruppo di Bioingegneria dell’Università di Bologna. Tale modello era in grado di simulare il fenomeno illusorio, ma presentava il limite di non considerare l’intera finestra temporale in cui tale fenomeno si verifica. Un’analisi di sensitività del modello ha individuato quali variazioni dei parametri potessero spiegare l’illusione in un ampio intervallo temporale e interpretare le differenze tra soggetti sani e soggetti autistici. I risultati delle simulazioni hanno evidenziato un soddisfacente accordo con i dati di letteratura. Le analisi svolte possono contribuire a chiarire i meccanismi alla base del fenomeno illusorio e della finestra temporale in cui esso ha luogo e a fare luce sulle possibili alterazioni nelle singole aree cerebrali e nella interazione tra esse che possono interpretare le differenze osservate nei soggetti autistici rispetto ai sani.

Elaborazione di segnali audio per la localizzazione di sorgenti

In questo lavoro viene trattata l'elaborazione di segnali audio per la localizzazione di sorgenti sonore. Di certo gli elementi che concorrono maggiormente nella localizzazione del suono sono le nostre orecchie: esse sono separate dalla testa, che funge da ostacolo acustico. E' importante distinguere se la sorgente si trova davanti agli occhi dell'ascoltatore, ossia nel piano interaurale, o se altrimenti occupa una posizione più o meno laterale. In tali due casi i segnali audio raggiungeranno in modo diverso le due orecchie: avremo rispettivamente che essi, in un caso, raggiungeranno le due orecchie contemporaneamente; nell'altro una delle due orecchie riceverà un segnale ritardato ed attenuato. Tale elaborato si propone di ricreare uno scenario di classe virtuale in cui, attraverso l'utilizzo di MATLAB, vengono riprodotti i vari segnali cercando di fornire la sensazione di un ascolto reale, andando ad operare su di essi.

Implementazione di algoritmi di localizzazione di sorgenti audio

Questo progetto è stato ideato con lo scopo di implementare e simulare un algoritmo di stima della posizione di una sorgente sonora. E' stato scelto di utilizzare MATLAB come strumento di sviluppo. Tutti i dispositivi hardware utilizzati sono compatibili, interfacciabili tra loro ed ampiamente descritti all'interno di questo elaborato.

Investigating human audio-visual object perception with a combination of hypothesis-generating and hypothesis-testing fMRI analysis tools

Primate multisensory object perception involves distributed brain regions. To investigate the network character of these regions of the human brain, we applied data-driven group spatial independent component analysis (ICA) to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data set acquired during a passive audio-visual (AV) experiment with common object stimuli. We labeled three group-level independent component (IC) maps as auditory (A), visual (V), and AV, based on their spatial layouts and activation time courses. The overlap between these IC maps served as definition of a distributed network of multisensory candidate regions including superior temporal, ventral occipito-temporal, posterior parietal and prefrontal regions. During an independent second fMRI experiment, we explicitly tested their involvement in AV integration. Activations in nine out of these twelve regions met the max-criterion (A < AV > V) for multisensory integration. Comparison of this approach with a general linear model-based region-of-interest definition revealed its complementary value for multisensory neuroimaging. In conclusion, we estimated functional networks of uni- and multisensory functional connectivity from one dataset and validated their functional roles in an independent dataset. These findings demonstrate the particular value of ICA for multisensory neuroimaging research and using independent datasets to test hypotheses generated from a data-driven analysis.

Design techniques and analysis of high-resolution neural recording systems targeting epilepsy focus localization

The design of a high-density neural recording system targeting epilepsy monitoring is presented. Circuit challenges and techniques are discussed to optimize the amplifier topology and the included OTA. A new platform supporting active recording devices targeting wireless and high-resolution focus localization in epilepsy diagnosis is also proposed. The post-layout simulation results of an amplifier dedicated to this application are presented. The amplifier is designed in a UMC 0.18µm CMOS technology, has an NEF of 2.19 and occupies a silicon area of 0.038 mm(2), while consuming 5.8 µW from a 1.8-V supply.

Is 7-day event triggered ECG recording equivalent to 7-day Holter ECG recording for atrial fibrillation screening?

Prolonged ECG monitoring is standard for atrial fibrillation (AF) screening. This study investigated whether 7-day event triggered (tECG) ECG recording is equivalent to 7-day continuous Holter (cECG) ECG recording for AF screening.

Properties of basal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons: a direct patch-clamp recording study

Basal dendrites receive the majority of synapses that contact neocortical pyramidal neurons, yet our knowledge of synaptic processing in these dendrites has been hampered by their inaccessibility for electrical recordings. A new approach to patch-clamp recordings enabled us to characterize the integrative properties of these cells. Despite the short physical length of rat basal dendrites, synaptic inputs were electrotonically remote from the soma (>30-fold excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) attenuation) and back-propagating action potentials were significantly attenuated. Unitary EPSPs were location dependent, reaching large amplitudes distally (>8 mV), yet their somatic contribution was relatively location independent. Basal dendrites support sodium and NMDA spikes, but not calcium spikes, for 75% of their length. This suggests that basal dendrites, despite their proximity to the site of action potential initiation, do not form a single basal-somatic region but rather should be considered as a separate integrative compartment favoring two integration modes: subthreshold, location-independent summation versus local amplification of incoming spatiotemporally clustered information.

Fiberoptic system for recording dendritic calcium signals in layer 5 neocortical pyramidal cells in freely moving rats

Calcium influx into the dendritic tufts of layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons modifies a number of important cellular mechanisms. It can trigger local synaptic plasticity and switch the firing properties from regular to burst firing. Due to methodological limitations, our knowledge about Ca2+ spikes in the dendritic tuft stems mostly from in vitro experiments. However, it has been speculated that regenerative Ca2+ events in the distal dendrites correlate with distinct behavioral states. Therefore it would be most desirable to be able to record these Ca2+ events in vivo, preferably in the behaving animal. Here, we present a novel approach for recording Ca2+ signals in the dendrites of populations of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in vivo, which ensures that all recorded fluorescence changes are due to intracellular Ca2+ signals in the apical dendrites. The method has two main features: 1) bolus loading of layer 5 with a membrane-permeant Ca2+ dye resulting in specific loading of pyramidal cell dendrites in the upper layers and 2) a fiberoptic cable attached to a gradient index lens and a prism reflecting light horizontally at 90 degrees to the angle of the apical dendrites. We demonstrate that the in vivo signal-to-noise ratio recorded with this relatively inexpensive and easy-to-implement fiberoptic-based device is comparable to conventional camera-based imaging systems used in vitro. In addition, the device is flexible and lightweight and can be used for recording Ca2+ signals in the distal dendritic tuft of freely behaving animals.

Sensitive and highly specific quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA for recording a potential transfer of novel DNA and Cry1Ab protein from feed into bovine milk

To address food safety concerns of the public regarding the potential transfer of recombinant DNA (cry1Ab) and protein (Cry1Ab) into the milk of cows fed genetically modified maize (MON810), a highly specific and sensitive quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and an ELISA were developed for monitoring suspicious presence of novel DNA and Cry1Ab protein in bovine milk. The developed assays were validated according to the assay validation criteria specified in the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The detection limit and detection capability of the qPCR and ELISA were 100 copies of cry1Ab microL(-1) milk and 0.4 ng mL(-1) Cry1Ab, respectively. Recovery rates of 84.9% (DNA) and 97% (protein) and low (<15%) imprecision revealed the reliable and accurate estimations. A specific qPCR amplification and use of a specific antibody in ELISA ascertained the high specificity of the assays. Using these assays for 90 milk samples collected from cows fed either transgenic (n = 8) or non-transgenic (n = 7) rations for 6 months, neither cry1Ab nor Cry1Ab protein were detected in any analyzed sample at the assay detection limits.

3-D Audio in Mobile Communication Devices: Methods for Mobile Head-Tracking

Future generations of mobile communication devices will serve more and more as multimedia platforms capable of reproducing high quality audio. In order to achieve a 3-D sound perception the reproduction quality of audio via headphones can be significantly increased by applying binaural technology. To be independent of individual head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) and to guarantee a good performance for all listeners, an adaptation of the synthesized sound field to the listener's head movements is required. In this article several methods of head-tracking for mobile communication devices are presented and compared. A system for testing the identified methods is set up and experiments are performed to evaluate the prosand cons of each method. The implementation of such a device in a 3-D audio system is described and applications making use of such a system are identified and discussed.