The Media as a Window on the Past? The Impact of Television and Newspaper Consumption on Knowledge of the Democratic Transition in Portugal

This study seeks to expand our understanding of how the media increase the level of political information, by focusing on an understudied yet important learning outcome: knowledge of the political past. The article explores the factors underlying variation in the recognition of the leading actors in the transitional process in Portugal. The results show that television news and newspaper exposure foster recognition of these actors, but that media use interacts with personal experience of the transition (stronger effects among younger cohorts) and party identification (stronger impact on those who do not feel close to a political party).

A comparative study on the modified Max-Log-MAP turbodecoding by extrinsic information scaling

A simple but effective technique to improve the performance of the Max-Log-MAP algorithm is to scale the extrinsic information exchanged between two MAP decoders. A comprehensive analysis of the selection of the scaling factors according to channel conditions and decoding iterations is presented in this paper. Choosing a constant scaling factor for all SNRs and iterations is compared with the best scaling factor selection for changing channel conditions and decoding iterations. It is observed that a constant scaling factor for all channel conditions and decoding iterations is the best solution and provides a 0.2-0.4 dB gain over the standard Max- Log-MAP algorithm. Therefore, a constant scaling factor should be chosen for the best compromise.

On the DNA of eleven mammals

This paper studies the DNA code of eleven mammals from the perspective of fractional dynamics. The application of Fourier transform and power law trendlines leads to a categorical representation of species and chromosomes. The DNA information reveals long range memory characteristics.

Should the U.S. adapt to the world? The first debate on american exceptionalism and its impact on the founding of the United States

This paper aims at putting into perspective the recent, post 9/11 debate on the United States‘ alleged exceptionalism and its impact on the definition of American foreign policy. It reminds the readers that the United States was born as a result of a similar debate, at a time when a crucial choice for its future was to be made. Indeed, the Founding Fathers discarded the revolutionary idea that America was altogether different from other (European) nations and, as such, could succeed in saving republicanism and concentrate on domestic affairs. As Gordon Wood and Harvey Mansfield have shown, the 1787 version of republicanism stood as a departure from its earlier version, and such a change was necessary to the creation of a full-fledged federation, therefore paving the way to the current powerful Federal Republic. The early failure of the exceptionalist creed did not cause its disappearance, as the contemporary form of exceptionalism demonstrates, but created conditions that made an enduring and powerful influence very difficult.

A follow-up study on the quality of alcohol dependence-related information on the web.

ABSTRACT: In order to evaluate the one-year evolution of web-based information on alcohol dependence, we re-assessed alcohol-related sites in July 2007 with the same evaluating tool that had been used to assess these sites in June 2006. Websites were assessed with a standardized form designed to rate sites on the basis of accountability, presentation, interactivity, readability, and content quality. The DISCERN scale was also used, which aimed to assist persons without content expertise in assessing the quality of written health publications. Scores were highly stable for all components of the form one year later (r = .77 to .95, p < .01). Analysis of variance for repeated measures showed no time effect, no interaction between time and scale, no interaction between time and group (affiliation categories), and no interaction between time, group, and scale. The study highlights lack of change of alcohol-dependence-related web pages across one year.

A study on the role of the parent in educational decision making from the perspective of parents and teachers

ADeweyan (1916) democratic theoty ofeducation called for the participation ofall citizens in deliberating important educational issues to improve overall student learning. Thus, the move to include parents in educational decision making can be considered to be rooted in democratic principles. To gain greater insight into the issue ofparent involvement in educational decision making, one elementary school was studied and a triangulization method was employed in an attempt to clarify the important issues surrolUlding the move to include parents in the governance ofschools. The three methods to gain information included surveys, interviews, and documentation ofsignificant school events and related work. All ofthe parents and teachers ofthe school were surveyed, 10 parents and 6teachers were interviewed, and related school events were recorded. The survey design was modeled on the Parent Involvement Questionnaire (PIQ) created and reported on by Chavkin and Williams (1987). The results ofthe surveys were used as a guide for the interview questions. An interview outline was developed based on Seidman's (1991) open-ended approach and Patton's (1980) standardized open-ended interview style in which parents and teachers were asked about their experiences and opinions on anmnber ofparent involvement issues. Parents and teachers in this school indicated agreater interest in becoming more aware ofeducational issues such as school budget and school discipline policies. Although the parents indicated agreater interest in school matters and the teachers indicated awillingness to include parents in school matters, both the parents and teachers in this study perceived the role ofthe parent as advisory, not decision making. It was concluded that to ensure ameaningful and functional role for parellts as tlleir p811icipatioll ill educational matters evolves, SCllools must have a clear vision ofthe primary goal ofall schools, namely, to foster and nourish democratic citizens for ademocratic society (Glickman, 1993). Furthennore, intentional practices such as Purkey's (ad) 5-P Relay approach, based on a democratic theory and practice of education, will have to be employed in order to give parents an authentic voice in educational matters and provide an avenue for parents to acquire the necessary skills and lmowledge needed to do so. As schools, school boards, and the Ministry ofEducation implement parent involvement guidelines and policies, developmental needs ofeach school need to be considered to ensure the employment ofdemocratic practices not authoritarian mandates. Parent interest and involvement, at whatever level, should be an important element in the overall move to make schools part ofthe democratic society they were meant to be.

Engineers and technicians : the effect of cognitive style and gender on visual information processing

The purpose of this project was to identify in a subject group of engineers and technicians (N = 62) a preferred mode of representation for facilitating correct recall of information from complex graphics. The modes of representation were black and white (b&w) block, b&w icon, color block, and color icon. The researcher's test instrument included twelve complex graphics (six b&w and six color - three per mode). Each graphics presentation was followed by two multiple-choice questions. Recall performance was better using b&w block mode graphics and color icon mode graphics. A standardized test, the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) was used to identify a cognitive style preference (field dependence). Although engineers and technicians in the sample were strongly field-independent, they were not significantly more field-independent than the normative group in the Witkin, Oltman, Raskin, and Karp study (1971). Tests were also employed to look for any significant difference in cognitive style preference due to gender. None was found. Implications from the project results for the design of visuals and their use in technical training are discussed.

Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting documents containing the information required by the resolution of Mr. Wright, on the 22d inst. relative to the execution of the act fixing the military peace establishment. --

14th Congress, 1st session, 1815-1816. House. Document no. 33.

Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting documents containing the information required by the resolution of Mr. Wright, on the 22d inst. relative to the execution of the act fixing the military peace establishment

14th Congress, 1st session, 1815-1816. House. Document no. 33. January 27, 1816. Read and referred to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Memoirs of the Mexican Revolution : including a narrative of the expedition of General Xavier Mina. To which are annexed some observations on the practicability of opening a commerce between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, through the Mexican isthmus, in the province of Oaxaca, and at the Lake of Nicaragua; and the vast importance of such commerce to the civilized world.

UANL

Credibility on the Web

"La nature flexible et interactive d’Internet implique que de plus en plus de consommateurs l’utilisent en tant qu’outil d’information sur tous les sujets imaginables, qu’il s’agisse de trouver la meilleurs aubaine sur un billet d’avion, ou de se renseigner sur certains problèmes liés à leur santé. Cependant, une grande quantité de l’information disponible en ligne n’est pas impartiale. Certains sites web ne présentent qu’une vision des choses ou font la promotion des produits d’une seule entreprise. Les consommateurs sont plus habitués à évaluer le poid à attribuer à certains conseils ou autres formes d’informations dans un contexte différent. Une telle évaluation de la crédibilité d’une information devient plus difficile dans le monde virtuel où les indices du monde réel, de l’écrit ou de l’interaction face-à-face sont absents. Consumers International a développé une définition de la notion de « crédibilité de l’information retrouvée en ligne » et a établi une liste de critères pouvant l’évaluer. Entre les mois d’avril et juillet 2002, une équipe représentant 13 pays a visité 460 sites web destinés à fournir de l’information sur la santé, sur des produits financiers et sur les prix de voyages et de différents biens de consommation en utilisant ces critères. L’appréciation de ces données nous démontre que les consommateurs doivent faire preuve de prudence lorsqu’ils utilisent Internet comme source d’information. Afin de faire des choix éclairés sur la valeur à donner à une information retrouvée en ligne, les consommateurs doivent connaître ce qui suit : L’identité du propriétaire d’un site web, ses partenaires et publicitaires; La qualité de l’information fournie, incluant son actualité et sa clarté, l’identité des sources citées et l’autorité des individus donnant leur opinion; Si le contenu du site est contrôlé par des intérêts commerciaux, ou, s’il offre des liens, la nature de la relation avec le site visé; et Si on lui demandera de fournir des données personnelles, l’usage réservé à ces données et les mesures employées pour protéger ces données. Cette étude démontre que plusieurs sites ne fournissent pas suffisamment de détails dans ces domaines, ce qui risque d’exposer le consommateur à des informations inexactes, incomplètes ou même délibérément fausses. Les discours exagérés ou vagues de certains sites concernant leurs services ne fait qu’ajouter à la confusion. Ceci peut résulter en une perte de temps ou d’argent pour le consommateur, mais pour certaines catégories d’informations, comme les conseils visant la santé, le fait de se fier à de mauvais conseils peut avoir des conséquences beaucoup plus graves. Cette étude vise à aviser les consommateurs de toujours vérifier le contexte des sites avant de se fier aux informations qui s’y retrouvent. Elle demande aux entreprises d’adopter de meilleures pratiques commerciales et de fournir une information plus transparente afin d’accroître la confiance des consommateurs. Elle demande finalement aux gouvernements de contribuer à ce mouvement en assurant le respect des lois relatives à la consommation et des standards existants tant dans le monde réel que dans le monde virtuel."

The Gandarela Mountain Range and the “resistance space” against iron ore mining threat: a focus on the contrapositions

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