Isolation of culturable yeasts from market wines and evaluation of the 5 center dot 8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis for identification purposes

Aims: To test the possibility that wines available in the marketplace may contain culturable yeasts and to evaluate the 5.8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis as adequate means for the identification of isolates. Methods and Results: As a case study, typical Greek wines were surveyed. Sequence analysis of the 5.8S-ITS rDNA was tested for its robustness in species or strain identification. Sixteen isolates could be assigned into the species Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodotorula pinicola, whereas four isolates could not be safely identified. B. bruxellensis was the dominant species present in house wines, while non-Saccharomyces sp. were viable in aged wines of high alcohol content. Conclusions: Yeast population depends on postfermentation procedures or storage conditions. Although 5.8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis is generally a rapid method to identify wine yeast isolates at the species level, or even below that, it may not be sufficient for some genera. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first report to show that commercial wines may possess diverse and potentially harmful yeast populations. The knowledge of yeasts able to reside in this niche environment is essential towards integrated quality assurance programmes. For selected species, the 5.8S-ITS rDNA sequence analysis is a rapid and accurate means.

Taste components of Sherry wines

Sherry wine has characteristic taste and aroma, different from other wine-based alcoholic beverages. This paper reports a study of the non-volatile, low-molecular weight compounds found in sherry and related alcoholic beverages that may contribute to taste. Compounds analysed included free amino acids, organic acids, sugars and small peptides (linear and cyclic). A series of seven diketopiperazines (cyclic dipeptides) namely, cyclo(Leu-Leu), cyclo(Pro-Leu), cyclo(Pro-Ile), cyclo(Pro-Met), cyclo( Pro-Val), cyclo(Pro-Pro) and cyclo(Val-Ala) were identified for the first time in sherry. Although traces were found in some other alcoholic beverages, levels were low compared with sherry. The base wine used in the sherry production had only traces of diketopiperazines, indicating that the casking stage of sherry production might be responsible for their formation.

New Species of Anops Bell, 1833 (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from Jalapao Region in the Brazilian Cerrado

A new species of keel-headed amphisbaenian of the genus Anops is described from the Cerrado of the Jalapao region, Tocantins state, Brazil. This new species of Anops is described from a single specimen, which may be easily distinguished from the other species of the genus, Anops bilabialatus and Anops kingii, by showing an extremely narrow head (37.2% head length); a row of eight occipitals anterior to the first body annulus; temporal present, mental and postmental fused; four postgenial rows located between the malars; and two malars posterior to the second infralabial. The new species is the first of the genus found in the Cerrado core area, and, based on the available records, the single species in the genus may be restricted to this region.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE REINTRODUCTION AND RECOVERY OF THE ALAGOAS CURASSOW MITU MITU (LINNAEUS, 1766) FROM EXTINCTION USING A POTENTIALLY HYBRID CAPTIVE STOCK

The Alagoas Curassow Mitu mitu is considered extinct in the wild. Since 1979, two females and a male caught in the wild have bred successfully in captivity, and, in 1990, hybridizations between M. mitu and Razor-billed Mitu M. tuberosum were performed. By June 2008, there were around 130 living birds in two different aviaries. We sequenced two regions of the mitochondrial DNA of both captive stocks of Alagoas Curassows. We unequivocally identified hybrids that have haplotype typical of M. tuberosum. However, unless the original studbook can be recovered there is no confident way to discriminate ""pure"" M. mitu birds for breeding and reintroduction purposes. Allied with morphological data gathered in an independent study, we suggest that conservation actions need to focus on specimens with diagnostic phenotypic characters of M. mitu, and avoid birds with mitochondria, genetic contribution of M. tuberosum. Although we have detected low levels of genetic variability among captive birds, the steady increase of the captive population suggests that inbreeding depression and hybridization are not a reproductive hindrance. Reintroduction of some of these potential hybrid birds in the original area of occurrence of the Alagoas Curassow may be the only hope to fill in the ecological niche left vacant. An educational program involving local communities to conserve future reintroduction of curassows and their restored habitat is highly recommended. Accepted 12 November 2009.

Multivariant optimization, validation, and application of capillary electrophoresis for simultaneous determination of polyphenols and phenolic acids in Brazilian wines

A method for the simultaneous determination of the stilbene resveratrol, four phenolic acids (syringic, coumaric, caffeic, and gallic acids), and five flavonoids (catechin, rutin, kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin) in wine by CE was developed and validated. The CE electrolyte composition and instrumental conditions were optimized using 2(7-3) factorial design and response surface analysis, showing sodium tetraborate, MeOH, and their interaction as the most influential variables. The optimal electrophoretic conditions, minimizing the chromatographic resolution statistic values, consisted of 17 mmol/L sodium tetraborate with 20% methanol as electrolyte, constant voltage of 25 kV, hydrodynamic injection at 50 mbar for 3 s, and temperature of 25 degrees C. The R(2) values for linearity varied from 0.994 to 0.999; LOD and LOQ were 0.1 to 0.3 mg/L and 0.4 to 0.8 mg/L, respectively. The RSDs for migration time and peak area obtained from ten consecutive injections were less than 2% and recoveries varied from 97 to 102%. The method was applied to 23 samples of inexpensive Brazilian wines, showing wide compositional variation.

Use of copper and gold electrodes as sensitive elements for fabrication of an electronic tongue: Discrimination of wines and whiskies

A low-cost method is proposed to classify wine and whisky samples using a disposable voltammetric electronic tongue that was fabricated using gold and copper substrates and a pattern recognition technique (Principal Component Analysis). The proposed device was successfully used to discriminate between expensive and cheap whisky samples and to detect adulteration processes using only a copper electrode. For wines, the electronic tongue was composed of copper and gold working electrodes and was able to classify three different brands of wine and to make distinctions regarding the wine type, i.e., dry red, soft red, dry white and soft white brands. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ecologia da capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Linnaeus 1766) (Mammalia, Rodentia) na Reserva Biológica do Lami, sul do Brasil

Aspectos da ecologia da capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) foram estudados na Reserva Biológica do Lami, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de janeiro de 2000 a maio de 2002. A área abrange 210,3 ha, onde são encontrados seis categorias de vegetação (matas, campos úmidos, campos arenosos, banhados arbustivos, banhados herbáceos e juncais) em interface com corpos hídricos (arroio Lami e lago Guaíba). O clima da região é subtropical úmido sem estação seca, com temperatura média anual de 18°C. Foram realizadas contagens diretas dos indivíduos, com identificação de classes etárias, ao longo de transecções fixas que percorriam as cinco categorias de hábitat mais expressivas (excluindo o juncal), totalizando 7.245 m de extensão. Acada indivíduo contactado, registravase a posição espacial e o hábitat em que se encontrava, para identificação dos padrões de uso do espaço e dos hábitats A densidade foi calculada para cada ano de estudo, considerando o maior número de capivaras registrado, resultando em uma densidade de adultos de 0,24 ind/ha em 2000 e 0,21 ind/ha em 2001 e 2002, enquanto que a densidade geral foi de 0,28 ind/ha em 2000, 0,24 ind/ha em 2001 e 0,33 ind/ha em 2002. A proporção de adultos foi, em média, de 67 a 98% da população. O maior número de nascimentos foi registrado no período de primavera/verão. A abundância relativa, em número de indivíduos registrados por quilômetro percorrido, diferiu significativamente entre quatro zonas da área de estudo. Os hábitats mais utilizados foram a mata, o campo úmido e o banhado arbustivo, sendo que, de forma geral, o primeiro foi positivamente selecionado, o segundo apresentou seleção positiva a neutra, e o terceiro foi negativamente selecionado. Não foi verificado um padrão sazonal de uso dos hábitats. Foram registradas, adicionalmente, informações sobre comportamento, interações com aves e causas de mortalidade.

O império na província : construção do Estado nacional nas páginas de O propagador da Indústria Rio-grandense - 1833-1834

O trabalho analisa o periódico O Propagador da Indústria Rio-grandense, publicado nos anos de 1833-1834, na Vila de Rio Grande, núcleo portuário da província sul-rio-grandense. O jornal era mantido pela Sociedade Promotora da Indústria Rio-grandense, associação formada por membros da elite provincial, especialmente do segmento dos comerciantes. A análise e interpretação do Propagador é orientada pela hipótese de que, agindo em defesa da manutenção dos circuitos de comércio, o grupo que o patrocinava elaborava um discurso que o associava às elites do centro do Império no processo amplo de construção do Estado e de constituição simultânea da classe dominante. Atuando em uma conjuntura local adversa à defesa do centralismo, em virtude da agitação da propaganda farroupilha, a Sociedade Promotora procurava “pensar” o Império enquanto totalidade a ser integrada, contrapondo-se aos anseios autonomistas. A ação desses sujeitos é analisada tendo como referencial o projeto centralizador levado a cabo a partir do chamado “regresso conservador”. Entretanto, busca-se propor um deslocamento temporal e geográfico, discutindo as ações que, fora do âmbito da Corte e antes do período de efetivação do Estado imperial unificado, contribuíram para a sua construção.