Pro-premi��r eller pro-president? : Om distinktionen mellan parlamentarism, presidentialism och semi-presidentialism

Propremiar or pro-president? On the distinction between parliamentarism, presitentialism and semi-presidentialism. From comparative research on the constitutional development in Central and Eastern Europe and also from the longstanding debate on whether parliamentarism or presidentialism best facilitates democracy, it is apparent that there has been and continues to be, a certain degree of confusion concerning the concepts of semi-presidentialism and presidentialism. Different scholars mean different things by the terms and therefore classify countries differently. In this article I argue that the conceptual dichotomy between pro-premiär (premier-presidentialism) and pro-president systems (presidentparliamentary systems) provide the best solution to several of the problems related to categorising constitutional types, most importantly perhaps to the presidential power dilemma. I, furthermore, employ these concepts on the post-communist constitutional systems and try to reveal patterns with regard to presidential power, geographical region and democratisation.

Pro-poor growth and social programmes in Brazil

From a methodological point of view, this paper makes two contributions to the literature. One contribution is the proposal of a new measure of pro-poor growth. This new measure provides the linkage between growth rates in mean income and in income inequality. In this context, growth is defined as propoor (or anti-poor) if there is a gain (or loss) in the growth rate due to a decrease (or increase) in inequality. The other contribution is a decomposition methodology that explores linkages between growth patterns and social policies. Through the decomposition analysis, we assess the contribution of different income sources to growth patterns. The proposed methodologies are then applied to the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) covering the period 1995-2004. The paper analyzes the evolution of Brazilian social indicators based on per capita income exploring links with adverse labour market performance and social policy change, with particular emphasis on the expansion of targeted cash transfers and devising more pro-poor social security benefits.

A gest��o em vara judicial sob a vis��o do juiz pro ativo

O modelo de gest��o inovador mostrou que �� poss��vel fazer um ambiente de excel��ncia onde o Poder Judici��rio seja reconhecido, respeitado e confi��vel aos jurisdicionados, na medida em que se assegura uma presta����o jurisdicional efetiva num espa��o de tempo razo��vel, garantindo legitimidade e credibilidade ��s suas decis��es, sob a vis��o de um juiz proativo, com objetivos estrat��gicos pr��-definidos, sob um olhar idealizador, uma equipe integrada, motivada e comprometida. O modelo de gest��o inovador foi experimentado na Vara do Juizado Especial C��vel da Comarca de Jaru, no Estado de Rond��nia, onde se procurou conferir uma rotina l��gico-jur��dica ao fluxo processual, sem preju��zo da qualidade, e em com total harmonia aos postulados normativos do Juizado Especial C��vel e as regras constitucionais prescritas.

Obten����o e avalia����o da prote��na BYC (Boophilus Yolk pro-Cathepsin) recombinante em uma vacina contra o carrapato Boophilus microplus

O carrapato Boophilus microplus �� um ectoparasita hemat��fago que infesta os rebanhos bovinos de regi��es tropicais e subtropicais, causando grande preju��zo �� pecu��ria. O principal m��todo de controle deste parasita baseia-se no uso de acaricidas, entretanto, o uso de vacinas tem sido estudado como um m��todo de controle promissor. A Boophilus Yolk pro-Cathepsin (BYC) �� uma asp��rtico proteinase presente no ovo do carrapato e envolvida na embriog��nese que foi anteriormente testada como imun��geno vacinal. Neste estudo, o cDNA da BYC foi amplificado por PCR e clonado em dois vetores de express��o para produ����o de duas formas da prote��na recombinante com cauda de histidina, rBYC e rBYC-Trx (fusionada com tioredoxina). As duas formas foram expressas em Escherichia coli na forma de corp��sculos de inclus��o (CI) e comparadas quanto ao n��vel de express��o, solubilidade e rendimento na purificac��o. Tr��s agentes desnaturantes (N-lauroil sarcosina, hidrocloreto de guanidina e ur��ia) foram testados para solubiliza����o dos CIs. Sarcosina foi o agente mais eficiente, solubilizando mais de 90 % de rBYC-Trx e rBYC. As duas prote��nas recombinantes foram purificadas em cromatografia de afinidade por metal (Ni2+), sob condi����es desnaturantes. O rendimento na purifica����o da prote��na sol��vel foi de 84 % para r-BYC-Trx e 6 % para rBYC. As duas formas foram reconhecidas por soro de coelhos, camundongos e bovinos previamente imunizados com BYC nativa, demonstrando a exist��ncia de ep��topos comuns entre a BYC nativa e as formas recombinantes expressas em E. coli. Para verificar o potencial vacinal da prote��na recombinante, um grupo de bovinos Hereford foi imunizado com rBYC e desafiado com 20.000 larvas de B. microplus por animal. Os soros dos bovinos imunizados reconheceram a BYC nativa em ELISA e ���Western blot���, com t��tulos entre 500 e 4.000. Os resultados do desafio mostraram uma prote����o parcial contra a infesta����o, com 25 % de prote����o global. O perfil de express��o de citocinas (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-��) foi verificado por RT-PCR, por��m os resultados n��o permitiram identificar a polariza����o da resposta imune em Th1 ou Th2. Os resultados de imunoprote����o obtidos com a BYC recombinante foram similares aos obtidos na imuniza����o de bovinos com BYC nativa, indicando a possibilidade de uso da forma recombinante como imun��geno vacinal.

Pro- and anti-market reforms in democratic Brazil

Instituto Brasileiro de Economia

Use of the lean model at Pro Sky

O modelo lean startup representa uma forma recente de desenvolver novos produtos e servi��o. No entanto, existe pouca informa����o sobre a implementa����o em empresas. O autor desta tese aborda esta lacuna na literatura, fornecendo um exemplo pr��tico de uma organiza����o adaptando o modelo lean startup. O estudo de caso ��nico envolve o intermedi��rio de servi��os a��reos Pro Sky que tenta desenvolver um novo servi��o de concierge em aeroporto. Um entendimento profundo �� obtido por meio de entrevistas, participant-observation e a simula����o do novo servi��o. Em compara����o com desenvolvimentos passados de novos servi��os na Pro Sky, o modelo lean startup ajuda a acelerar o processo de desenvolvimento, reduzir o desperd��cio de recursos e reduzir os efeitos negativos dos vieses cognitivos. O modelo refor��a o objetivo da Pro Sky se desenvolver numa empresa voltada para o cliente. Obst��culos incluem oferecer aos clientes um produto inacabado e o medo resultante da perda de reputa����o.

Linkages between pro-poor growth, social programmes and labour market : the recent Brazilian experience

From a methodological point of view, this paper makes two contlibutions to the literature. One contribution is the proposal of a new measure of pro-poor growth. This new measure provides the linkage between growth rates in mean income and in income inequality. In this context, growth is defined as pro-poor (or anti-poor) if there is a gain (or loss) in the growth rate due to a decrease (or increase) in inequality. The other contribution is a decomposition methodology that explores linkages between three dimensions: growth pattems, labour market performances. and social policies. Through the decomposition analysis, growth in per capita income is explained in terms of four labour market components: the employment rate. hours of work, the labour force participation rate. and productivity. We also assess the contribution of different nonlabour income sources to growth patterns. The proposed methodologies are then applied to the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) covering the period 1995-2004. The paper analyzes the evolution of Brazilian social indicators based on per capita income exploring links with adverse labour market performance and social policy change, with particular emphasis on the expansion of targeted cash transfers and devising more propoor social security benefits.

Elementos de confian��a e cultura organizacional que dificultam a gest��o pro processos na ��rea de tecnologia da informa����o e telecomunica����es de uma empresa de energia

Este estudo �� dedicado �� compreens��o dos fatores culturais e de confian��a que dificultam o alinhamento por processos na ��rea de Tecnologia da Informa����o e Telecomunica����es de uma empresa de economia mista. Visa compreender e traduzir o modo como a cultura dessa organiza����o impacta nos resultados alcan��ados pelo modelo de gest��o por processos vigente. Fazendo uso de referencial te��rico das ��reas de estudo de cultura organizacional, cultura nacional e confian��a nas organiza����es, este estudo buscou alinhar estes conhecimentos por meio de um vi��s ainda pouco explorado no ambiente acad��mico. Aqui fizemos uso do conceito de cultura como um meio e n��o como um fim em si, associando classifica����o da cultura em dimens��es, os tra��os da cultura brasileira e os estudos de ���confian��a��� numa mescla ordenada de conceitos capaz de nos responder �� quest��o de pesquisa. Esta pesquisa representa o resultado de um esfor��o de imers��o nas rotinas da organiza����o e descri����o dos seus elementos culturais por meio de observa����o e entrevistas no ambiente estudado. Por fim, este trabalho se destina a contribuir ao aprimoramento dos processos para atingir melhores resultados na TIC.

Pro���ling allergic asthma volatile metabolic patterns using a headspace-solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography based methodology

Allergicasthmarepresentsanimportantpublichealthissuewithsigni���cantgrowthovertheyears,especially in the paediatric population. Exhaled breath is a non-invasive, easily performed and rapid method forobtainingsamplesfromthelowerrespiratorytract.Inthepresentmanuscript,themetabolicvolatile pro���les of allergic asthma and control children were evaluated by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography���quadrupole mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC���qMS). The lack ofstudiesinbreathofallergicasthmaticchildrenbyHS-SPMEledtothedevelopmentofanexperimental design to optimize SPME parameters. To ful���l this objective, three important HS-SPME experimental parameters that in���uence the extraction ef���ciency, namely ���bre coating, temperature and time extractions were considered. The selected conditions that promoted higher extraction ef���ciency corresponding to the higher GC peak areas and number of compounds were: DVB/CAR/PDMS coating ���bre, 22���C and 60min as the extraction temperature and time, respectively. The suitability of two containers, 1L Tedlar�� bags and BIOVOC��, for breath collection and intra-individual variability were also investigated. The developed methodology was then applied to the analysis of children exhaled breath with allergicasthma(35),fromwhich13hadalsoallergicrhinitis,andhealthycontrolchildren(15),allowing to identify 44 volatiles distributed over the chemical families of alkanes (linear and rami���ed) ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, acids, among others. Multivariate studies were performed by Partial LeastSquares���DiscriminantAnalysis(PLS���DA)usingasetof28selectedmetabolitesanddiscrimination between allergic asthma and control children was attained with a classi���cation rate of 88%. The allergic asthma paediatric population was characterized mainly by the compounds linked to oxidative stress, such as alkanes and aldehydes. Furthermore, more detailed information was achieved combining the volatile metabolic data, suggested by PLS���DA model, and clinical data.

Headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with mass spectrometry as a powerful analytical tool for pro���ling the terpenoid metabolomic pattern of hop-essential oil derived from Saaz variety

Hop(HumuluslupulusL.,Cannabaceaefamily)isprizedforitsessentialoilcontents,usedin beer production and, more recently, in biological and pharmacological applications. In this work,a methodinvolvingheadspace solid-phase microextractionand gas chromatography��� mass spectrometry was developed and optimized to establish the terpenoid (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) metabolomic pattern of hop-essential oil derived from Saaz variety as a mean to explore this matrix as a powerful biological source for newer, more selective, biodegradable and naturally produced antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. Different parameters affecting terpenoid metabolites extraction by headspace solid-phase microextraction were considered and optimized: type of ���ber coatings, extraction temperature, extraction time, ionic strength, and sample agitation. In the optimized method, analytes were extracted for 30 min at 40 C in the sample headspace with a 50/30 m divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane coating ���ber. The methodology allowed the identi���cation of a total of 27 terpenoid metabolites, representing 92.5% of the total Saaz hop-essential oil volatile terpenoid composition. The headspace composition was dominated by monoterpenes (56.1%, 13 compounds), sesquiterpenes (34.9%, 10), oxygenated monoterpenes (1.41%, 3), and hemiterpenes (0.04%, 1) some of which can probably contribute to the hop of Saaz variety aroma. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the main metabolites are the monoterpene -myrcene (53.0��1.1% of the total volatile fraction), and the cyclic sesquiterpenes, -humulene (16.6 �� 0.8%), and -caryophyllene (14.7 �� 0.4%), which together represent about 80% of the total volatile fraction from the hop-essential oil. These���ndingssuggestthatthismatrixcanbeexploredasapowerfulbiosourceofterpenoid metabolites.

Electromyographic analysis of the masseter and buccinator muscles with the Pro-Fono Facial Exerciser use in bruxers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the Pro-Fono Facial Exerciser (Pro-Fono Productos Especializaclos para Fonoaudiologia Ltda.., Barueri/SP, Brazil) to decrease bruxism, as well as the correlation between the masseter and the buccinator muscles using electromyography (EMG). In this study, 39 individuals ranging from 23 to 48 years of age were selected from a dental school and then underwent surface EMG at three different periods of time: 0, 10, and 70 days. They were divided into a normal control group, a bruxer control group (without device), and an experimental bruxer group who used the device. The bruxer group showed a greater masseter EMG amplitude when compared to the normal group, while the experimental group had deceased activity with a reduction in symptoms. The buccinator EMG spectral analysis of the experimental bruxist group showed asynchronous contractions of the masseter muscle (during jaw opening) after using the Pr6-Fono Facial Exerciser. The normal group also showed asynchronous contractions. Upon correlation of the data between these muscles, the inference is that there is a reduction in bruxism when activating the buccinator muscle.

Oxidation of melatonin by AAPH-derived peroxyl radicals: Evidence of a pro-oxidant effect of melatonin

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Silibinin modulates the NF-kappa b pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by mononuclear cells from preeclamptic women

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)