Paleomagnetic and age determinations on rocks from Nares Strait

The Nares Strait controversy concerns the debate about whether or not a major sinistral transcurrent fault (the Wegener Fault) separates northern Greenland and Canada. To date no firm evidence has been found for the proposed 200 km sinistral offset, and to the contrary, geological correlations, mainly involving Paleozoic rocks across the Nares Strait, suggest that total left-lateral motion is no more than 70 km. The E-W trending Thule (Greenland) and Devon Island (Canada) dyke swarms lie on opposite sides of Baffin Bay and are offset sinistrally about 200 km, suggesting that if their correlation is established a convincing case for the Wegener Fault can be made. Paleomagnetic, geochemical and petrographic data allow, but do not yet establish, the correlation. Paleomagnetic results for Canadian sites (VGP = 6.9°N, 181.8 °E, A95 = 12.7°, N = 5) and Greenland sites (VGP = 11.5 °N, 178.3 °E, A95 = 13.8°, N = 4) are not significantly different at the 95 % confidence level. These levels are too large to resolve whether or not the Thule and Devon Island swarms have been offset. Geochemical data reveal a distinct and identical pattern in incompatible elements, while petrographically, the dykes are indistinguishable. U-Pb geochronological results for a Canadian dyke (720.2 ±2.0 Ma) and a Thule dyke (720.4 ±2.7 Ma) are identical within error and clearly identify the two sets of dykes as being parts of the same magmatic episode.

Chemical characterization of earth's most ancient clastic metasediments from the Isua Greenstone Belt, southern West Greenland

New and published major and trace element abundances of elastic metasediments (mainly garnet-biotite-plagioclase schists) from the similar to 3.8 Ga Isua Greenstone Belt (IGB), southern West Greenland, are used in an attempt to identify the compositional characteristics of the protoliths of these sediments. Compositionally, the metasediments are heterogeneous with enrichment of LREE (La/Sm-chord = 1.1-3.9) and variable enrichment and depletion of HREE (Gd/Yb-chord = 0.8-4.3). Chondrite-normalized Eu is also variable, spanning a range from relative Eu depletion to enrichment (Eu/Eu* = 0.6-1.3). A series of geochemical and geological criteria provides conclusive evidence for a sedimentary origin, in disagreement with some previous studies that questioned the presence of genuine elastic metasediments. In particular, trace element systematics of IGB metasediments show strong resemblance to other well-documented Archaean clastic sediments, and are consistent with a provenance consisting of ultramafic, malic and felsic igneous rocks. Two schists, identified as metasomatized mafic igneous rocks from petrographic and field evidence, show distinct compositional differences to the metasediments. Major element systematics document incipient-to-moderate source weathering in the majority of metasediments, while signs of secondary K-addition are rare. Detailed inspection of Eu/Eu*, Fe2O3 and CIW (chemical index of weathering) relationships reveals that elevated iron contents (when compared to averages for continental crust) and strong relative enrichment in Eu may be due to precipitation of marine Fe-oxyhydroxides during deposition or diagenesis on the seafloor. Some of the IGB metasediments have yielded anomalous Nd-142 and W-182 isotopic compositions that were respectively interpreted in terms of early mantle differentiation processes and the presence of a meteorite component. Alternatively, W and possibly Nd isotopes could have been affected by thermal neutron capture on the Hadean surface. The latter process was tested in this study by analysis of Sm isotope compositions, which serve as an effective monitor for neutron capture effects. As no anomalous variation from terrestrial values was detected, we infer that isotope systematics (including W-182 and Nd-142) of IGB metasediments were not affected by neutron capture, but reflect decay of radioactive parent isotopes. Copyright (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd.

40Ar/39Ar dating of Mn-iron ore of the Sapecado Mine, Qadrilatero Ferrifero, Brazil

The SW region of Amazonian craton presents policyclic evolution between 1.80-1.00 Ga and is comprised of the Rio Negro-Juruena, Rondoniana and Sunsas Provinces. The evolution of this region has being characterized by four orogens: Alto Jauru (1.79-1.74 Ga), Cachoeirinha (1.58-1.52 Ga), Suíte Santa Helena (1.45-1.42 Ga) e Sunsas/Aguapeí (1.0-0.9 Ga). The Alto Jauru orogen consists of TTG gneissic associations, greenstone sequences and intrusive granitoids origined in volcanic arc setting. Eight 40Ar/39Ar step-heating analyses were carried out in minerals (biotiteand hornblende) to investigate the thermal history and crustal evolution of this region. From the Alto Jauru orogen was sampled the gneiss banded and two biotite grains provide large dispersion of apparent ages, suggesting heterogenity in reservoir of the argon. Apparent age diagram yielded integrated ages of 1472 ± 6 Ma, interpreted as minimum ages of regional cooling episode. Three analyses of hornblende present ages varing from 1310 to 1400 Ma, possibly because smaller grain size become more susceptible to argon loss. 40Ar/39Ar step-heating methodology applied on biotite of pyroclastic tuff (U-Pb age about 1758 ± 7 Ma) presented integrated age of 1507 ± 7 Ma. The results found for this terrane demonstrated a geochronological correlation with metamorphic process linked Cachoeirinha orogen. Biotite and hornblende grains separates from granite and a tonalite origined during Cachoeirinha orogen were analyzed and the apparent age diagrams indicated well-defined plateau ages of 1520-1540 Ma. Biotite grains from a granitic sample were analized, and integrated ages about 1526 ± 2 Ma were obtained due argon loss in the initial steps. Thermochronologic history of SW region Amazonian craton is coherent with regional policyclic events and 40Ar/39Ar ages here presented probably correspond to regional cooling period of Cachoeirinha orogen.

Remobilisation of uranium and thorium by ore-forming fluids: a mineralogical study. Available in 2 volumes.

Mineralogical investigations have determined the sites of u and Th associated with two radioelement-enriched granites from different geological settings. In the Ririwai ring complex, Nigeria, the u- and Th-bearing accessories have been greatly affected by post-magmatic alteration of the biotite granite. Primary thorite, zircon and monazite were altered to Zr(±Y)-rich thorite, partially metamict zircon (enriched in Th, U, Y, P, Fe, Mn, Ca) and an unidentified LREE-phase respectively, by pervasive fluids which later precipitated Zr-rich coffinite. More intense, localised alteration and albitisation completely remobilised primary accessories and gave rise to a distinctive generation of haematite- and uranothorite-enriched zircon with clear, Hi-enriched rims and xenotime overgrowths. In the Ririwai lode, microclinisation and later greisenisation locally remobilised or altered zircon and deposited Y-ricl1 coffinite and Y(±Zr)-rich thorite which was overgrown by traces of xenotime and LREE-phase(s) of complex and variable composition. Compositions indicating extensive solid-solution among thorite, coffinite, xenotime and altered zircon are probably metastable and formed at low temperatures. The widespread occurrence of REE-rich fluorite suggests that F-complexing aided the mobility of REE, Y, U, Th and Zr during late-magmatic to post-magmatic alteration, while uranyl-carbonate complexing may have occurred during albitisation. The Caledonian, Helmsdale granite in northern Scotland has undergone pervasive and localised hydrothermal alteration associated with U enrichment. Zircon xenocrysts, primary sphene and apatite contain a small.proportion of this U which is largely adsorbed on to secondary iron-oxide, TiOand phyllosilicates.Additional sites for U in the overlying, Lower Devonian Ousdale arkose include coffinite, secondary uranyl phosphates, hydrocarbon and traces of xenotime and unidentified LREE-phases. U may have been leached from the granite and deposited in the arkose, along channelways associated with the Helmsdale fault, by convecting, hydrothermal fluids

(Table T1) Trace-element abundances for igneous basement at ODP Site 206-1256

In this report, I present trace element data for basement samples at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1256. The samples analyzed represent a subset of the group ("pool") samples from ODP Leg 206, and these trace element data are part of a more comprehensive data suite for the same samples, with analyses of stable and radiogenic isotopes (e.g., Sr, Li, and O) in progress or recently completed that will be presented elsewhere. The trace element analyses were performed in the GeoAnalytical Lab at Washington State University. The following elements were analyzed: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Ba, Th, Nb, Y, Hf, Ta, U, Pb, Rb, Cs, Sr, Sc, and Zr. Trace element data indicate that the igneous basement at Site 1256 is geochemically normal mid-ocean-ridge basalt. A massive ponded flow sampled in both Holes 1256C and 1256D is distinguished by higher abundances of rare earth elements (REE) and most of the other trace elements analyzed. One interval of highly altered basalt has significantly higher concentrations of Cs, Rb, and Ba and lower concentrations of Sr, Pb, Zr, Hf, Sc, and most REE than the samples of background alteration or halos. No correlation is obvious between trace element abundance and macroscopic type of alteration within the background alteration or halos.

Geochemistry of basalts from the Caribbean Large Igneous Province

Oceanic flood basalts are poorly understood, short-term expressions of highly increased heat flux and mass flow within the convecting mantle. The uniqueness of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP, 92-74 Ma) with respect to other Cretaceous oceanic plateaus is its extensive sub-aerial exposures, providing an excellent basis to investigate the temporal and compositional relationships within a starting plume head. We present major element, trace element and initial Sr-Nd-Pb isotope composition of 40 extrusive rocks from the Caribbean Plateau, including onland sections in Costa Rica, Colombia and Curaçao as well as DSDP Sites in the Central Caribbean. Even though the lavas were erupted over an area of ~3*10**6 km**2, the majority have strikingly uniform incompatible element patterns (La/Yb=0.96+/-0.16, n=64 out of 79 samples, 2sigma) and initial Nd-Pb isotopic compositions (e.g. 143Nd/144Ndin=0.51291+/-3, epsilon-Nd i=7.3+/-0.6, 206Pb/204Pbin=18.86+/-0.12, n=54 out of 66, 2sigma). Lavas with endmember compositions have only been sampled at the DSDP Sites, Gorgona Island (Colombia) and the 65-60 Ma accreted Quepos and Osa igneous complexes (Costa Rica) of the subsequent hotspot track. Despite the relatively uniform composition of most lavas, linear correlations exist between isotope ratios and between isotope and highly incompatible trace element ratios. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotope and trace element signatures of the chemically enriched lavas are compatible with derivation from recycled oceanic crust, while the depleted lavas are derived from a highly residual source. This source could represent either oceanic lithospheric mantle left after ocean crust formation or gabbros with interlayered ultramafic cumulates of the lower oceanic crust. High 3He/4He in olivines of enriched picrites at Quepos are ~12 times higher than the atmospheric ratio suggesting that the enriched component may have once resided in the lower mantle. Evaluation of the Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotope systematics on isochron diagrams suggests that the age of separation of enriched and depleted components from the depleted MORB source mantle could have been <=500 Ma before CLIP formation and interpreted to reflect the recycling time of the CLIP source. Mantle plume heads may provide a mechanism for transporting large volumes of possibly young recycled oceanic lithosphere residing in the lower mantle back into the shallow MORB source mantle.

Lead isotope ratios of basalts from DSDP Leg 37 (Table 1)

Analyses of Pb from mid-ocean ridge basalts obtained from DSDP Leg 37 lie on a line of near-zero-age slope. The data seem consistent with an evolutionary model of three stages, the beginning of the second stage being at about 600 m.y. - the model age obtained for the least radiogenic Pb. The beginning of the third stage of evolution at the time of formation of the rocks apparently did not change the average Th/U ratio since measured values are consistent with the ratio deduced from Pb isotope ratios. Ratios of U/Pb are not consistent with Pb isotope ratios, however, thus ruling out a simple two-stage evolutionary model.

Granitos Variscos do Centro Norte de Portugal

A Cadeia Varisca Europeia, formada no final do Paleozóico, estende-se desde a Europa de Leste até à Península Ibérica e inclui extensas áreas ocupadas por rochas graníticas, representando, por isso, uma das regiões do globo em que mais se têm investigado os processos de reciclagem e acreção crustal em contexto de colisão continental. O Maciço Ibérico constitui o segmento mais ocidental do orógeno varisco europeu e uma das áreas onde a actividade plutónica está mais bem expressa e mostra uma maior diversidade tipológica. No Maciço Ibérico, em particular na Zona Centro Ibérica (ZCI), a intrusão de rochas granitóides de idade varisca está preferencialmente associada com a terceira fase de deformação (D3). De acordo com as suas relações com este evento de deformação, os granitóides da ZCI foram subdivididos em dois grandes grupos: sin-D3 e tardi-pós-D3. Em termos petrográficos e geoquímicos, os maciços graníticos sin- e tardi-pós-D3 têm sido integrados em duas séries principais: (a) a série dos granitos de duas micas e dos leucogranitos fortemente peraluminosos e (b) a série dos monzogranitos e granodioritos, metaluminosos a fracamente peraluminosos, com biotite ± anfíbola. Os granitos da primeira série apresentam uma filiação de tipo S e resultam da anatexia de materiais supracrustais durante o clímax de metamorfismo regional, enquanto.os granitóides da segunda série exibem características transicionais I-S e têm sido interpretados, quer como produtos da hibridização de magmas félsicos crustais com magmas básicos de proveniência mantélica, quer como resultantes da anatexia de protólitos metaígneos da crosta inferior. O trabalho realizado no batólito das Beiras revela que o clímax de metamorfismo regional foi atingido neste sector durante um evento extensional (D2), que foi acompanhado por intensa migmatização. No ínício da D3, o volume de fundidos crustais já seria suficientemente grande (ca. 15-35%) para que pudesse ocorrer a sua separação do resíduo sólido. Assim, durante a tectónica transcorrente D3, dá-se a ascenção, diferenciação e consolidação de abundantes quantidades de magmas graníticos, fortemente peraluminosos e isotopicamente evoluídos (tipo-S), que vêm a originar enormes batólitos de leucogranitos de duas micas, com idades entre 317-312 Ma. No final da D3, com a progressiva substituição do manto litosférico pela astenosfera, mais quente, diminui a densidade da coluna litosférica e ocorre o levantamento isostático e exumação da crusta. A fusão por descompressão da astenosfera gera líquidos básicos que hibridizam com os fundidos félsicos crustais, em proporções variáveis, e produzem magmas metaluminosos a ligeiramente peraluminosos, de afinidade calco-alcalina. A ascenção destes magmas terá tido lugar nos últimos estádios da deformação transcorrente e a sua instalação no nível crustal final ocorre após a D3, dando origem aos inúmeros maciços compósitos de granitóides biotíticos híbridos tardi-pós-cinemáticos, presentes no batólito das Beiras. Os dados de campo mostram que estes granitóides são intrusivos nos plutões sin-D3, cortam as estruturas regionais e provocam metamorfismo de contacto nas sequências do Carbónico Superior. Com base nas idades U-Pb obtidas em zircões e monazites, é possível datar este importante período de plutonismo granítico com 306-294 Ma. A assinatura geoquímica e isotópica dos granitóides híbridos tardi-pós-D3 revela que, para além da mistura de componentes com proveniência distinta (manto empobrecido e crusta continental), a sua evolução foi, em grande parte, controlada por processos de cristalização fraccionada (modelo AFC).

Plutonismo granítico varisco no Centro Norte de Portugal

O complexo batolítico das Beiras está localizado na Zona Centro Ibérica (ZCI), no centro norte de Portugal. É predominantemente composto por rochas granitóides instaladas em metassedimentos de idade Neoproterozóica - Câmbrica Inferior, Ordovícica e Carbonífera Superior, durante ou após a última fase de deformação dúctil varisca (D3). No seu conjunto, as rochas granitóides do Batólito das Beiras cobrem um amplo espectro de idades (sin-, tardi- e tardi-pós-D3) e tipologias (tipo S e transicionais I-S). Neste trabalho apresentam-se dados petrográficos, mineralógicos, geoquímicos e isotópicos para estas intrusões e discutem-se os principais processos envolvidos na sua génese.

VESPA cruise report. Volcanic Evolution of South Pacific Arcs. n/o L’Atalante, Nouméa – Nouméa, 22 May - 17 June 2015

VESPA was a successful 25 day research cruise on R/V l'Atalante that took place in May and June 2015. The main aim was to acquire new rock samples from extinct volcanoes on the Norfolk, Loyalty and Three Kings ridges, which connect New Caledonia and New Zealand. This was in order to test various hypotheses of Late Cretaceous-Miocene SW Pacific tectonic development relating to (i) nature and duration of magmatism on the ridges; (ii) timing of subduction initiation east of northern Zealandia; (iii) postulated subduction polarity changes. A total of 3400 km of 'sismique rapide' shallow reflection seismic data were acquired and processed onboard. The seismic lines provided a very useful structural-stratigraphic framework for the rock dredging. Combined with multibeam bathymetry data they allowed intelligent targeting of acoustic basement (lavas) and specific seismic reflectors (sedimentary strata) on rocky slopes and fault scarps. Different stratigraphic levels of the Loyalty and Three Kings Ridge volcanic piles were sampled by dredging at different water depths on the Cook Fracture Zone and Cagou Trough fault scarps. By the end of the cruise, 43 dredges had been attempted and 36 of them yielded igneous or sedimentary rocks potentially useful to the VESPA project. Onboard use of a portable X-ray fluorescence unit confirmed the presence of intraplate (but no arc) volcanoes on the Norfolk Ridge and presence of arc, intraplate and shoshonitic volcanoes on the Loyalty and Three Kings Ridges. A total of 770 kg of rock was retained for post-cruise analysis in New Caledonia, France and New Zealand. Future work will include micropaleontological dating of sedimentary rocks, U-Pb and Ar-Ar isotopic dating of igneous rocks, and whole rock geochemical and tracer isotope analyses. We are optimistic that many of the initial research hypotheses will be able to be tested.

Geologia, petrologia, geocronologia e mineralizações sulfetadas do complexo ézio, província mineral de carajás, Brasil

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Pós-Graduação em Geologia, 2015.

Implicaciones geodinámicas del complejo metamórfico paleozoico de la Sierra Madre Oriental en el Noreste de México

Dataciones geocronológicas U-Pb en circones detríticos, edades 40Ar/ 39Ar en mica blanca, análisis estructurales, texturales, la composición química de elementos mayores, traza y tierras raras (REE) así como la composición química mineral de las rocas metamáficas, metultramáficas y metasedimentarias, fueron determinadas con el fin de determinar las condiciones metamórficas, el ambiente tectónico y la procedencia del Esquisto Granjeno en el noreste de México (Nuevo León y Tamaulipas). En el país existen rocas metamórficas paleozoicas que están relacionados con los procesos que dieron lugar a la colisión entre Laurentia y Gondwana durante la formación Pangea. Vestigios de la configuración continental paleozoica de México se encuentran en el Esquisto Granjeno, que forma parte del basamento metamórfico de la Sierra Madre Oriental. Relaciones de campo y análisis petrográficos indican que el Esquisto Granjeno consiste de rocas metamórficas con protolitos sedimentarios (psamita, pelita, turbidita, conglomerado, lutita negra) e ígneos (toba, flujos de lava, lava meta-almohadillada y cuerpos ultramáficos). El geotermómetro de clorita, el geobarómetro de fengita y la edad 40Ar/ 39Ar calculada indican que el Esquisto Granjeno fue afectado por metamorfismo en facies de sub-esquistos verdes a facies de esquistos verdes-anfibolita, (165-410°C y 2.5-4 kbar ) durante el Carbonífero (330±30 Ma). Las rocas metamáficas del Esquisto Granjeno tienen una afinidad sub-alcalina a alcalina y se caracterizan por un bajo contenido de SiO2 (40-50 wt%), alto contenido de Al2O3 (19 wt%) y #MgO de 48-67. La abundancia de tierras raras (∑REE) varía de 51-167 ppm. Estas rocas presentan patrones de REE normalizados a condrita moderadamente fraccionados, con valores de LaN/YbN 0.74-8.88. La anomalía de europio es variable (Eu/Eu* 0.80- 1.09) y presenta una tendencia ligeramente negativa (Eu/Eu* 0.96). Las rocas metamáficas tienen composiciones correspondientes a basaltos de cresta (MORB) e isla oceánica (OIB), de acuerdo a los valores en las relaciones Zr/Y=6-8 y Zr/Nb=4-9 para OIB y 0.9-3; 14-53 para MORB. Los protolitos de la serpentinita y el metacumulato corresponden a dunita y harzburgita. La serpentina y el metacumulato tienen un contenido de MgO (16-39 wt%), SiO2 (36-45 wt%), FeO (2-11 wt%), Al2O3 (0.76-13 wt%), CaO (< 22wt%) y #MgO (85-98, 69). Las rocas de talco presentan contenido de MgO (26-33wt%), SiO2 (31- 61wt%), FeO (3.7-9.8wt%), Al2O3 (1.2-19wt%), CaO (0.25-2.0wt%), y #Mg (83-93). Los patrones de tierras raras casi horizontals (LaN/YbN=0.51-19.95 y la relación LaN/SmN=0.72-9.08 sugieren un origen vinculado a un ambiente de dorsal oceánica y de suprasubducción para las rocas ultramáficas. Las serpentinitas contienen cromita rica en Al, ferrit-cromita y magnetita. La cromita rica en Al tiene #Cr 0.48-0.55 que indica que este mineral fue formado a partir de una fuente tipo MORB y que fue afectada hasta un 18% fusión parcial durante su formación. La ferritchromita tiene #Cr 0.93-1.00 que indica un origen metamórfico. La composición química de roca total indica que los protolitos de las rocas metasedimentarias consisten de lutita, grauvaca y arenita. La metapelita y metapsamita tienen un contenido de SiO2 (69-78% y 80-96% ) y de Al2O3 (9-13% y 1-8%). La abundancia de ∑REE son variables en los metasedimentos (9-178 ppm). Presentan patrones de REE normalizados a condrita con una tendencia más fraccionada que los de las rocas metamáficas, con valores en las relaciones LaN/YbN de 3-16. Las rocas metasedimentarias tienen anomalías de europio negativa (Eu/Eu* 0.67). Los datos obtenidos sugieren que los protolitos de las rocas metasedimentarias derivan de fuentes mixtas con una composición ígnea félsica-básica. (Ti/Nb 200-400). Según los valores de las relaciones de los elementos traza Th/Sc y Zr/Sc de 0.2-3.6 y 0.2-220, respectivamente se sugiere un ambiente de depósito para los protolitos de margen continental activo.

Zircon fission track and U-Th-Pb in situ dating of Rio Parana Formation, Parana Basin, Brazil

Ages of zircon from sedimentary samples of Rio Parana Formation, belonging of Bauru Group, north of Parana Basin, Brazil, has been determined by zircon Fission Track and U-Th-Pb in situ dating methods. The obtained ages are from same zircon grain that provided information on the source areas for the sediments and the morphotectonic events.

Lithogeochemical and isotope (Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Pb-Pb whole rock and Lu-Hf zircon) composition of samples from the Shackleton Range, East Antarctica

Three distinct, spatially separated crustal terranes have been recognised in the Shackleton Range, East Antarctica: the Southern, Eastern and Northern Terranes. Mafic gneisses from the Southern Terrane provide geochemical evidence for a within-plate, probably back-arc origin of their protoliths. A plume-distal ridge origin in an incipient ocean basin is the favoured interpretation for the emplacement site of these rocks at c. 1850 Ma, which, together with a few ocean island basalts, were subsequently incorporated into an accretionary continental arc/supra-subduction zone tectonic setting. Magmatic underplating resulted in partial melting of the lower crust, which caused high-temperature granulite-facies metamorphism in the Southern Terrane at c. 1710-1680 Ma. Mafic and felsic gneisses there are characterised by isotopically depleted, positive Nd and Hf initials and model ages between 2100 and 2000 Ma. They may be explained as juvenile additions to the crust towards the end of the Palaeoproterozoic. These juvenile rocks occur in a narrow, c. 150 km long E-W trending belt, inferred to trace a suture that is associated with a large Palaeoproterozoic accretionary orogenic system. The Southern Terrane contains many features that are similar to the Australo-Antarctic Mawson Continent and may be its furthermost extension into East Antarctica. The Eastern Terrane is characterised by metagranitoids that formed in a continental volcanic arc setting during a late Mesoproterozoic orogeny at c. 1060 Ma. Subsequently, the rocks experienced high-temperature metamorphism during Pan-African collisional tectonics at 600 Ma. Isotopically depleted zircon grains yielded Hf model ages of 1600-1400 Ma, which are identical to Nd model ages obtained from juvenile metagranitoids. Most likely, these rocks trace the suture related to the amalgamation of the Indo-Antarctic and West Gondwana continental blocks at ~600 Ma. The Eastern Terrane is interpreted as the southernmost extension of the Pan-African Mozambique/Maud Belt in East Antarctica and, based on Hf isotope data, may also represent a link to the Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountains block in West Antarctica and the Namaqua-Natal Province of southern Africa. Geochemical evidence indicates that the majority of the protoliths of the mafic gneisses in the Northern Terrane formed as oceanic island basalts in a within-plate setting. Subsequently the rocks were incorporated into a subduction zone environment and, finally, accreted to a continental margin during Pan-African collisional tectonics. Felsic gneisses there provide evidence for a within-plate and volcanic arc/collisional origin. Emplacement of granitoids occurred at c. 530 Ma and high-temperature, high-pressure metamorphism took place at 510-500 Ma. Enriched Hf and Nd initials and Palaeoproterozoic model ages for most samples indicate that no juvenile material was added to the crust of the Northern Terrane during the Pan-African Orogeny but recycling of older crust or mixing of crustal components of different age must have occurred. Isotopically depleted mafic gneisses, which are spatially associated with eclogite-facies pyroxenites, yielded late Mesoproterozoic Nd model ages. These rocks occur in a narrow, at least 100 km long, E-W trending belt that separates alkaline ocean island metabasalts and within-plate metagranitoids from volcanic arc metabasalts and volcanic arc/syn-collisional metagranitoids in the Northern Terrane. This belt is interpreted to trace the late Neoproterozoic/early Cambrian Pan-African collisional suture between the Australo-Antarctic and the combined Indo-Antarctic/West Gondwana continental blocks that formed during the final amalgamation of Gondwana.