Vulnerabilidad a los trastornos de alimentación en función de la edad y los estilos de afrontamiento en chicas adolescentes

Exsiten muy pocos estudios que exploren la relación entre estilos de afrontamiento y la predisposición a los trastornos de alimentación (TCA) en muestras no clínicas yprincipalmente con personas adolescentes con personas adolescentes. Asimismo, no hemos localizado ningún estudio realizado con adolescentes que explore tal relaciónen función de la edad. Esta falta de estudios resulta especialmente relevante puesto que la adolescencia es unode los periodos de riesgo más importante y constituye el sector de la población a quien deben ir dirigidos los programas de prevención.

Deficit hídrico e secamento parcial do sistema radicular em pomar de lima ácida

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do deficit hídrico associado ao secamento parcial do sistema radicular ("partial rootzone drying", PRD) na produção e eficiência de uso de água, em pomar de lima ácida 'Tahiti', na Região do Semiárido baiano. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos com PRD foram realizados pela alternância periódica (7, 14 ou 21 dias) dos lados em que o microaspersor localizava-se em relação às plantas. Esses tratamentos foram conduzidos com lâmina d'água equivalente a 50% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e comparados ao tratamento com deficit hídrico de 50% da ETc com microaspersor fixo em um dos lados das plantas, e ao tratamento 100% da ETc, com aspersores de ambos os lados das plantas. Avaliou-se também o PRD (21 dias) com diminuição da irrigação em 25% da ETc. O PRD com 50% da ETc não difere do tratamento com esse mesmo deficit e sem alternância de lados da irrigação, em termos de produtividade, eficiência do uso da água, e diâmetro e peso dos frutos, independentemente do período de alternância dos lados de irrigação. O PRD com diminuição da irrigação em 25% da ETc não causa perdas em relação à condição sem deficit e sem localização da irrigação.

Septal lesions impair the acquisition of a cued place navigation task: attentional or memory deficit?

These experiments were designed to analyze how medial septal lesions reducing the cholinergic innervation in the hippocampus might affect place learning. Rats with quisqualic lesions of the medial septal area (MS) were trained in a water maze and on a homing table where the escape position was located at a spatially fixed position and further indicated by a salient cue suspended above it. The lesioned rats were significantly impaired in reaching the cued escape platform during training. In addition rats, did not show any discrimination of the training sector during a probe trial in which no platform or cue was present. This impairment remained significant during further training in the absence of the cue. When the cued escape platform was located at an unpredictable spatial location, the MS-lesioned rats showed no deficit and spent more time under the cue than control rats during the probe trial. On the homing board, with a salient object in close proximity to the escape hole, the MS rats showed no deficit in escape latencies, although a significant reduction in spatial memory was observed. However, this was overcome by additional training in the absence of the cue. Under these conditions, rats with septal lesions were prone to develop a pure guidance strategy, whereas normal rats combined a guidance strategy with a memory of the escape position relative to more distant landmarks. The presence of a salient cue appeared to decrease attention to environmental landmarks, thus reducing spatial memory. These data confirm the general hypothesis that MS lesions reduce the capacity to rely on a representation of the relation between several landmarks with different salience.

On optimal dividend strategies with deficit or incomplete information

Rapport de synthèse Cette thèse consiste en trois essais sur les stratégies optimales de dividendes. Chaque essai correspond à un chapitre. Les deux premiers essais ont été écrits en collaboration avec les Professeurs Hans Ulrich Gerber et Elias S. W. Shiu et ils ont été publiés; voir Gerber et al. (2006b) ainsi que Gerber et al. (2008). Le troisième essai a été écrit en collaboration avec le Professeur Hans Ulrich Gerber. Le problème des stratégies optimales de dividendes remonte à de Finetti (1957). Il se pose comme suit: considérant le surplus d'une société, déterminer la stratégie optimale de distribution des dividendes. Le critère utilisé consiste à maximiser la somme des dividendes escomptés versés aux actionnaires jusqu'à la ruine2 de la société. Depuis de Finetti (1957), le problème a pris plusieurs formes et a été résolu pour différents modèles. Dans le modèle classique de théorie de la ruine, le problème a été résolu par Gerber (1969) et plus récemment, en utilisant une autre approche, par Azcue and Muler (2005) ou Schmidli (2008). Dans le modèle classique, il y a un flux continu et constant d'entrées d'argent. Quant aux sorties d'argent, elles sont aléatoires. Elles suivent un processus à sauts, à savoir un processus de Poisson composé. Un exemple qui correspond bien à un tel modèle est la valeur du surplus d'une compagnie d'assurance pour lequel les entrées et les sorties sont respectivement les primes et les sinistres. Le premier graphique de la Figure 1 en illustre un exemple. Dans cette thèse, seules les stratégies de barrière sont considérées, c'est-à-dire quand le surplus dépasse le niveau b de la barrière, l'excédent est distribué aux actionnaires comme dividendes. Le deuxième graphique de la Figure 1 montre le même exemple du surplus quand une barrière de niveau b est introduite, et le troisième graphique de cette figure montre, quand à lui, les dividendes cumulés. Chapitre l: "Maximizing dividends without bankruptcy" Dans ce premier essai, les barrières optimales sont calculées pour différentes distributions du montant des sinistres selon deux critères: I) La barrière optimale est calculée en utilisant le critère usuel qui consiste à maximiser l'espérance des dividendes escomptés jusqu'à la ruine. II) La barrière optimale est calculée en utilisant le second critère qui consiste, quant à lui, à maximiser l'espérance de la différence entre les dividendes escomptés jusqu'à la ruine et le déficit au moment de la ruine. Cet essai est inspiré par Dickson and Waters (2004), dont l'idée est de faire supporter aux actionnaires le déficit au moment de la ruine. Ceci est d'autant plus vrai dans le cas d'une compagnie d'assurance dont la ruine doit être évitée. Dans l'exemple de la Figure 1, le déficit au moment de la ruine est noté R. Des exemples numériques nous permettent de comparer le niveau des barrières optimales dans les situations I et II. Cette idée, d'ajouter une pénalité au moment de la ruine, a été généralisée dans Gerber et al. (2006a). Chapitre 2: "Methods for estimating the optimal dividend barrier and the probability of ruin" Dans ce second essai, du fait qu'en pratique on n'a jamais toute l'information nécessaire sur la distribution du montant des sinistres, on suppose que seuls les premiers moments de cette fonction sont connus. Cet essai développe et examine des méthodes qui permettent d'approximer, dans cette situation, le niveau de la barrière optimale, selon le critère usuel (cas I ci-dessus). Les approximations "de Vylder" et "diffusion" sont expliquées et examinées: Certaines de ces approximations utilisent deux, trois ou quatre des premiers moments. Des exemples numériques nous permettent de comparer les approximations du niveau de la barrière optimale, non seulement avec les valeurs exactes mais également entre elles. Chapitre 3: "Optimal dividends with incomplete information" Dans ce troisième et dernier essai, on s'intéresse à nouveau aux méthodes d'approximation du niveau de la barrière optimale quand seuls les premiers moments de la distribution du montant des sauts sont connus. Cette fois, on considère le modèle dual. Comme pour le modèle classique, dans un sens il y a un flux continu et dans l'autre un processus à sauts. A l'inverse du modèle classique, les gains suivent un processus de Poisson composé et les pertes sont constantes et continues; voir la Figure 2. Un tel modèle conviendrait pour une caisse de pension ou une société qui se spécialise dans les découvertes ou inventions. Ainsi, tant les approximations "de Vylder" et "diffusion" que les nouvelles approximations "gamma" et "gamma process" sont expliquées et analysées. Ces nouvelles approximations semblent donner de meilleurs résultats dans certains cas.

Schizophrenia: glutathione deficit as a new vulnerability factor for disconnectivity syndrome

(from the journal abstract) Schizophrenia, a major psychiatric disease, affects individuals in the centre of their personality. Its aetiology is not clearly established. In this review, we will present evidence that patients suffering of schizophrenia present a brain deficit in glutathione, a major endogenous redox regulator and antioxidant. We will also show that, in experimental models, a decrease in glutathione, particularly during development, induces morphological, electrophysiological and behavioural anomalies consistent with those observed in the disease. In the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive schizophrenics, glutathione level was decreased by 27% and its direct metabolite of glutathione by 16%. Glutathione level in prefrontal cortex of patients, measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, was 52% lower than in controls. Patients' fibroblasts reveal a decrease in mRNA levels of the two glutathione synthesising enzymes, glutamatecysteine ligase modulatory subunit (GCLM) and glutathione synthetase. GCLM expression level in fibroblasts correlates negatively with symptoms severity. Glutathione is an important endogenous redox regulator and neuroactive substance. It is protecting cells from damage by reactive oxygen species generated, among others, by dopamine metabolism. A glutathione deficit-induced oxidative stress would lead to lipid peroxidation and micro-lesions at the level of dendritic spines, a synaptic damage responsible for abnormal nervous connections or structural disconnectivity. On the other hand, a glutathione deficit could also lead to a functional disconnectivity by depressing NMDA neurotransmission, in analogy to phencyclidine effects. Present experimental data are consistent with the proposed hypothesis: decreasing pharmacologically glutathione level in experimental models, with or without blocking dopamine (DA) uptake (GBR12909), induces morphological, electrophysiological and behavioural changes similar to those observed in patients. In summary, a deficit of glutathione and/or glutathione-related enzymes during early development would lead to both a functional and a structural disconnectivity, which could be at the basis of some perceptive, cognitive and behavioural troubles of the disease. It could constitute a major vulnerability factor for schizophrenia. Attempts to restore physiological glutathione functions could open new therapeutic avenues. This translational research, made possible by a close interaction between clinicians and neuroscientists, should also pave the way to the identification of biological markers for schizophrenia. In turn, they should allow early diagnostic and hopefully preventive intervention to this devastating disease. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)

Transpiração e crescimento foliar de plantas de mandioca em resposta ao deficit hídrico no solo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a transpiração e o crescimento foliar de duas cultivares de mandioca, em resposta ao conteúdo de água disponível no solo representado pela fração de água transpirável no solo (FATS). Foram realizados dois experimentos, em vasos de 8 L, com as cultivares Fécula Branca e Fepagro RS 13. O plantio foi feito em 11/9/2009 e 8/9/2010, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. A água disponível, a transpiração e o crescimento foliar foram medidos diariamente, em cada experimento,durante o período de imposição da deficiência hídrica. A FATS crítica, em que a transpiração começa a serreduzida, foi de 0,45 para 'Fécula Branca' e 0,50 para 'Fepagro RS 13'. A redução do crescimento foliar começou quando a FATS atingiu 0,51 para 'Fécula Branca' e 0,49 para 'Fepagro RS 13'. A FATS crítica para transpiração e crescimento foliar difere em condições de atmosfera com baixa e com alta demanda evaporativa do ar, conforme a cultivar de mandioca utilizada.

Lawyer-info : Software de atención al cliente para despachos de abogados en dispositivos móviles Android

Este trabajo desarrolla una aplicación basada en la tecnología Android para la atención de clientes en despachos de abogados.

Estudi del TDAH : Diagnòstic, avaluació i diferents tractaments d'intervenció

El present treball té com a objectiu principal realitzar un estudi teòric i científic sobre el Trastorn del Dèficit d'Atenció per Hiperactivitat (TDAH) des d'una perspectiva clínica. El propòsit és aprofundir en el coneixement del trastorn estudiant les variables diagnòstiques, el tipus d'avaluació a realitzar i els diferents tractaments d'intervenció existents; considerant la seva eficàcia i eficiència segons la validesa científica que presenten. A més, es qüestiona quin o quins enfocaments poden presentar més efectivitat per a pal·liar o eliminar la simptomatologia del trastorn, considerant els tipus de tractament presentats (farmacològic, teràpia psicològica cognitiu-conductual, psicopedagògic i educatiu o teràpies alternatives).

Transpiration response of upland rice to water deficit changed by different levels of eucalyptus biochar

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of eucalyptus biochar on the transpiration rate of upland rice 'BRSMG Curinga' as an alternative means to decrease the effect of water stress on plant growth and development. Two-pot experiments were carried out using a completely randomized block design, in a split-plot arrangement, with six replicates. Main plots were water stress (WS) and no-water stress (NWS), and the subplots were biochar doses at 0, 6, 12 and 24% in growing medium (sand). Total transpirable soil water (TTSW), the p factor - defined as the average fraction of TTSW which can be depleted from the root zone before water stress limits growth -, and the normalized transpiration rate (NTR) were determined. Biochar addition increased TTSW and the p factor, and reduced NTR. Consequently, biochar addition was able to change the moisture threshold (p factor) of the growing medium, up to 12% maximum concentration, delaying the point where transpiration declines and affects yield.

Ecofisiologia de plantas jovens de mogno-africano submetidas a deficit hídrico e reidratação

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de plantas jovens de mogno-africano (Khaya ivorensis) em recuperar seu status hídrico e trocas gasosas após período de deficit hídrico. Plantas com aproximadamente 315 dias, irrigadas (controle) e não irrigadas, foram avaliadas aos 14 dias da suspensão da irrigação e após um, três e sete dias da retomada da irrigação (reidratação). No dia 14, o potencial hídrico foliar de antemanhã (Ψam) das plantas estressadas foi reduzido a -2,66 MPa. Com a restrição hídrica, foram observadas reduções significativas no conteúdo relativo de água na antemanhã (redução de 32%), na taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2 (90%), na condutância estomática (95%), na transpiração (93%) e na razão entre concentração intercelular e ambiental de CO2 (37%). Durante a reidratação, o status hídrico das plantas estressadas foi restabelecido após três dias. As trocas gasosas também se restabeleceram, mas de forma mais lenta que o status hídrico. Sob deficit hídrico, a concentração de prolina aumentou e a de carboidratos solúveis totais diminuiu. Plantas jovens de mogno-africano são tolerantes ao deficit hídrico moderado.

Energy deficit and length of hospital stay can be reduced by a two-step quality improvement of nutrition therapy: the intensive care unit dietitian can make the difference.

OBJECTIVE: Critically ill patients are at high risk of malnutrition. Insufficient nutritional support still remains a widespread problem despite guidelines. The aim of this study was to measure the clinical impact of a two-step interdisciplinary quality nutrition program. DESIGN: Prospective interventional study over three periods (A, baseline; B and C, intervention periods). SETTING: Mixed intensive care unit within a university hospital. PATIENTS: Five hundred seventy-two patients (age 59 ± 17 yrs) requiring >72 hrs of intensive care unit treatment. INTERVENTION: Two-step quality program: 1) bottom-up implementation of feeding guideline; and 2) additional presence of an intensive care unit dietitian. The nutrition protocol was based on the European guidelines. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Anthropometric data, intensive care unit severity scores, energy delivery, and cumulated energy balance (daily, day 7, and discharge), feeding route (enteral, parenteral, combined, none-oral), length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, and mortality were collected. Altogether 5800 intensive care unit days were analyzed. Patients in period A were healthier with lower Simplified Acute Physiologic Scale and proportion of "rapidly fatal" McCabe scores. Energy delivery and balance increased gradually: impact was particularly marked on cumulated energy deficit on day 7 which improved from -5870 kcal to -3950 kcal (p < .001). Feeding technique changed significantly with progressive increase of days with nutrition therapy (A: 59% days, B: 69%, C: 71%, p < .001), use of enteral nutrition increased from A to B (stable in C), and days on combined and parenteral nutrition increased progressively. Oral energy intakes were low (mean: 385 kcal*day, 6 kcal*kg*day ). Hospital mortality increased with severity of condition in periods B and C. CONCLUSION: A bottom-up protocol improved nutritional support. The presence of the intensive care unit dietitian provided significant additional progression, which were related to early introduction and route of feeding, and which achieved overall better early energy balance.