表面活性类物质对SCE形成和基因突变的影响

本研究采用Salmonella typhimurium基因回复突变测试和小鼠骨髓细胞SCE分析方法，从分子水平和染色体水平对国产四种餐洗剂及其三种主要成分LABS, Dispersol D和Alkanolamide进行了潜在性诱变活性的测试。结果表明在没有代谢激活剂的情况下，四种餐洗剂和其主要成分LABS, Dispersol D均能诱发HisD3052和HisG46菌株的基因突变，与阴性对照物相比，显著性明显，Alkanolamide能致HisD3052菌株的回复突变，但对HisD46位点没有致突变效应，加入体外代谢激活物质S9后，除TL牌餐洗剂未见诱变作用处，其他三种牌号的餐洗剂及Dispersol D和LABS仍能使STY回复突变菌落的数目增加，与阴性对照物相比，差异显著，而Alkanolamide在受谢转化激活后，表现出同时能致两个菌株突变的作用，但这四种牌号的餐洗剂和三种主要成分在低于一定浓度，即相当于人日常用量时，无论有无体外激活系统，均无诱导STY基因回复突变的现象出现，SCE分析结果与溶剂对照相比，表明四种餐洗剂都具有诱发小鼠骨髓细胞SCE形成的能力。本文还观察了四种洗涤剂对细胞的性，发现小鼠经高剂灌胃后，骨髓细胞增殖速度降低。同样，四种牌号的餐洗剂和其主要成分Dispersol D，LABS在高剂量时使细菌菌落生长异常，出现针尖点状小菌落，或自然回复突变率减少，此时，本文还讨论了不同诱变效应之间可能存在的关系。

Thermoluminescence of ZnS nanoparticles

The thermoluminescence (TL) of ZnS nanoparticles is reported. The TL intensity increases as the particle size is decreased. The consistency of the size dependence of the TL with that of the surface fluorescence indicates that the TL may be related to the surface states. TL may be caused by the recombination of carriers released from the surface states or defect sites by heating. Smaller particles have higher surface/volume ratio and more surface states, therefore contain more accessible carriers for TL. Besides, the carrier recombination rate increases upon decreasing size due to the increase of the overlap between the electron and hole wave functions. These two effects may make the TL increase upon decreasing size of the particles. The appearance of TL prior to any radiation reveals that trapped carriers have pre-existed. The investigation of TL may provide some useful information about the surface states that may explain the size dependence of the surface fluorescence. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Thermoluminescence of CdS clusters in zeolite-Y

Thermoluminescence (TL) of CdS clusters encapsulated in zeolite-Y is reported for the first time. The TL of the clusters is much stronger than that of the bulk CdS and increases as the CdS loading decreases. This inverse dependence of TL intensity upon CdS loading is caused mainly by the size-effect of the clusters. All samples exhibit almost the same glow peak position and shape, indicating that traps or surface states are not sensitive to the cluster sizes.

西双版纳热带雨林片断小气候边缘效应研究

以西双版纳地区三个热带雨林片断和一个原始热带雨林为对象，研究了林内至林外、以及林窗内小气候要素的水平和垂直梯度变化规律、小气候边缘效应及其与林缘方位之间的关系、林缘空气流动规律、边缘效应深度、片断后林内生境变化及对气候变化的抵抗能力。利用林墙太阳辐射理论，计算分析了各方位林缘的可照时数。根据Monteith的植物叶面热量平衡方程讨论了叶温度理论模拟方法，计算和分析土壤-植被-大气连续体（SPAC）能量平衡中各分量通量。主要结果如下： 1.西双版纳地区不同方位林缘可照时数一般比水平面减少，只有南向林缘在春、秋分日及北向林缘在夏至日的可照时数与水平面相同。在夏半年，北向林缘可照时间最长，东西向林缘次之，南向林缘最短；在冬半年，南向林缘可照时间最长，与水平面相同，东西向次之，北向林缘最短。年可照时数以南向林缘最长，北向林缘最短。 2.片断化热带森林的小气候边缘效应影响深度在北向林缘深至林内15m、在南向林缘深至林内25m。林外小气候水平梯度大于林内，这种梯度变异尤以林缘附近（-10m  10m范围）最大。统计世界各地研究结果，发现生物和物理环境的边缘效应深度变化于10  500m之间，但主要发生在100m范围内（占87%）。随着边缘效应深度增加或片断面积减小，正方形森林片断受林缘影响面积的百分率增加。圆形森林片断受边缘效应的“蚕食”作用最小，而狭长或不规则森林片断受边缘效应影响最大。 3.在南向林缘外侧10m范围内存在太阳辐射和温度较高地带；林窗边缘林墙壁面有显著得热力效应和水汽效应，尤其在北向边缘更显著。 4.林缘2/3H（H为林缘树高）高处以下及其以上（林冠层及上方）存在一反向双环流，在林冠层处其强度相对较弱。 5.片断化森林对外部变化抵御能力变得更为脆弱，林内环境由湿晾转向干暖，森林生态功能降低。 6.林缘植物叶温表现出气温型（Ta>Tl）、中间型（Ta=Tl）和辐射型（Tl>Ta）三种类型。林缘处草本植物与乔木、藤本植物之间的叶温差异显著，草本比乔木、藤本高约5℃。 7.叶面积指数在林缘最低和在林内25m处最大，林缘叶角小于林内，而在25m处散射光透过系数则最小。

城市树木年代学的研究--污染条件下树木年轮的变异

沈阳是我国重要的工业城市，环境污染十分严重。本文对沈阳的污染敏感树种--油松由污染引起的树木年轮变异进行研究分析，包括年轮宽度的变异和年轮中Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、Mn、K、Na、Tl、P、Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Sr、Ll、Pb、V、Nl、Zn共十九种元素含量以及Al/Ca比值的年代变化的分析，并将此变化与沈阳地区的城市工业发展相联系，进行相关分析。试图追溯和重建沈阳地区的生态环境变迁史，揭示城市环境质量与树木年轮之间的相关规律。结果表明：在污染条件下，年轮宽度和年轮微量元素含量均发生了明显的变异，而且这些变异与沈阳工业发展（指标：工业总产值、能量消耗总量、工业用能量消耗量）相一致，存在显著的相关关系。本文筛选出了它们之间的相关数学模型，并发现，其相关显著性水平，是在重污染地点北陵高于相对清洁地点东陵。本文还对城市年轮法的有效性和精确性的限制因子，如自然环境因子，树木个体生理因素，人为因素的干扰，环境因子的后滞作用以及年轮元素间的相互作用等进行了初步探讨，为城市年代学的研究提供了重要科学依据。同时，本文提出了城市树木年代学的敏感度原理，包括污染敏感度和元素敏感度理论及其应用，证明是科学的和可行的，为城市年代学的发展提供重要科学参考依据。并且，本文还提出进行年轮元素含量的订证。

三种豆科灌木对干旱胁迫的响应与适应

干旱胁迫是全球范围内影响植物生存、生长和分布的重要环境因子。岷江上游干旱河谷区，由于生态环境的脆弱性和长期人类活动的干扰和过度利用，导致植被严重退化，水土流失加剧，山地灾害频繁，干旱化和荒漠化趋势明显。这种趋势若不能遏制，将严重阻碍区域社会经济的快速协调发展，并且威胁成都平原地区的发展和长江中下游地区的生态安全。因而开展干旱河谷生态恢复研究成为解决这些问题的关键。水分匮乏是限制干旱河谷生态恢复的关键因子，在全球气候变化的背景下，干旱胁迫在区域尺度上可能会更加严重，并使干旱河谷的生态环境更加恶化。因此，深入研究干旱河谷乡土植物对干旱胁迫的响应和适应机理，具有非常重要的理论和实践意义。 本论文以岷江上游干旱河谷的三种乡土豆科灌木，白刺花（Sophora davidii）、小马鞍羊蹄甲（Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla）和小雀花（Campylotropics polyantha）理论和实践意义。为研究对象，在人工控制条件下设计了4-5个连续性干旱胁迫处理，系统地研究了灌木幼苗的生长、生物量积累和水分利用效率（WUE）、形态结构和生理过程等对干旱胁迫的反应，揭示了幼苗的干旱适应能力及种间差异。主要研究结论如下： 1) 灌木生长和繁殖对干旱胁迫的反应 在干旱胁迫下，幼苗生长速率显著减小，叶片衰老和脱落比率增大，这些变化随着胁迫强度的增加具有累积效应。叶片比茎对干旱胁迫的反应更敏感。在严重干旱胁迫下，幼苗的有性繁殖被限制，但在中等程度干旱胁迫下，幼苗的有性繁殖能力被提高。 2) 灌木生物量积累及其分配和WUE对干旱胁迫的反应 在干旱胁迫下，灌木各器官的生物量都显著减小，但是生物量的分配侧重于地下部分，使得根茎比在干旱条件下增大。幼苗的耗水量（WU）随着干旱胁迫的增加而显著减少。白刺花和小马鞍羊蹄甲WUE在干旱胁迫下降低；小雀花的WUE在中等干旱胁迫下升高。 3) 灌木叶片结构特征对干旱胁迫反应 白刺花叶片具有较为典型的旱生型结构，而小马鞍羊蹄甲和小雀花则为中生型结构。在1至2年的干旱胁迫下，灌木叶片结构组成未发生本质性的改变，主要是细胞大小的变化。在中等和严重干旱胁迫下，叶肉组织厚度明显减小；并且气孔和表皮细胞面积也显著减小，气孔和表皮细胞密度显著增大；叶肉细胞层数、P/S值、表皮厚度等无显著变化。 4) 灌木对干旱胁迫的生理响应 气体交换参数和叶片相对含水量（RWC）在中等干旱胁迫下发生了明显的改变，而叶绿素荧光参数和光合色素含量在严重干旱胁迫下才发生显著变化。在干旱胁迫下，净光合作用速率（Pn）、气孔导度（gs）和RWC呈下降趋势，而叶片温度（Tl）呈增加趋势，蒸腾速率（Tr）的变化不明显。除了日最大Pn减小以外，干旱胁迫对气体交换参数的日变化无显著影响，但是对光合-光响应曲线有显著的影响，使有效光合时间缩短。在严重干旱胁迫下光系统受到损害而代谢减弱，PSⅡ中心的内禀光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）、量子产量（Yield）、光化学淬灭参数（qP）显著降低，而非光化学淬灭参数（NPQ）明显增加。气孔限制和非气孔限制对Pn的影响与干旱胁迫强度有关。在中度胁迫下，气孔限制起主导作用，在严重胁迫下非气孔限制起主导作用，40% FC水分条件可能是灌木由气孔限制向非气孔限制的转折点。 5) 灌木对干旱胁迫的适应能力及其种间差异 三种灌木对干旱胁迫具有较好的适应能力，即使在20% FC，幼苗未因干旱胁迫III而死亡；80% FC适宜于幼苗生长。白刺花生长速率慢，耗水量较少，具有较强的耐旱和耐贫瘠能力，并具有干旱忍受机制，能够在较干旱的环境中定居和生长。小马鞍羊蹄甲和小雀花，生长快，水分消耗量较大，尤其是小雀花，对干旱胁迫的忍受能力较弱，具有干旱回避机制，因而适宜于在较为湿润的生境中生长。综合分析表明，生长速率较慢的物种抗旱能力较强，其更适宜于作为干旱地区植被恢复物种。 Drought is often a key factor limiting plant establishment, growth and distribution inmany regions of the world. The harsh environmental conditions and long-termanthropogenic disturbance had resulted in habitat destruction in the dry valley ofMinjiang river, southwest China. Recently, it tended to be more severe on the vegetationdegradation, soil erosion and water loss, natural disaster, as well as desertification, whichimpact on regional booming economy and harmonious development, and would be verydangerous to the environmental security in the middle and lower reaches of Yangzi River.Therefore, ecological restoration in the dry valley is one of the vital tasks in China. Waterdeficit is known to affect adversely vegetation restoration in this place. Moreover, in thecontext of climate change, an increased frequency of drought stress might occur at aregional scale in the dry valleys of Minjiang River. The selection of appropriate plantingspecies for vegetation restoration in regard to regional conditions is an important issue atpresent and in further. The research on responses of indigenous species to drought stresscould provide insights into the improvement of the vegetation restoration in the dry valleys of Minjiang River. In this paper, the responses of three indigenous leguminous shrubs, Sophora davidii,Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla and Campylotropics polyantha, to various soil watersupplies were studied in order to assess drought tolerance of seedlings, and to compare interspecific differences in seedlings’ responses to drought stress. The results were as follows: 1 Growth and reproduction of shrubs in response to drought stress Seedling growth reduced significantly while leaf senescence accelerated underdrought stress, the cumulative responses to prolonged drought were found. The capacityfor reproduction was limited by severe drought stress, and improved by moderate droughtstress. Leaf responses were more sensitive than shoot to various water supplies. 2 WUE, biomass production and its partitioning of shrubs in response to drought stress Drought stress reduced significantly the total dry mass and their components ofseedlings, and altered more biomass allocation to root system, showing higher R/S ratiounder drought. Water use (WU) and water-use efficiency (WUE) of both S. davidii and B.faberi var. microphylla declined strongly with drought stress. The WU C. polyantha ofalso declined with drought stress, but WUE improved under moderate drought stress. 3 Anatomical characteristics and ultrastructures of leaves in response to drought stress There were xeromorphic for S. davidii leaves and mesomorphic for B. faberi var.microphylla and C. polyantha at the all water supplies. The foundational changes in leafstructures were not found with drought stress. However, mesophyll thickness, the areas ofstomatal and epidermis reduced slightly while the densities of stomatal and epidermisincreased under severe drought stress. Variations in these parameters could mainly be duoto cell size. Other structures did not displayed significant changes with drought stress. 4 Physiological responses of shrubs to drought stress The gas exchange parameters and leaf relative water content (RWC) were affectedby moderate stress, while chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were onlyaffected by severe stress. Drought stress decreased net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatalconductance, light-use efficiency and RWC, and increased leaf temperature. Therespiration rates (Tr) were kept within a narrower range than Pn, resulting in aprogressively increased instantaneous water use effiecency (WUEi) under drought stress.Moreover, drought stress also affected the response curve of Pn to RAR, there was adepression light saturation point (Lsat) and maximum Pn (Pnmax) for moderate andsevere stressed seedling. However, diurnal changes of gas exchange parameters did notdiffer among water supplies although maximum daily Pn declined under severe stress.VISevere stress reduced Fv/Fm, Yield and qP while increased NPQ and chlorophyll content.Photosynthetic activity decreased during drought stress period due to stomatal andnon-stomatal limitations. The relative contribution of these limitations was associatedwith the severity of stress. The limitation to Pn was caused mainly by stomatal limitationunder moderate drought stress, and by the predominance of non-stomatal limitation undersevere stress. In this case, 40% FC water supply may be a non-stomatal limitation 5 Interspecific differences in drought tolerance of shrubs Three shrubs exhibited good performance throughout the experiment process, evenif at 20% FC treatment there were no any seedlings died, 80% FC water supply wassuitable for their establishment and growth. S. davidii minimized their water loss byreducing total leaf area and growth rate, as well as maintained higher RWC and Pncompared to the other two species under drought stress, thus they might be more tolerantto the drought stress than the other two species. On the contrary, it was found that C.polyantha and B. faberi var. microphylla had higher water loss because of their stomatalconductance and higher leaf area ratios. They reduced water loss with shedding theirleaves and changing leaf orientation under drought stress. Based on their responses, thestudied species could be categorized into two: (1) S. davidii with a tolerance mechanismin response to drought stress; (2) C. polyantha and B. faberi var. microphylla withdrought avoidance mechanism. These results indicated that slow-growing shrub speciesare better adapted to drought stress than intermediate or fast-growing species in present orpredicted drought conditions. Therefore, selecting rapid-growing species might leavethese seedlings relatively at a risk of extreme drought.

镇海棘螈和大凉疣螈年龄结构研究

通过趾骨切片可以准确鉴定年龄，了解一个物种的最长寿命，也为我们研究确定一个物种的生长特点、性成熟期,以及一个地区一个物种的年龄结构、种群生态(Marnell，1998)和群落生态提供重要信息(Morrison，et a1.，2004)。 本论文使用骨骼鉴龄法对中国浙江省宁波市北仑瑞岩寺林场的镇海棘螈（Echinotriton chinhaiensis）雌性繁群进行了年龄结构研究。结果显示：第一次参加繁殖的年龄为3龄；繁群中数量占优势的是5龄、6龄。而在6龄以后参加繁殖的雌性个体数便开始随着年龄的增大而逐渐减少。参加繁殖的雌性年龄最大个体为8龄。平均年龄为5.13龄。同时对其年龄和头体长、体全长的相关性检验,发现其年龄与头体长和体全长不相关,镇海棘螈雌性的生长方式表现为性成熟后能量主要用于繁殖。 另外,对李子坪大凉疣螈(Tylototriton taliangensis) 雄性繁群进行了年龄结构研究。结果显示：大凉疣螈雄性第一次参加繁殖的年龄为4龄；繁群中数量占优势的是5龄、6龄、7龄。而在7龄以后参加繁殖的雄性个体数便开始随着年龄的增大而逐渐减少。参加繁殖的雄性中年龄最大的个体为10龄。平均年龄为6.7龄。对其年龄和头体长、体全长的相关性检验,发现其年龄与头体长和体全长不相关,大凉疣螈雄性生长特点也表现为性成熟后生长缓慢的特点。 研究材料方面，本文采用野外采样与标本馆标本相结合的方式获得了中国蝾螈科2个重要保护物种繁殖群体的剪（指）趾材料，使得建立于其上的年龄结构工作更加可靠、更加具有代表性。 此外,本论文讨论了镇海棘螈瑞岩寺种群繁殖总量年度间的差异及其产生原因。将1998、1999、2000、2008、2009年镇海棘螈（Echinotriton chinhaiensis） 瑞岩寺种群的繁殖量进行比较，发现虽然雌性平均窝卵数比较稳定，但繁殖总量小于1998、1999、2000年任何一年总产卵量的50%。对2008年镇海棘螈繁殖量大幅下降的原因分析发现, 2007年9、10月影响严重台风的两次强台风、瑞岩寺景区开发等因素可能是造成近年该种群繁殖量大幅下降的原因。而2008年初50年不遇的低温是否影响镇海棘螈的繁殖值得进一步追踪研究。2009年繁殖量较2008年没有明显的增长，可能是由于2007年的台风影响了其繁殖营养的积累。台风的影响可能存在滞后现象,对此有待进一步监测证明。 本研究首次对中国蝾螈科物种进行的年龄结构鉴定，为进一步了解中国蝾螈科动物的种群生态打下了坚实的基础。 Using skeletochronology, we can know the life span of a species, age of reaching sexual mature, and of course age structure, which are vital(Morrison，et a1.，2004). Skeletochronology was performed on Echinotriton chinhaiensis Ruiyansi female population. The result shows that: The oldest individuals were 8 years old and the youngest ones were 3 years old. Individuals of age class 5(39.13%) and 6(21.74%) were most numerous. The number of individuals participated in reproduction decreased with the increase of age after the sixth year. Average age is 5.13 years. There is no correlation between age and body size (SVL and TL). For female chinhai salamander, energy is devoted to reproduction after reaching sexual maturation. While using skeletochronology to study Tylototriton taliangensis Liziping male population, the oldest individuals is 10 years old, and the youngest ones is 4 years old. Individuals of the age class 5, 6, and 7 dominat this population. The number of individuals decrease with the increase of age also after the seventh year. Average age is 6.7 years old in this population. there is also no correlation between age and body size (SVL and TL).It turned out that T. taliangensis tend to grow slowly after reaching sexual maturation. In this thesis, specimens from both wild and museum were used to gain enough toe clipping samples. A big sample size guarantees the reliability of this study. In the meantime, E. chinhaiensis’s annual reproduction of the year 1998, 1999, 2000 ,2008,and 2009 was compared. The result shows there is a huge decline in E. chinhaiensis’s annual reproduction in 2008,even the egg clutch is very stable. After analyzing, it turned out the huge decline in 2008 was probably caused by typhoon in 2007, besides the effect of tourism development and cash crop planting. While the impact of extreme weather of 2008 on reproduction needs further investigation. In the year 2009, there is no obvious increase in annual reproduction. It maybe due to lasting impact of typhoon in 2007. It is the first age-structure study on these two Chinese salamanders. A solid foundation was laid for further population ecology study of these two species.

激发态~(17)Ne双质子2p发射的实验

<正>在中国科学院近代物理研究所放射性束流装置RIBLL上完成了17Ne+197Au的实验,采用硅条探测器与CsI(Tl)+PIN探测器阵列进行运动学完全测量,研究了17Ne双质子发射的机制。实验选用

彗星电泳检测~(12)C~(6+)离子束辐照人类肝L02细胞的DNA损伤效应

以传能线密度为30keV/μm的12C6+离子束辐照人类肝L02细胞,利用彗星电泳技术检测了以DNA链断裂为生物终点的DNA辐射损伤效应。CASP软件分析彗星图像,主要检测尾部DNA(TDNA%)、彗星全长(CL)、尾长(TL)、尾矩(TM)和Olive尾矩(OTM)等指标,SPSS11.5软件进行统计学分析,绘制并拟合TM-剂量曲线。结果显示,辐照以剂量依赖的方式引起L02细胞彗星图像各指标的增大,且TM值与剂量线性正相关。说明12C6+离子束对DNA有较强的致损伤效应,且与剂量正相关。研究为正确评价重离子对人体正常组织的辐射风险及危害提供了一定的基础数据和依据。

在πh_(11/2)νi_(13/2)扁椭球转动带中观测到旋称反转

利用160Gd(35Cl,5nγ)190Tl反应研究了双奇核190Tl的高自旋态,建立了由πh9/2?νi13/2扁椭球转动带和一个具有单粒子激发特征的级联组成的190Tl能级纲图.确定地指定了190Tl扁椭球转动带的自旋值,首次发现了190Tlπh9/2?νi13/2扁椭球转动带的低自旋旋称反转.基于双奇核Tl能级结构的相似性,重新指定了双奇核192~200Tlπh9/2?νi13/2扁椭球转动带能级自旋值,在这些扁椭形变核中均出现了低自旋旋称反转.考虑了p-n剩余相互作用的2-准粒子-转子模型能够定性地解释πh9/2?νi13/2扁椭球转动带出现的低自旋旋称反转现象.