Consumers' perceptions and attitudes towards firms' green marketing initiatives: How do they influence green consumption?

This thesis examines green marketing and green consumption behaviours addressing limited understandings about how consumers interpret their green consumption behaviour in their everyday lives; what motivates people to purchase green products, and what barriers exist to this behaviour. Findings reveal that enhancing green consumption through green marketing depends on consumers' enthusiasm to engage in green practices and green behavioural influences. The research supports the need for qualitative research to provide rich insights into relationships between consumer behaviour, green marketing and green consumption and builds a stronger knowledge foundation by introducing social practice theory into the marketing discipline.

Opettajien teknologiasuhteen luonne ja muodostuminen

This study investigates primary and secondary school teachers’ social representations and ways to conceptualise new technologies. The focus is both on teachers’ descriptions, interpretations and conceptions of technology and on the adoption and formation of these conceptions. In addition, the purpose of this study is to analyse how the national objectives of the information society and the implementation of information and communication technologies (ICT) in schools reflect teachers’ thinking and everyday practices. The starting point for the study is the idea of a dynamic and mutual relationship between teachers and technology so that technology does not affect one-sidedly teachers’ thinking. This relationship is described in this study as the teachers’ technology relationship. This concept emphasises that technology cannot be separated from society, social relations and the context where it is used but it is intertwined with societal practices and is therefore formed in interaction with the material and social factors. The theoretical part of this study encompasses three different research traditions: 1) the social shaping of technology, 2) research on how schools and teachers use technology and 3) social representations theory. The study was part of the Helmi Project (Holistic development of e-Learning and business models) in 2001–2005 at the Helsinki University of Technology, SimLab research unit. The Helmi Project focused on different aspects of the utilisation of ICT in teaching. The research data consisted of interviews of teachers and principals. Altogether 37 interviews were conducted in 2003 and 2004 in six different primary and secondary schools in Espoo, Finland. The data was analysed applying grounded theory. The results showed that the teachers’ technology relationship was diverse and context specific. Technology was interpreted differently depending on the context: the teachers’ technology related descriptions and metaphors illustrated on one hand the benefits and the possibilities and on the other hand the problems and threats of different technologies. The dualist nature of technology was also expressed in the teachers’ thinking about technology as a deterministic and irrevocable force and as a controllable and functional tool at the same time. Teachers did not consider technology as having a stable character but they interpreted technology in relation to the variable context of use. This way they positioned or anchored technology into their everyday practices. The study also analysed the formation of the teachers’ technology relationship and the ways teachers familiarise themselves with new technologies. Comparison of different technologies as well as technology related metaphors turned out to be significant in forming the technology relationship. Also the ways teachers described the familiarisation process and the interpretations of their own technical skills affected the formation of technology relationship. In addition, teachers defined technology together with other teachers, and the discussions reflected teachers’ interpretations and descriptions.

A Success Story or a Failure? : Representing the European Integration in the Curricula and Textbooks of Five Countries

The economic, political and social face of Europe has been changing rapidly in the past decades. These changes are unique in the history of Europe, but not without challenges for the nation states. The support for the European integration varies among the countries. In order to understand why certain developments or changes are perceived as threatening or as desired by different member countries, we must consider the social representations of the European integration on the national level: how the EU is represented to its citizens in media and in educational systems, particularly in the curricula and textbooks. The current study is concerned with the social representations of the European integration in the curricula and school textbooks in five European countries: France, Britain, Germany, Finland and Sweden. Besides that, the first volume of the common Franco-German history textbook was analyzed, since it has been seen as a model for a common European history textbook. As the collective representations, values and identities are dominantly mediated and imposed through media and educational systems, the national curricula and textbooks make an interesting starting point for the study of the European integration and of national and European identities. The social representations theory provides a comprehensive framework for the study of the European integration. By analyzing the curricula and history and civics textbooks of major educational publishers, the study aimed to demonstrate what is written on the European integration and how it is portrayed how the European integration is understood, made familiar and concretized in the educational context in the five European countries. To grasp the phenomenon of the European integration in the textbooks in its entirety, it was investigated from various perspectives. The two analysis methods of content analysis, the automatic analysis with ALCESTE and a more qualitative theory-driven content analysis, were carried out to give a more vivid and multifaceted picture of the object of the research. The analysis of the text was complemented with the analysis of visual material. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative methods, the contents, processes, visual images, transformations and structures of the social representations of European integration, as well as the communicative styles of the textbooks were examined. This study showed the divergent social representations of the European integration, anchored in the nation states, in the five member countries of the European Union. The social representations were constructed around different central core elements: French Europe in the French textbooks, Ambivalent Europe in the British textbooks, Influential and Unifying EU in the German textbooks, Enabling and Threatening EU in the Finnish textbooks, Sceptical EU in the Swedish textbooks and EU as a World Model in the Franco-German textbook. Some elements of the representations were shared by all countries such as peace and economic aspects of the European cooperation, whereas other elements of representations were found more frequently in some countries than in others, such as ideological, threatening or social components of the phenomenon European integration. The study also demonstrated the linkage between social representations of the EU and national and European identities. The findings of this study are applicable to the study of the European integration, to the study of education, as well as to the social representation theory.

Disarming identities : Ethnic identities in conflict resolution: Hindrance or helpful resource?

This thesis proposes that national or ethnic identity is an important and overlooked resource in conflict resolution. Usually ethnic identity is seen both in international relations and in social psychology as something that fuels the conflict. Using grounded theory to analyze data from interactive problem-solving workshops between Palestinians and Israelis a theory about the role of national identity in turning conflict into protracted conflict is developed. Drawing upon research from, among others, social identity theory, just world theory and prejudice it is argued that national identity is a prime candidate to provide the justification of a conflict party’s goals and the dehumanization of the other necessary to make a conflict protracted. It is not the nature of national identity itself that lets it perform this role but rather the ability to mobilize a constituency for social action (see Stürmer, Simon, Loewy, & Jörger, 2003). Reicher & Hopkins (1996) have demonstrated that national identity is constructed by political entrepreneurs to further their cause, even if this construction is not a conscious one. Data from interactive problem-solving workshops suggest that the possibility of conflict resolution is actually seen by participants as a direct threat of annihilation. Understanding the investment necessary to make conflict protracted this reaction seems plausible. The justification for ones actions provided by national identity makes the conflict an integral part of a conflict party’s identity. Conflict resolution, it is argued, is therefore a threat to the very core of the current national identity. This may explain why so many peace agreements have failed to provide the hoped for resolution of conflict. But if national identity is being used in a constructionist way to attain political goals, a political project of conflict resolution, if it is conscious of the constructionist process, needs to develop a national identity that is independent of conflict and therefore able to accommodate conflict resolution. From this understanding it becomes clear why national identity needs to change, i.e. be disarmed, if conflict resolution is to be successful. This process of disarmament is theorized to be similar to the process of creating and sustaining protracted conflict. What shape and function this change should have is explored from the understanding of the role of national identity in supporting conflict. Ideas how track-two diplomacy efforts, such as the interactive problem-solving workshop, could integrate a process by both conflict parties to disarm their respective identities are developed.

Pathways to health : Determinants of health, health behaviour and health inequalities in early adulthood

There is increasing evidence that the origins of poor adult health and health inequalities can be traced back to circumstances preceding current socioeconomic position and living conditions. The life-course approach to examining the determinants of health has emphasised that exposure to adverse social and economic circumstances in earlier life or concurrent adverse circumstances due to unfavourable living conditions in earlier life may lead to poor health, health-damaging behaviour, disease or even premature death in adulthood. There is, however, still a lack of knowledge about the contribution of social and economic circumstances in childhood and youth to adult health and health inequalities, and even less is known about how environmental and behavioural factors in adulthood mediate the effects of earlier adverse experiences. The main purpose of this study was to deepen our understanding of the development of poor health, health-damaging behaviours and health inequalities during the life-course. Its aim was to find out which factors in earlier and current circumstances determine health, the most detrimental indicators of health behaviour (smoking, heavy drinking and obesity as a proxy for the balance between nutrition and exercise), and educational health differences in young adults in Finland. Following the ideas of the social pathway theory, it was assumed that childhood environment affects adult health and its proximal determinants via different pathways, including educational, work and family careers. Early adulthood was studied as a significant phase of life when many behavioural patterns and living conditions relevant to health are established. In addition, socioeconomic health inequalities seem to emerge rapidly when moving into adulthood; they are very small or non-existent in childhood and adolescence, but very marked by early middle age. The data of this study were collected in 2000 2001 as part of the Health 2000 Survey (N = 9,922), a cross-sectional and nationally representative health interview and examination survey. The main subset of data used in this thesis was the one comprising the age group 18 29 years (N = 1,894), which included information collected by standardised structured computer-aided interviews and self-administered questionnaires. The survey had a very high participation rate at almost 90% for the core questions. According to the results of this study, childhood circumstances predict the health of young adults. Almost all the childhood adversities studied were found to be associated with poor self-rated health and psychological distress in early adulthood, although fewer associations were found with the somatic morbidity typical of young adults. These effects seemed to be more or less independent of the young adult s own education. Childhood circumstances also had a strong effect on smoking and heavy drinking, although current circumstances and education in particular, played a role in mediating this effect. Parental smoking and alcohol abuse had an influence on the corresponding behaviours of offspring. Childhood circumstances had a role in the development of obesity and, to a lesser extent, overweight, particularly in women. The findings support the notion that parental education has a strong effect on early adult obesity, even independently of the young adult s own educational level. There were marked educational differences in self-rated health in early adulthood: those in the lowest educational category were most likely to have average or poorer health. Childhood social circumstances seemed to explain a substantial part of these educational differences. In addition, daily smoking and heavy drinking contributed substantially to educational health differences. However, the contribution of childhood circumstances was largely shared with health behaviours adopted by early adulthood. Employment also shared the effects of childhood circumstances on educational health differences. The results indicate that childhood circumstances are important in determining health, health behaviour and health inequalities in early adulthood. Early recognition of childhood adversities followed by relevant support measures may play an important role in preventing the unfortunate pathways leading to the development of poor health, health-damaging behaviour and health inequalities. It is crucially important to recognise the needs of children living in adverse circumstances as well as children of substance abusing parents. In addition, single-parent families would benefit from support. Differences in health and health behaviours between different sub-groups of the population mean that we can expect to see ever greater health differences when today s generation of young adults grows older. This presents a formidable challenge to national health and social policy as well as health promotion. Young adults with no more than primary level education are at greatest risk of poor health. Preventive policies should emphasise the role of low educational level as a key determinant of health-damaging behaviours and poor health. Keywords: health, health behaviour, health inequalities, life-course, socioeconomic position, education, childhood circumstances, self-rated health, psychological distress, somatic morbidity, smoking, heavy drinking, BMI, early adulthood

Tibetan Written Images : A Study of Imagery in the Writings of Dhondup Gyal

Dhondup Gyal (Don grub rgyal, 1953 - 1985) was a Tibetan writer from Amdo (Qinghai, People's Republic of China). He wrote several prose works, poems, scholarly writings and other works which have been later on collected together into The Collected Works of Dhondup Gyal, in six volumes. He had a remarkable influence on the development of modern Tibetan literature in the 1980s. Examining his works, which are characterized by rich imagery, it is possible to notice a transition from traditional to modern ways of literary expression. Imagery is found in both the poems and prose works of Dhondup Gyal. Nature imagery is especially prominent and his writings contain images of flowers and plants, animals, water, wind and clouds, the heavenly bodies and other environmental elements. Also there are images of parts of the body and material and cultural images. To analyse the images, most of which are metaphors and similes, the use of the cognitive theory of metaphor provides a good framework for making comparisons with images in traditional Tibetan literature and also some images in Chinese, Indian and Western literary works. The analysis shows that the images have both traditional and innovative features. The source domains of images often appear similar to those found in traditional Tibetan literature and are slow to change. However, innovative shifts occur in the way they are mapped on their target domains, which may express new meanings and are usually secular in nature if compared to the religiosity which often characterizes traditional Tibetan literature. Dhondup Gyal's poems are written in a variety of styles, ranging from traditional types of verse compositions and poems in the ornate kāvya-style to modern free verse poetry. The powerful central images of his free verse poems and some other works can be viewed as structurally innovative and have been analysed with the help of the theory of conceptual blending. They are often ambiguous in their meaning, but can be interpreted to express ideas related to creativity, freedom and the need for change and development.

Kernelization complexity of possible winner and coalitional manipulation problems in voting

In the POSSIBLE WINNER problem in computational social choice theory, we are given a set of partial preferences and the question is whether a distinguished candidate could be made winner by extending the partial preferences to linear preferences. Previous work has provided, for many common voting rules, fixed parameter tractable algorithms for the POSSIBLE WINNER problem, with number of candidates as the parameter. However, the corresponding kernelization question is still open and in fact, has been mentioned as a key research challenge 10]. In this paper, we settle this open question for many common voting rules. We show that the POSSIBLE WINNER problem for maximin, Copeland, Bucklin, ranked pairs, and a class of scoring rules that includes the Borda voting rule does not admit a polynomial kernel with the number of candidates as the parameter. We show however that the COALITIONAL MANIPULATION problem which is an important special case of the POSSIBLE WINNER problem does admit a polynomial kernel for maximin, Copeland, ranked pairs, and a class of scoring rules that includes the Borda voting rule, when the number of manipulators is polynomial in the number of candidates. A significant conclusion of our work is that the POSSIBLE WINNER problem is harder than the COALITIONAL MANIPULATION problem since the COALITIONAL MANIPULATION problem admits a polynomial kernel whereas the POSSIBLE WINNER problem does not admit a polynomial kernel. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Las reformas económicas y la modernización del Estado

Resumen: El presente artículo trata conjuntamente acerca de los contenidos y la estrategia para la Modernización del Estado que se desprende de las recientes experiencias en cuanto a la aplicación de las Reformas Económicas de los años 80s y 90s, como así también de los últimos desarrollos de nuevas áreas de investigación como la Economía Institucional y la Teoría del Capital Social. Desde este punto de vista para diseñar una Estrategia de Modernización del Estado es esencial una visión estratégica de las actividades que el Estado debe realizar, delegar o incentivar. Asimismo las orientaciones fundamentales pasan por la existencia de consensos sobre políticas de largo plazo, la independencia del funcionamiento, un correcto diseño de reglas en lugar de conductas discrecionales, un balance entre subsidiariedad y participación, el logro de la excelencia de la función pública y de la lucha contra la corrupción.

Democratic Values Transmission

This study addresses the issue of intergenerational transmission of democratic values embedded in social choice rules. We focus on a few rules which have been the focus of social choice theory: plurality, plurality with a runoff, majoritarian compromise, social compromise and Borda rule. We confront subjects with preferences profiles of a hypothetical electorate over a set of four alternatives. Different rules produce different outcomes and subjects decide which alternative should be chosen for the society whose preference profile is shown. We elicit each subject's preferences over rules and his/her parents' and check whether there is any relationship; 186 students and their parents attended the sessions at Istanbul Bilgi University. Overall, we find support for the hypothesis of parental transmission of democratic values and gender differences in the transmitted rule.

As diferentes facetas no tratamento do HIV/AIDS: uma análise de representações sociais de enfermeiros

O presente estudo tem como objetivo apreender e analisar as representações sociais do tratamento do HIV/AIDS para enfermeiros atuantes em um hospital de referência, localizado do município do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou como referencial teórico-metodológico a teoria das representações sociais. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 20 enfermeiros que atuam em um hospital público universitário da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada. Para análise dos depoimentos obtidos através das entrevistas utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo temática, proposta por Bardin (1977). Após a análise, emergiram nove categorias: O tratamento medicamentoso e os determinantes de sua adesão; O tratamento clínico e físico; Ações psico-espirituais enquanto parte do tratamento; A abordagem terapêutica social na busca da qualidade de vida; Ações educativas preventivas e terapêuticas; A dinâmica familiar envolvida no tratamento; O cuidado psicossocial no diagnóstico e suas repercussões; O relacionamento interpessoal como parte do tratamento; Sentimentos do profissional que cuida. A representação social do tratamento prestado ao portador do HIV/AIDS, identificada no presente estudo, foi construída a partir das novas necessidades apresentadas por estes pacientes, diante do caráter de cronicidade do HIV/AIDS. Observa-se que as representações sociais apreendidas apontam para uma concepção de tratamento dentro de uma perspectiva holística, e não apenas focada na doença e no corpo, apontando para o tratamento enquanto atendimento das necessidades humanas essenciais e não apenas garantia de sobrevivência.

Celso Furtado, o teórico do movimento nacional-desenvolvimentista cepalino-isebiano

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal apreender as mais importantes elaborações de Celso Furtado a partir do debate sobre o desenvolvimento brasileiro nas décadas de 1950 e 1960. Enfocando a construção teórico-metodológica da sua interpretação do subdesenvolvimento brasileiro e sua importância para o movimento nacionalista desenvolvimentista, bem como sua participação no debate político e intelectual que esta vertente do pensamento social e político brasileiro travou com alguns acadêmicos do Departamento de Ciências Sociais da USP. A análise deste debate destaca as divergências entre os conceitos de subdesenvolvimento de Celso Furtado e de dependência segundo a interpretação elaborada por Fernando Henrique Cardoso.

Expressões da espiritualidade em pessoas que vivem com HIV/Aids a partir das representações sociais acerca da síndrome: implicações para o cuidado de enfermagem

Este estudo tem como temática a espiritualidade de pessoas que vivem com HIV/Aids e como objetivo geral analisar as expressões da espiritualidade de pessoas que vivem com HIV/Aids no contexto das construções representacionais acerca da própria síndrome, com vistas à proposição de uma reflexão acerca do cuidado de enfermagem como uma tecnologia que pode estimular esta dimensão humana. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, baseada nas abordagens processual e estrutural da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Quanto à metodologia, possui duas etapas: na primeira, participaram 30 pessoas com HIV/Aids em atendimento ambulatorial de um Hospital Municipal do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e analisados através da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Na segunda, participaram 100 pessoas atendidas no hospital supracitado. Os dados foram coletados através da técnica de evocações livres e analisados a partir do software EVOC. A partir da análise das entrevistas, emergiram cinco categorias denominadas: do sofrimento à dificuldade de encontrar sentido diante do diagnóstico; dando a volta por cima: o encontro de sentidos; da dificuldade de adesão ao tratamento à esperança de cura; os relacionamentos como forma de expressão da espiritualidade; e a presença da religiosidade no viver com HIV/Aids. Percebe-se que a descoberta diagnóstica é marcada por intenso e inevitável sofrimento, relacionado principalmente à representação social da Aids ligada à morte e à discriminação. Por outro lado, após o impacto do diagnóstico positivo, os participantes encontram um sentido para a vida, passando a ressignificá-la. A dificuldade de adesão é vista como uma vivência prejudicada da espiritualidade. Ressalta-se a esperança na cura, divina ou não-divina e há expressões de espiritualidade nos relacionamentos consigo mesmo, com o outro e com o divino. A religiosidade também se faz presente no viver com HIV/Aids principalmente para explicar a origem da Aids no mundo. Quanto à estrutura representacional da Aids, foram analisadas, comparativamente, as evocações do grupo geral, e as relacionadas ao sexo e à religião dos participantes. O possível núcleo central do grupo geral é composto pelas palavras medo, morte, tristeza e vida, elementos afetivos que também foram identificados nas entrevistas. A estrutura representacional do sexo feminino se sobrepõe a do grupo geral, diferindo-se da dos homens, que assume um caráter mais racional. Conclui-se que o sofrimento relacionado ao impacto do diagnóstico pode levar à dificuldade de encontrar sentido para a vida e, portanto, de vivenciar a espiritualidade. Ainda assim, esta dificuldade passa a ser substituída, com o tempo, por um encontro de sentido para se viver, levando a uma ressignificação da vida. A estrutura representacional permitiu a visualização de como os elementos relacionados à espiritualidade se organizam. Observa-se um processo de transformação das representações sociais da síndrome, que coincide com a presença da espiritualidade. Destaca-se o papel do enfermeiro na promoção do cuidado espiritual à pessoa com HIV/Aids.

Práticas e representações sociais do trabalho em equipe na Marinha do Brasil

A presente dissertação teve como objetivo investigar as representações sociais do trabalho em equipe na Marinha do Brasil. A fundamentação teórica do trabalho foi proporcionada pela perspectiva psicossocial das representações sociais de S. Moscovici, com ênfase sobre a abordagem estrutural complementar devida a J-C. Abric. Quanto à parte empírica, aplicou-se numa etapa exploratória a técnica do grupo focal. Numa etapa seguinte, aplicou-se conjuntamente um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas e uma técnica de evocação livre a cento e trinta e nove militares, pertencentes aos círculos de Suboficiais e Sargentos, de Oficiais Intermediários e Subalternos e de Oficiais Superiores, oriundos da Força de Superfície e da Força de Submarinos. Os resultados revelaram a presença de diferentes representações sociais do trabalho em equipe entre Oficiais e Praças, e também entre as Forças Operativas pesquisadas. Foi evidenciado que, pelo fato da liderança ser o conteúdo central das representações sociais de equipe na MB, existe uma resistência por parte de todos os grupos pesquisados em formar equipes mais autônomas, apesar de as condutas de lideranças estarem voltadas para o incentivo de opiniões e valorização das participações dos integrantes da equipe.

Salve a Luz e Salve a Força: dimensões psicossociais na Doutrina do Santo Daime

A presente tese tem como objetivo analisar as mirações do Santo Daime dentro de um enfoque psicossocial. Tendo como base teórica a teoria das representações sociais e a psicologia social, será feita uma análise do estado alterado de consciência conhecido como miração, resultante do uso ritual do chá do Santo Daime. Utilizamos uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, que envolveu extensa pesquisa bibliográfica, bem como entrevistas semi-estruturadas com membros do grupo daimista conhecido como Cefluris, ou linha do Padrinho Sebastião. A partir deste material, foi feita uma análise onde se procurou compreender a miração articulada às práticas sociais e ao discurso dos membros da doutrina. O Daime é uma religião relativamente pequena, com poucos seguidores, mas desperta interesse de diversas áreas de pesquisa por ter como ponto central a experiência do chá com propriedades psicoativas e a uma série de práticas e discursos ecumênicos, populares e ecológicos. Outro ponto debatido é sua relação com outras religiões e saberes que ao longo da História articulam o ser humano com as chamadas Plantas Mestras, ou enteógenas. A psicologia social e o estudo das religiões sem dúvida podem contribuir muito para aprofundar a compreensão nesta área de grande importância para o mundo contemporâneo.

As representações sociais de estudantes universitários sobre o sistema de cotas para negros e alunos de escola pública

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar, descrever e comparar as representações sociais sobre o sistema de cotas para negros e alunos de escola pública elaboradas por estudantes universitários da UERJ, considerando a possível ocorrência de posições contranormativas na expressão dessas representações. Os estudantes participantes eram de cursos mais e menos competitivos, ingressantes e concluintes. A metodologia foi orientada pela abordagem estrutural da teoria das representações sociais. Aplicou-se a técnica das evocações livres, tendo como termos indutores cotas para negros na universidade e cotas para alunos de escola pública. Os sujeitos foram 240 estudantes, divididos igualmente por dois entrevistadores, um negro e outro branco. A partir das evocações produzidas, os dados foram analisados por meio da construção de um quadro de quatro casas, com o auxílio do software Evoc 2003. Os resultados mostram que os estudantes têm uma atitude estruturada em torno da dimensão normativa da representação, abrangendo os aspectos desfavoráveis ao sistema de cotas para negros, com os elementos racismo e preconceito como possível núcleo central. Em relação às cotas para alunos de escola pública, apresenta os elementos justo e qualidade ensino ruim, como possíveis constituintes do núcleo central. A representação foi mais consensual nesse tipo de cota, apontando para a importância da melhoria da qualidade do ensino público. Na avaliação dos diversos tipos de cotas, ocorreram diferenças nos posicionamentos diante dos aplicadores. Frente ao aplicador branco, três tipos de cotas não foram rejeitadas, as cotas para indígenas, escola pública e portadores de necessidades especiais (PNE). Entretanto, frente ao aplicador negro, observa-se que as cotas para indígenas e PNE se transformaram radicalmente. No caso das cotas para indígenas, esta atitude se justificaria pela impossibilidade de se recusar as cotas para negros e aceitar as outras modalidades de cotas com critérios raciais.