Análisis crítico del arbitraje como método de resolución de conflictos entre el Estado y el inversionista extranjero

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo demostrar cómo los conflictos en materia de inversiones sometidos al arbitraje internacional se refieren cada vez más a medidas y políticas de carácter público adoptadas por los Estados receptores de la inversión, para este fin se examinan las tendencias que ha recibido el tratamiento a la inversión extranjera desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta la actualidad, las obligaciones y derechos constantes en los Acuerdos Internacional de Inversión actuales cuyas normas de trato a la IED y procedimientos de resolución de conflictos se hallan estandarizados. De la misma manera se revisan las directrices del arbitraje internacional; las deficiencias en las reglas procesales generales aplicadas a éste método y los principios de acceso a la jurisdicción del CIADI. Por otro lado se trata de analizar de forma rápida tres procesos arbitrales en los cuales ha intervenido el Estado Ecuatoriano como demandado. De esta forma se puede evidenciar como la capacidad reguladora y controladora del Estado se ha visto limitada en la toma de decisiones nacionales referentes a reglas de tratamiento de la IED, y medidas ambientales, fiscales y sociales, principalmente porque afectan de forma directa o indirecta al inversionista, y además porque la nueva red mundial de tratados internacionales sobre inversión establecen normas que son de obligatorio cumplimiento de los Estados.

Diversidad cultural y pluralismo jurídico: administración de justicia indígena

La diversidad cultural, el reconocimiento del derecho indígena y el pluralismo jurídico son temas relativamente novedosos en determinados ámbitos. Este artículo señala las características relevantes del tema, los desafíos que la diversidad cultural plantea al Estado moderno, las condiciones para la construcción de un Estado pluralista, para finalmente destacar algunas conclusiones preliminares que atañen a un nuevo perfil estatal.

Diversidad y derechos humanos. Un desafío para la administración de justicia penal

La administración de justicia oficial en las dos últimas décadas es interpelada permanentemente por el desafío de convivir y coordinar con la administración de justicia indígena. Este desafío asume diferentes matices, pero sin lugar a dudas se convierte en uno complejo y difícil de enfrentar cuando incorporamos a su análisis el tema de los derechos humanos traducido en los límites -discutibles en cuanto a su existencia- que deben imponerse a la justicia de los Pueblos indígenas ante la potencial violación a los derechos fundamentales. De este modo, la diversidad cultural frente a los derechos humanos se ha convertido en uno de los temas más sensibles tanto en su análisis teórico como en los modos de instrumentación. Pero antes de presentar concretamente el problema que constituye la relación entre diversidad y derechos humanos (y sus posibles soluciones), vale la pena señalar algunos presupuestos que dan forma y contenido al sistema de justicia frente a los Derechos de los Pueblos indígenas, dentro de un determinado modelo de Estado que se encuentra en permanente construcción.

Frames and the interpreter in the Imperial War Museum photographic archive

Using Azoulay's frame of the civil gaze, this chapter examines selected Second World War images, catalogued under 'interpreter' in the IWM's photographic archive, looking at representative situations in which interpreters typically operate in wartime - communicating with clandestine forces, liaising between the army and civilians, and dealing with the aftermath of war.

Hypo- and hyperthyroidism affect NEI concentration in discrete brain areas of adult male rats

To date, there has been only one in vitro study of the relationship between neuropeptide EI (NEI) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. To investigate the possible relationship between NEI and the HPT axis, we developed a rat model of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism that allows us to determine whether NEI content is altered in selected brain areas after treatment, as well as whether such alterations are related to the time of day. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, induced in male rats, with 6-propyl-1-thiouracil and L-thyroxine, respectively, were confirmed by determination of triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, and thyrotropin levels. All groups were studied at the morning and the afternoon. In rats with hypothyroidism, NEI concentration, evaluated on postinduction days 7 and 24, was unchanged or slightly elevated on day 7 but was decreased on day 24. In rats with hyperthyroidism, NEI content, which was evaluated after 4 days of L-thyroxine administration, was slightly elevated, principally in the preoptic area in the morning and in the median eminence-arcuate nucleus and pineal gland in the afternoon, the morning and afternoon NEI contents being similar in the controls. These results provide the bases to pursue the study of the interaction between NEI and the HPT axis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Performance of balanced two-stage empirical predictors of realized cluster latent values from finite populations: A simulation study

Predictors of random effects are usually based on the popular mixed effects (ME) model developed under the assumption that the sample is obtained from a conceptual infinite population; such predictors are employed even when the actual population is finite. Two alternatives that incorporate the finite nature of the population are obtained from the superpopulation model proposed by Scott and Smith (1969. Estimation in multi-stage surveys. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 64, 830-840) or from the finite population mixed model recently proposed by Stanek and Singer (2004. Predicting random effects from finite population clustered samples with response error. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 99, 1119-1130). Predictors derived under the latter model with the additional assumptions that all variance components are known and that within-cluster variances are equal have smaller mean squared error (MSE) than the competitors based on either the ME or Scott and Smith`s models. As population variances are rarely known, we propose method of moment estimators to obtain empirical predictors and conduct a simulation study to evaluate their performance. The results suggest that the finite population mixed model empirical predictor is more stable than its competitors since, in terms of MSE, it is either the best or the second best and when second best, its performance lies within acceptable limits. When both cluster and unit intra-class correlation coefficients are very high (e.g., 0.95 or more), the performance of the empirical predictors derived under the three models is similar. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Agustina Bessa-Luís : l’inscription du féminin dans l’Histoire portugaise

Propomos analisar quatro ficções historiográficas de Agustina Bessa-Luís (Adivinhas de Pedro e Inês, A Monja de Lisboa, Eugénia e Silvina, O Concerto dos Flamengos), para demonstrar como abalam com os modos de representação do feminino na Historiografia. Com efeito, há um questionamento das “máscaras impostas” às mulheres através de uma sobreexposição dos papéis femininos autorizados na História (mãe, noiva, esposa), para depois favorecer a emergência de papéis paradoxais: vítima e monstro. Delineia-se então um lento percurso no feminino, desembocando sobre uma tomada de consciência e sobre actos radicais: o parricida. Os códigos da feminilidade são definitivamente transpostos por uma feminilidade ao mesmo tempo “inquietante” e “actuante”.

Healthy-lifestyle behaviors associated with overweight and obesity in US rural children

Background

There are disproportionately higher rates of overweight and obesity in poor rural communities but studies exploring children’s health-related behaviors that may assist in designing effective interventions are limited. We examined the association between overweight and obesity prevalence of 401 ethnically/racially diverse, rural school-aged children and healthy-lifestyle behaviors: improving diet quality, obtaining adequate sleep, limiting screen-time viewing, and consulting a physician about a child’s weight.
Methods

A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on a sample of school-aged children (6–11 years) in rural regions of California, Kentucky, Mississippi, and South Carolina participating in CHANGE (Creating Healthy, Active, and Nurturing Growing-up Environments) Program, created by Save the Children, an independent organization that works with communities to improve overall child health, with the objective to reduce unhealthy weight gain in these school-aged children (grades 1–6) in rural America. After measuring children’s height and weight, we17 assessed overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) associations with these behaviors: improving diet quality18 (≥ 2 servings of fruits and vegetables/day), reducing whole milk, sweetened beverage consumption/day; obtaining19 adequate night-time sleep on weekdays (≥ 10 hours/night); limiting screen-time (i.e., television, video, computer,20 videogame) viewing on weekdays (≤ 2 hours/day); and consulting a physician about weight. Analyses were adjusted 21 for state of residence, children's race/ethnicity, gender, age, and government assistance.
Results

Overweight or obesity prevalence was 37 percent in Mississippi and nearly 60 percent in Kentucky. Adjusting for covariates, obese children were twice as likely to eat ≥ 2 servings of vegetables per day (OR=2.0,95% CI 1.1-3.4), less likely to consume whole milk (OR=0.4,95% CI 0.2-0.70), Their parents are more likely to be told by their doctor that their child was obese (OR=108.0,95% CI 21.9-541.6), and less likely to report talking to their child about fruits and vegetables a lot/sometimes vs. not very much/never (OR=0.4, 95%CI 0.2-0.98) compared to the parents of healthy-weight children.
Conclusions

Rural children are not meeting recommendations to improve diet, reduce screen time and obtain adequate sleep. Although we expected obese children to be more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors, we found the opposite to be true. It is possible that these groups of respondent parents were highly aware of their weight status and have been advised to change their children’s health behaviors. Perhaps given the opportunity to participate in an intervention study in combination with a physician recommendation could have resulted in actual behavior change.

Whole grain consumption is inversely associated with BMI Z-score in rural school-aged children

Objective To examine the relationship between intake of whole grains and BMI Z-score in rural children.

Design General linear models and logistic regression were used to examine the cross-sectional associations between whole grain intake and BMI Z-score, prevalence and odds ratios of overweight and obesity. Dietary intake was assessed using the Block Food Screener for ages 2–17 years. Children were classified into three categories according to servings of whole grain intake: <1·0 serving/d, 1·0–1·5 servings/d and >1·5 servings/d.

Setting The CHANGE (Creating Healthy, Active and Nurturing Growing-up Environments) study, an obesity prevention intervention in elementary schools in eight rural US communities in California, Mississippi, Kentucky and South Carolina.

Subjects Seven hundred and ninety-two children attending 3rd–6th grade.

Results After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, physical activity and state of residence, whole grain intake was inversely associated with BMI Z-score (0·90 v. 0·61 in the lowest v. the highest whole grain intake category; P trend = 0·01). Children who consumed >1·5 servings of whole grains/d had a 40 % lower risk of being obese (OR = 0·60; 95 % CI 0·38, 0·95, P = 0·02) compared with children who consumed <1·0 serving/d. Further adjustment for potential dietary predictors of body weight (fruit, vegetable and dairy intakes) did not change the observed associations.

Conclusions Increasing the intake of whole grains as part of an overall healthy lifestyle may be beneficial for children to achieve and maintain a healthy weight.

On Real-Time Monitoring And Control For Efficient Management Of Drinking Water Networks: Barcelona Case Study

Drinking water utilities in urban areas are focused on finding smart solutions facing new challenges in their real-time operation because of limited water resources, intensive energy requirements, a growing population, a costly and ageing infrastructure, increasingly stringent regulations, and increased attention towards the environmental impact of water use. Such challenges force water managers to monitor and control not only water supply and distribution, but also consumer demand. This paper presents and discusses novel methodologies and procedures towards an integrated water resource management system based on advanced ICT technologies of automation and telecommunications for largely improving the efficiency of drinking water networks (DWN) in terms of water use, energy consumption, water loss minimization, and water quality guarantees. In particular, the paper addresses the first results of the European project EFFINET (FP7-ICT2011-8-318556) devoted to the monitoring and control of the DWN in Barcelona (Spain). Results are split in two levels according to different management objectives: (i) the monitoring level is concerned with all the aspects involved in the observation of the current state of a system and the detection/diagnosis of abnormal situations. It is achieved through sensors and communications technology, together with mathematical models; (ii) the control level is concerned with computing the best suitable and admissible control strategies for network actuators as to optimize a given set of operational goals related to the performance of the overall system. This level covers the network control (optimal management of water and energy) and the demand management (smart metering, efficient supply). The consideration of the Barcelona DWN as the case study will allow to prove the general applicability of the proposed integrated ICT solutions and their effectiveness in the management of DWN, with considerable savings of electricity costs and reduced water loss while ensuring the high European standards of water quality to citizens.

Balance of payments dominance: its implications for macroeconomic policy

This paper defines “balance of payments dominance” as a macroeconomic regime in which the short-term macroeconomic dynamics is essentially determined by external shocks, positive or negative. It argues that this is the predominant regime in emerging and developing countries. Trade shocks play an important role but the major procyclical shocks are associated with boom-bust cycles in external financing. Policy challenges are associated not only with the management of such shocks but also with the need to enhance the space for countercyclical macroeconomic policies, as boom-bust cycles tend to pressure macroeconomic policies to behave in a procyclical way. Under these conditions, the best bet is to design policies to reduce external vulnerabilities through a mix of administered exchange rate policies, very active foreign exchange reserve management, reduced reliance on external borrowing, and macroprudential regulations, including those directly affecting capital flows. Countercyclical fiscal policy can also play a role but face strong economic and political economy challenges.

Balance of payments dominance : its implocations for macroeconomic policy

This paper defines “balance of payments dominance” as a macroeconomic regime in which the short-term macroeconomic dynamics is essentially determined by external shocks, positive or negative. It argues that this is the predominant regime in emerging and developing countries. Trade shocks play an important role but the major procyclical shocks are associated with boom-bust cycles in external financing. Policy challenges are associated not only with the management of such shocks but also with the need to enhance the space for countercyclical macroeconomic policies, as boom-bust cycles tend to pressure macroeconomic policies to behave in a procyclical way. Under these conditions, the best bet is to design policies to reduce external vulnerabilities through a mix of administered exchange rate flexibility, very active foreign exchange reserve management, reduced reliance on external borrowing, and macroprudential regulations, including those directly affecting capital flows. Countercyclical fiscal policy can also play a role but face strong economic and political economy challenges.

O ensino da matemática num percurso curricular alternativo

Este relatório tem como tema “O Ensino da Matemática num Percurso Curricular Alternativo” e foi elaborado no âmbito do Mestrado em Ensino da Matemática no 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e Secundário, da Universidade da Madeira, no ano letivo 2011/2012. Os alunos que frequentam um Percurso Curricular Alternativo (PCA) encontram-se dentro da escolaridade obrigatória mas apresentam insucesso escolar repetido e, a maioria,risco de abandono escolar. Além disso, registam dificuldades na aprendizagem o que provoca desmotivação, baixa autoestima e falta de expetativas face ao futuro. Assim, é necessário que os professores consigam motivá-los, diversificando as atividades, relacionando-as, sempre que possível, com o dia-a-dia. O estudo realizado incidiu sobre duas turmas de 3º ciclo, uma de 8º ano e outra de 9º ano. Sugeriu-se à turma de 8º ano, uma atividade de investigação sobre o tarifário de telecomunicações, mais barato e adequado ao perfil de cada um, incentivando os alunos à procura da informação necessária, à análise e crítica da mesma e, por fim, à tomada de decisão. À turma de 9º ano foi sugerido um trabalho de pesquisa com a finalidade de relacionarem a matemática escolar com a matemática utilizada pelos pedreiros. Para estudar e compreender como os alunos aprendem matemática, relacionando a cultura do quotidiano com a cultura escolar, explorarei a importância da investigação na Educação Matemática Crítica e na Etnomatemática.

Esporos de Clostridium botulinum em mel comercializado no Estado de São Paulo e em outros Estados brasileiros

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)