825 resultados para Scientific Journalism
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This contribution aims at exploring the significance of the new generation of UNESCO conventions for the recognition of higher education qualifications. It discusses three possible scenarios and links them to the empirical findings of a study that compares the enabling conditions of the first generation of recognition conventions established in the 1970s and 1980s with the ones establishing the second generation today. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the paper argues that the changes illustrate a more general shift in the architecture of the global order and highlights a new role of UNESCO.
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In 2008, a Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences working group chaired by Professor Emilio Bossi issued a "Memorandum on scientific integrity and the handling of misconduct in the scientific context", together with a paper setting out principles and procedures concerning integrity in scientific research. In the Memorandum, unjustified claims of authorship in scientific publications are referred to as a form of scientific misconduct - a view widely shared in other countries. In the Principles and Procedures, the main criteria for legitimate authorship are specified, as well as the associated responsibilities. It is in fact not uncommon for disputes about authorship to arise with regard to publications in fields where research is generally conducted by teams rather than individuals. Such disputes may concern not only the question who is or is not to be listed as an author but also, frequently, the precise sequence of names, if the list is to reflect the various authors' roles and contributions. Subjective assessments of the contributions made by the individual members of a research group may differ substantially. As scientific collaboration - often across national boundaries - is now increasingly common, ensuring appropriate recognition of all parties is a complex matter and, where disagreements arise, it may not be easy to reach a consensus. In addition, customs have changed over the past few decades; for example, the practice of granting "honorary" authorship to an eminent researcher - formerly not unusual - is no longer considered acceptable. It should be borne in mind that the publications list has become by far the most important indicator of a researcher's scientific performance; for this reason, appropriate authorship credit has become a decisive factor in the careers of young researchers, and it needs to be managed and protected accordingly. At the international and national level, certain practices have therefore developed concerning the listing of authors and the obligations of authorship. The Scientific Integrity Committee of the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences has collated the relevant principles and regulations and formulated recommendations for authorship in scientific publications. These should help to prevent authorship disputes and offer guidance in the event of conflicts.
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Includes bibliographical references and index.
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This mixed-methods research study sought to determine the impact of an informal science campthe Youth Science Inquiry Development Camp (YSIDC)on participants science inquiry skills, through self-assessment, as well as their views and attitudes towards science and scientific inquiry. Pre and post data were collected using quantitative surveys (SPSI, CARS), a qualitative survey (VOSI-E), interviews, and researchers observations. Paired sample t-tests from the quantitative surveys revealed that the YSIDC positively impacted participants science inquiry skills and attitudes towards science. Interviews supported these findings and provided contextual reasons for these impacts. Implications from this research would suggest that informal and formal educational institutions can increase science inquiry skills and promote positive views and attitudes towards science and scientific inquiry by using non-competitive cooperative learning strategies with a mixture of guided and open inquiry. Suggested directions for further research include measuring science inquiry skills directly and conducting longitudinal studies to determine the lasting effects of informal and formal science programs.
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There is a signature on this book that reads "Julia Cleveland 22 East-8 Street, Erie Penna."
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Cette thse examine la faon dont on interprte la sant et le bien-tre des travailleuses clibataires et sans enfant au sein de deux types de rcits : ceux provenant dtudes publies dans des priodiques (rcits scientifiques) et ceux provenant dentrevues qualitatives avec des membres de ce groupe (rcits profanes). Sur le plan dmographique, leur nombre est significatif; elles reprsentent 28% des employes canadiennes. Par contre, leur sant/bien-tre est peu visible dans les crits de recherche. Dans les sciences sociales, plusieurs tudes portent sur lexprience parfois prouvante dtre un adulte clibataire vivant dans une culture oriente sur le couple et la famille. Elles mettent laccent sur le stigma associ ce statut. Certains suggrent mme que les pratiques de recherche peuvent contribuer la perptuation de reprsentations ngatives lgard des clibataires. En ayant un profil qui pourrait tre symbolique dune dviation vis--vis des attentes normatives entourant la vie de couple ou de famille, les travailleuses clibataires et sans enfant semblent un point de repre utile pour valuer cette dernire possibilit. Sattarder autant aux rcits scientifiques que profanes permettrait dexplorer les tensions et convergences entre eux. Suivant cet objectif, un chantillon de 32 articles scientifiques et de 22 retranscriptions dentrevues ont t analyss selon une approche danalyse de discours guide par les concepts de rpertoire interprtatif (une faon cohrente daborder un sujet donn) et de position du sujet (une identit mise en vidence par une faon de parler ou dcrire). Trois articles ont merg de cette recherche. Suite une analyse des thmes communs utiliss dans linterprtation de la sant/du bien-tre du groupe en question, un rpertoire interprtatif surnomm la famille comme rfrence a t identifi. Ce rpertoire expliquerait notamment la tendance observe dexpliquer leur sant/bien-tre en rfrant aux tats et aux charactristiques dtre parent ou partenaire. Cette pratique peut avoir leffet de voiler leur vie prive ou de la construire comme tant relativement appauvrie. Larticle 2 examine comment les membres de ce groupe construisent leur propre bien-tre. Il identifie la notion dquilibre entre plusieurs sphres de vie et une identit de femme dynamique comme lments centraux aux rcits sur leur bien-tre. Ces derniers vont lencontre de la perception des clibataires ou des personnes sans enfant comme ayant des vies moins panouies ou enrichies et qui ne sont pas touches par des questions de conciliation travail-vie personnelle. Le troisime article rassemble les deux types de rcits autour des sujets de lemploi et du statut de clibataire en lien avec le bien-tre. Il met en vidence de nombreuses similarits et divergences, et thorise la fonction de ces diverses constructions. En conclusion, javance quune perspective plus critique face au statut de couple ou familial et de ses aspects normatifs pourrait offrir la recherche en sant publique un point de rflexivit dvelopper davantage.
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Jos Antonio de Alzate y Ramrez (1737-1799) est reconnu aujourdhui, entre autres choses, comme un des premiers journalistes, scientifiques, critiques littraires et patriotes mexicains. Ce mmoire prsente, dans un premier temps, une introduction la vie et luvre du personnage et rend compte de la rception globale de celle-ci, de 1831 nos jours. Nous y montrons que les diffrents journaux dAlzate, ses Diario literario de Mxico (1768), Asuntos Varios sobre Ciencia y Arte (1772-1773), Observaciones sobre la fsica (1787-1788), et Gaceta de literatura (1788-1795), ont t tudis principalement dans le contexte historique de la cration de la nation mexicaine et que les intentions patriotiques ou proto-nationales qui lui ont t prtes mritent dtre nuances. Effectivement, bien quil ait publi plusieurs textes susceptibles de contribuer amliorer certains domaines de lconomie amricaine, tels que les activits minires, lagriculture et les arts manuels, lauteur rvle travers son discours un dsir de participer, au moyen de ses journaux, au mouvement scientifique europen. En ce sens, nous dfendons lhypothse quAlzate ait choisi de pratiquer un type de journalisme spcifique, inspir notamment du Journal des Savans (1665) et du Journal de Physique (1771-1773), qui lui permettrait de sadresser autant ses compatriotes, quaux membres de la Rpublique des Lettres. Nous prsentons une tude comparative des similarits qui existent entre les publications dAlzate et les deux journaux franais ci-haut mentionns, notamment en ce qui concerne les buts noncs par leurs diteurs ainsi que les modalits discursives et les thmes qui les caractrisent. Dans le mme ordre dide, nous soutenons que les publications dAlzate prsentent plusieurs des lments cls qui dfinissent les journaux savants produits en Europe durant le dix-huitime sicle selon les tudes ralises par Jean-Pierre Vittu. Enfin, nous expliquons comment le modle du journal savant a t adapt par Alzate aux particularits de la Nouvelle-Espagne. Nous abordons, entre autres, les questions de la censure, de la critique et du manque de ressources financires dont il a souffert, facteurs qui, selon nos tudes, ont faonn lentreprise du personnage. Dautre part, nous analysons les attitudes scientifiques adoptes par Alzate en tant que membre de la Rpublique des Lettres. Nous examinons aussi les principales sources de savoir quil a prconises en tant quauteur afin daccomplir certains devoirs propres aux membres de cette communaut.
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Background/Aims: There are compelling reasons to ensure participation of ethnic minorities and populations of all ages worldwide in nutrigenetics clinical research. If findings in such research are valid for some individuals, groups, or communities, and not for others, then ethical questions of justice and not only issues of methodology and external validity arise. This paper aims to examine inclusion in nutrigenetics clinical research and its scientific and ethical challenges. Methods: 173 publications were identified through a systematic review of clinical studies in nutrigenetics published between 1998 and 2007 inclusively. Data such as participants' demographics as well as eligibility criteria were extracted. Results: There is no consistency in the way participants origins (ancestry, ethnicity or race) and ages are described in publications. A vast majority of the studies identified was conducted in North America and Europe and focused on white participants. Our results show that pregnant women (and fetuses), minors and the elderly (75 years old) remain underrepresented. Conclusion: Representativeness in nutrigenetics research is a challenging ethical and scientific issue. Yet, if nutrigenetics is to benefit whole populations and be used in public and global health agendas, fair representation, as well as clear descriptions of participants in publications are crucial.
