El argumento del lenguaje privado a contrapelo

Fil: Karczmarczyk, Pedro D.. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

Ciudad Steinberg, cartografía de una metrópoli

: Esta ponencia, tiene por objeto analizar una selección de dibujos del artista Saul Steinberg y su singular visión de la ciudad y sus habitantes. En los dibujos de la Ciudad Steinberg, la protagonista es una gran urbe. Analizaremos cómo describe Saul Steinberg qué es una metrópoli. Realizaremos un recorrido por asuntos como: • La morfología de la ciudad. Veremos qué elementos le interesan y por qué. • ¿Cómo se piensa y diseña una metrópoli?, ¿cuál es el método que utiliza Saul Steinberg? • Detrás del dibujar de Steinberg hay un pensar. ¿A qué modelo responde, al pensamiento científico o al pensamiento salvaje? • Como refleja Saul Steinberg la “vida metropolitana”, ¿es una amalgama, un crisol de estilos importados? Presentaremos al ciudadano de papel, sus documentos, su retrato universal, su firma. • Ciudad anuncio, cuidad espectáculo. Reflexionaremos sobre la metrópoli y la comunicación, el cliché y las consignas: un orden formal y una forma de control. • Ciudad Museo, como la ciudad que por si sola es un Museo de personajes abstractos en lugares inventados y reflexionaremos sobre la ciudad-collage.

Consideraciones sobre los efectos del mercado único europeo en el sector de las telecomunicaciones.

En este trabajo se realizan unas reflexiones de carácter general sobre los efectos del Mercado Único en el sector de las telecomunicaciones: a) El monopolio ha sido la forma normal de explotación de las redes; la competencia ha entrado muy recientemente en el sector. b) El funcionamiento del sector compromete la productividad y el "know-how" del resto del sistema económico. El sector de las telecomunicaciones vive en todo el mundo un proceso de liberalización paralelo a otro de normalización desde mediados de la década pasada. Las Instituciones de la Comunidad Europea han mostrado la voluntad de incorporarse a estos cambios. El sector muestra una rápida innovación, gran diversidad de servicios, mercados dinámicos, tiempos de amortización sustancialmente menores, posibilidades de aprovechar economías de escala y de alcance y una competencia internacional muy agresiva. Debido a ello, las tendencias de las empresas que actúan en el sector se resumen en: a) Consolidación de grupos empresariales en busca de la dimensión y especialización adecuadas mediante adquisiciones y fusiones. b) Aumento de las relaciones de cooperación de todo tipo, en especial de las alianzas entre empresas de otros sectores para constituirse en nuevos proveedores de servicios.

Las relaciones de cooperación como vía de acumulación de activos: Modelo y diseño de la investigación empírica.

En este trabajo se pretende avanzar en el conocimiento de los procesos de acumulación de activos en el seno de la empresa. En particular, se va a analizar el papel que desempeñan las relaciones de cooperación en este proceso, una de las vías de obtención de activos de la organización. En primer lugar, se caracteriza el fenómeno a estudiar de acuerdo con cuatro variables, a saber, la dotación de activos, su aprovechamiento, la capacidad de absorción de la empresa y su capacidad de transformación. Seguidamente, se presentan aquellos aspectos de la relación de cooperación que pudieran incidir en alguna de las variables vinculadas con la acumulación de activos y que se han agrupado en cuatro conjuntos: los relacionados con los activos, con el acuerdo, con los socios y con el entorno. A continuación se expone el diseño de la investigación que puede llevar a conocer las relaciones entre las cuatro variables de la acumulación y los factores de la cooperación. Se trata de un estudio estructurado en tres etapas a desarrollar en once años, en el que se combinan diversas metodologías y unidades de análisis. En el penúltimo epígrafe se exponen los resultados más relevantes de la primera fase ya concluida. Se finaliza con unas conclusiones.

Business models in the Smart Grid: challenges, opportunities and proposals for prosumer profitability.

Considering that non-renewable energy resources are dwindling, the smart grid turns out to be one of the most promising and compelling systems for the future of energy. Not only does it combine efficient energy consumption with avant-garde technologies related to renewable energies, but it is also capable of providing several beneficial utilities, such as power monitoring and data provision. When smart grid end users turn into prosumers, they become arguably the most important value creators within the smart grid and a decisive agent of change in terms of electricity usage. There is a plethora of research and development areas related to the smart grid that can be exploited for new business opportunities, thus spawning another branch of the so-called ?green economy? focused on turning smart energy usage into a profitable business. This paper deals with emerging business models for smart grid prosumers, their strengths and weaknesses and puts forward new prosumer-oriented business models, along with their value propositions.

The lepidopteran transposon vector, piggyBac, mediates germ-line transformation in the Mediterranean fruit fly

The piggyBac (IFP2) short inverted terminal repeat transposable element from the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni was tested for gene transfer vector function as part of a bipartite vector–helper system in the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. A piggyBac vector marked with the medfly white gene was tested with a normally regulated piggyBac transposase helper at two different concentrations in a white eye host strain. Both experiments yielded transformants at an approximate frequency of 3–5%, with a total of six lines isolated having pigmented eyes with various levels of coloration. G1 transformant siblings from each line shared at least one common integration, with several sublines having an additional second integration. For the first transformant line isolated, two integrations were determined to be stable for 15 generations. For five of the lines, a piggyBac-mediated transposition was verified by sequencing the insertion site junctions isolated by inverse PCR that identified a characteristic piggyBac TTAA target site duplication. The efficient and stable transformation of the medfly with a lepidopteran vector represents transposon function over a relatively large evolutionary distance and suggests that the piggyBac system will be functional in a broad range of insects.

Aberrant intracellular localization of Varicella-Zoster virus regulatory proteins during latency

Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) is a herpesvirus that becomes latent in sensory neurons after primary infection (chickenpox) and subsequently may reactivate to cause zoster. The mechanism by which this virus maintains latency, and the factors involved, are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate, by immunohistochemical analysis of ganglia obtained at autopsy from seropositive patients without clinical symptoms of VZV infection that viral regulatory proteins are present in latently infected neurons. These proteins, which localize to the nucleus of cells during lytic infection, predominantly are detected in the cytoplasm of latently infected neurons. The restriction of regulatory proteins from the nucleus of latently infected neurons might interrupt the cascade of virus gene expression that leads to a productive infection. Our findings raise the possibility that VZV has developed a novel mechanism for maintenance of latency that contrasts with the transcriptional repression that is associated with latency of herpes simplex virus, the prototypic alpha herpesvirus.

Cell membrane fluctuations are regulated by medium macroviscosity: Evidence for a metabolic driving force

Extracellular fluid macroviscosity (EFM), modified by macromolecular cosolvents as occurs in body fluids, has been shown to affect cell membrane protein activities but not isolated proteins. In search for the mechanism of this phenomenon, we examined the effect of EFM on mechanical fluctuations of the cell membrane of human erythrocytes. The macroviscosity of the external medium was varied by adding to it various macromolecules [dextrans (70, 500, and 2,000 kDa), polyethylene glycol (20 kDa), and carboxymethyl-cellulose (100 kDa)], which differ in size, chemical nature, and in their capacity to increase fluid viscosity. The parameters of cell membrane fluctuations (maximal amplitude and half-width of amplitude distribution) were diminished with the elevation of solvent macroviscosity, regardless of the cosolvent used to increase EFM. Because thermally driven membrane fluctuations cannot be damped by elevation of EFM, the existence of a metabolic driving force is suggested. This is supported by the finding that in ATP-depleted red blood cells elevation of EMF did not affect cell membrane fluctuations. This study demonstrates that (i) EFM is a regulator of membrane dynamics, providing a possible mechanism by which EFM affects cell membrane activities; and (ii) cell membrane fluctuations are driven by a metabolic driving force in addition to the thermal one.

The inhibition of antigen-presenting activity of dendritic cells resulting from UV irradiation of murine skin is restored by in vitro photorepair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers

Exposing skin to UVB (280–320 nm) radiation suppresses contact hypersensitivity by a mechanism that involves an alteration in the activity of cutaneous antigen-presenting cells (APC). UV-induced DNA damage appears to be an important molecular trigger for this effect. The specific target cells in the skin that sustain DNA damage relevant to the immunosuppressive effect have yet to be identified. We tested the hypothesis that UV-induced DNA damage in the cutaneous APC was responsible for their impaired ability to present antigen after in vivo UV irradiation. Cutaneous APC were collected from the draining lymph nodes of UVB-irradiated, hapten-sensitized mice and incubated in vitro with liposomes containing a photolyase (Photosomes; Applied Genetics, Freeport, NY), which, upon absorption of photoreactivating light, splits UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Photosome treatment followed by photoreactivating light reduced the number of dimer-containing APC, restored the in vivo antigen-presenting activity of the draining lymph node cells, and blocked the induction of suppressor T cells. Neither Photosomes nor photoreactivating light alone, nor photoreactivating light given before Photosomes, restored APC activity, and Photosome treatment did not reverse the impairment of APC function when isopsoralen plus UVA (320–400 nm) radiation was used instead of UVB. These controls indicate that the restoration of APC function matched the requirements of Photosome-mediated DNA repair for dimers and post-treatment photoreactivating light. These results provide compelling evidence that it is UV-induced DNA damage in cutaneous APC that leads to reduced immune function.

Wild-type Escherichia coli grows on the chitin disaccharide, N,N′-diacetylchitobiose, by expressing the cel operon

We report here that wild-type Escherichia coli can grow on the chitin disaccharide, N,N′-diacetylchitobiose (GlcNAc)2, as the sole source of carbon. Transposon mutants were isolated that were unable to ferment (GlcNAc)2 but grew normally on the monosaccharide GlcNAc. One such mutant was used to screen a wild-type E. coli genomic cosmid library for restoration of (GlcNAc)2 fermentation. A partial sequence analysis of the isolated fragment mapped the clone to the (previously sequenced) E. coli genome between 39.0 and 39.2 min. The nucleotide ORFs at this region had been previously assigned to code for a “cryptic” cellobiose utilization (cel) operon. We report here, however, that functional analysis of the operon, including growth and chemotaxis, reveal that it encodes a set of proteins that are not cryptic, but are induced by (GlcNAc)2 and catabolize the disaccharide. We therefore propose to rename the cel operon as the chb (N,N′-diacetylchitobiose) operon, with the letter designation of the genes of the operon to be reassigned consistent with the nomenclature based on functional characterization of the gene products as follows: celA to chbB, celB to chbC, celC to chbA, celD to chbR, and celF to chbF. Furthermore, sequencing evidence indicates that the operon contains an additional gene of unknown function to be designated as chbG. Thus, the overall gene sequence is to be named chbBCARFG.