La matière vivante / par F. Le Dantec,... ; avec une préface de M. Alfred Giard,...

Collection : Encyclopédie scientifique des aide-mémoire ; n° 137 B

MP2RAGE, a self bias-field corrected sequence for improved segmentation and T1-mapping at high field.

The large spatial inhomogeneity in transmit B(1) field (B(1)(+)) observable in human MR images at high static magnetic fields (B(0)) severely impairs image quality. To overcome this effect in brain T(1)-weighted images, the MPRAGE sequence was modified to generate two different images at different inversion times, MP2RAGE. By combining the two images in a novel fashion, it was possible to create T(1)-weighted images where the result image was free of proton density contrast, T(2) contrast, reception bias field, and, to first order, transmit field inhomogeneity. MP2RAGE sequence parameters were optimized using Bloch equations to maximize contrast-to-noise ratio per unit of time between brain tissues and minimize the effect of B(1)(+) variations through space. Images of high anatomical quality and excellent brain tissue differentiation suitable for applications such as segmentation and voxel-based morphometry were obtained at 3 and 7 T. From such T(1)-weighted images, acquired within 12 min, high-resolution 3D T(1) maps were routinely calculated at 7 T with sub-millimeter voxel resolution (0.65-0.85 mm isotropic). T(1) maps were validated in phantom experiments. In humans, the T(1) values obtained at 7 T were 1.15+/-0.06 s for white matter (WM) and 1.92+/-0.16 s for grey matter (GM), in good agreement with literature values obtained at lower spatial resolution. At 3 T, where whole-brain acquisitions with 1 mm isotropic voxels were acquired in 8 min, the T(1) values obtained (0.81+/-0.03 s for WM and 1.35+/-0.05 for GM) were once again found to be in very good agreement with values in the literature.

Distribuição de abundância e tamanho do corpo de invertebrados do folhiço em uma floresta de terra firme na Amazônia Central, Brasil

Abundace and body size distribution of invertebrates of leaf litter in Amazonian forest, Brazil. Based on 605 invertebrates sampled of the litter in an Amazonian Forest, some basic macroecological patterns for this assemblage were described. The relationship between abundance and body size, at logarithmic scale, was triangular, and the distribution of species was constrained in an asymmetric triangular envelope, that was tested using null model procedures in ECOSIM (P= 0,0002). The most abundant species were at an intermediated body size. The relationship between maximum abundance with different mean body size classes confirmed the Energetic Equivalent Rule (b = -1,069; t-0,75 = -2,13; P = 0.079). This way, species tend to consume energy from the community independent of their body size, since requirements are compensated by local population density.

Traité de « ce qui concerne les honneurs et rengz des princes, pairs, prelatz, grandz vassaulx et officiers » du royaume, dédié par l'auteur, JEAN DU TILLET, Sr de La Bussière, greffier civil au parlement de Paris, au roi Charles IX. Exemplaire original.

Contient : Préface ; Traité

Fósforo em solos representativos do estado da paraíba: II- disponibilidade de fósforo para plantas de milho

Os laboratórios de fertilidade do solo do Estado da Paraíba utilizam apenas o extrator Mehlich-1 para avaliar o teor de P disponível, independente do grau de intemperismo do solo. Como os solos pouco intemperizados representam a maioria dos solos do Estado, é necessário avaliar a eficiência do Mehlich-1 e de outros extratores usados para avaliação da disponibilidade de P para as plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos extratores Mehlich-1 (M-1), Mehlich-3 (M-3), Bray-1 (B-1) e resina de troca iônica mista (RTI) na quantificação do P disponível para plantas de milho em solos do Estado da Paraíba. Amostras de 12 solos representativos do Estado da Paraíba foram coletadas na camada de 0-30 cm de profundidade, sendo seis solos mais intemperizados e seis solos menos intemperizados, com ampla variação de características físicas e químicas. Para os solos PA, PVe, LA, RL, TX, SX e RY, aplicaram-se as doses 0; 43,75; 87,5; 175 e 350 mg dm-3 de P. Para os solos PAC e RR, aplicaram-se as doses 0; 37,5; 75; 150 e 300 mg dm-3 de P. Para os solos PVA, PVd e VX, as doses de P foram 0; 51,25; 102,5; 205 e 410 mg dm-3 de P. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e as doses de P aplicadas foram homogeneizadas em 100 % do volume de solo de cada vaso (3 dm³). Foi cultivado milho por um período de 35 dias e foram determinados os níveis críticos de P no solo pelos extratores e o nível crítico de P na planta. Independente da dose de P aplicada, o extrator M-3 foi o que extraiu mais P dos solos e o B-1 o que extraiu menos. Quando se aplicaram pequenas doses de P aos solos, o M-1 e a RTI extraíram quantidades semelhantes de P, mas, nas maiores doses, a RTI extraiu mais P que o M-1. Ao contrário do que foi verificado para a planta e para a RTI, para os extratores M-1, M-3 e B-1 a taxa de recuperação do P aplicado ao solo correlacionou-se com o fator capacidade de fósforo (FCP). Por outro lado, os níveis críticos de P no solo pelos extratores M-1, M-3 e B-1 e os níveis críticos de P na planta não se correlacionaram com características do solo relacionadas com o FCP, diferentemente do que foi verificado para os níveis críticos de P no solo pela RTI. Em casa de vegetação, qualquer um dos extratores avaliados mostrou-se eficiente para avaliação da disponibilidade de P para plantas de milho em solos representativos do Estado da Paraíba, uma vez que o P extraído por esses extratores apresentou boa correlação com o P acumulado na planta.

Systemic in vivo lentiviral delivery of miR-15a/16 reduces malignancy in the NZB de novo mouse model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Similar to human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the de novo New Zealand Black (NZB) mouse model has a genetically determined age-associated increase in malignant B-1 clones and decreased expression of microRNAs miR-15a and miR-16 in B-1 cells. In the present study, lentiviral vectors were employed in vivo to restore miR-15a/16, and both the short-term single injection and long-term multiple injection effects of this delivery were observed in NZB. Control lentivirus without the mir-15a/16 sequence was used for comparison. We found that in vivo lentiviral delivery of mir-15a/16 increased miR-15a/16 expression in cells that were transduced (detected by GFP expression) and in sera when compared with control lentivirus treatment. More importantly, mice treated with the miR-expressing lentivirus had decreased disease. The lentivirus had little systemic toxicity while preferentially targeting B-1 cells. Short-term effects on B-1 cells were direct effects, and only malignant B-1 cells transduced with miR-15a/16 lentivirus had decreased viability. In contrast, long-term studies suggested both direct and indirect effects resulting from miR-15a/16 lentivirus treatment. A decrease in B-1 cells was found in both the transduced and non-transduced populations. Our data support the potential use of systemic lentiviral delivery of miR-15a/16 to ameliorate disease manifestations of CLL.

Physical quality of an Oxisol under an integrated crop-livestock-forest system in the Brazilian Cerrado

Soil physical quality is an important factor for the sustainability of agricultural systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate soil physical properties and soil organic carbon in a Typic Acrudox under an integrated crop-livestock-forest system. The experiment was carried out in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Treatments consisted of seven systems: integrated crop-livestock-forest, with 357 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 30 cm (CLF357-30); integrated crop-livestock-forest with 357 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 45 cm (CLF357-45); integrated crop-livestock-forest with 227 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 30 cm (CLF227-30); integrated crop-livestock-forest with 227 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 45 cm (CLF227-45); integrated crop-livestock with pasture height of 30 cm (CL30); integrated crop-livestock with pasture height of 45 cm (CL45) and native vegetation (NV). Soil properties were evaluated for the depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm. All grazing treatments increased bulk density (r b) and penetration resistance (PR), and decreased total porosity (¦t) and macroporosity (¦ma), compared to NV. The values of r b (1.18-1.47 Mg m-3), ¦ma (0.14-0.17 m³ m-3) and PR (0.62-0.81 MPa) at the 0-10 cm depth were not restrictive to plant growth. The change in land use from NV to CL or CLF decreased soil organic carbon (SOC) and the soil organic carbon pool (SOCpool). All grazing treatments had a similar SOCpool at the 0-10 cm depth and were lower than that for NV (17.58 Mg ha-1).

Evaluation pré-post d'une intervention de prévention du VIH auprès des hommes qui ont des rapports sexuels avec des hommes, Suisse 2012

Contexte: L'intervention "Break The Chains" 2012 de l'OFSP a l'intention des gays visait à informer sur la primo-infection et a inciter a un test de dépistage VIH. Design: L'évaluation a recouru a un design Pre-Post avec 2 dispositifs: A) enquête par questionnaire Internet avec une vague avant la campagne et une après (transversal repete); B) 1) relevé centré sur le canton de Zurich du nombre de test effectues par des gays durant le premier semestre 2012 utilisant des données récoltées par Sentinella, par les centres de test utilisant l'application BerDa et auprès des praticiens de HIV-Prakt; et 2) recueil d'information par le questionnaire internet post-intervention des intentions d'effectuer un test VIH. Résultats: 366 HSH ont répondu au questionnaire de la phase pré-, et 964 à la phase post-intervention. 69.8% ont entendu parler de la campagne. Parmi les répondants ayant identifie le message, 48.6% se sont sentis concernes. Avant la campagne, 34.2% des répondants identifiaient les 4 symptômes de la primo-infection, 46.4% se sentaient bien informes et 79.2% connaissaient le délai minimum pour qu'un test informe sur une absence d'infection; après la campagne, ces proportions étaient 39.6%, 62.0% et 85.2%. 17.1% des répondants ont déclaré avoir fait/avoir l'intention de faire, un test VIH suite à la campagne. Le nombre de tests effectues par les répondants Internet montre effectivement un pic dans le 2e trimestre 2012; les données BerDa montrent une stabilité du nombre total de tests. Les données épidémiologiques montrent une augmentation de la proportion et du nombre d'infections récentes détectées durant ce 2e trimestre, mais une diminution des infections anciennes. Conclusions: L'intervention BTC a amélioré légèrement les connaissances relatives à la phase de primo-infection du VIH et a la nécessité d'effectuer un test VIH. Elle semble avoir incite le public cible à effectuer un test VIH qui n'aurait pas été réalisé autrement et a peut-être ainsi contribuer a la détection d'infections récentes.

A.A.V.V.: Montbarbat (1978-1986), Lloret de Mar, 1996

Debe reconocerse que en estos años próximos al fin del milenio la publicación de estudios sobre el mundo ibérico goza de excelente salud, cuando menos en volumen. Artículos, ponencias y comunicaciones amenazan con abrumar al lector más impenitente. Por ello resulta aleccionador acudir al meritorio trabajo de Fernando Quesada: "La cultura ibérica: una aproximación bibliográfica (1992-1993)", RE/b, 1, 1994, 335-377, que reúne la producción en revistas y series no excesivamente locales -imposibles de controlar, por otro lado-, y comprobar un balance de unos doscientos títulos anuales. Ahora bien, si consideramos el número de monografías, nos situaremos en un plano selectivo, que rondará la docena al año. Diversos factores -y entre ellos la desidia de diferentes niveles administrativos y académicos- parecen confabularse para que no se disponga de un conjunto de memorias impresas proporcional al volumen de excavaciones realizadas en las dos últimas décadas.

« Genealogie de Bourbon », et histoire des accroissements territoriaux de cette famille, par ETIENNE LEBLANC.

Au fol. 5, miniature dans laquelle l'auteur est représenté offrant son ouvrage à Louise de Savoie. Ce volume, pour l'ornementation comme pour l'écriture, semble être de la même main que celui qui porte le n° 5715. Elle a été composée sur la demande de Louise de Savoie, ainsi que l'auteur le déclare dans sa dédicace (fol. 5). Elle commence (fol. 1) avant cette dédicace par : « Pour plus facillement entendre le contenu en ce present livre, au commencement d'iceluy ay mys ceste presente genealogie de la maison de Bourbon. Monsieur sainct Loys, roy de France... » et finit (fol. 30) par : «... esquelz escriptz toute foy doit estre adjoustée ». La seconde partie de l'ouvrage (fol. 23-30) est consacrée à saint Louis : « Probation que monseigneur sainct Loys ne destruisit point le royaume pour le sainct voyaige qu'il feist oultre mer ». L'auteur pour justifier saint Louis d'avoir ruiné le royaume pour le payement de sa rançon, lors de sa première croisade, énumère (fol. 23-24) les reliques acquises par ce roi, donne, en passant (fol. 24-25), les noms des « roys de France qui ont été en Terre saincte », indique (fol. 25-26) à combien monta la rançon de saint Louis, et montre qu'elle ne fut pas disproportionnée eu égard au temps et à la qualité du prisonnier du Soudan ; passe ensuite en revue (fol. 26-27) les églises et hôpitaux fondés après le payement de cette rançon par le saint roi, sans avoir recours à aucune taille, aide ni subside ; montre (fol. 27-28) que saint Louis ne fit jamais de monnaie de cuir et que c'est longtemps après son décès que les gabelles (fol. 28-29) furent établies. En dernier lieu, il parle (fol. 29-30) de la canonisation de saint Louis, proclamée en 1297 par les soins et aux frais de Philippe le Bel son petit-fils. Miniature, encadrement, lettres ornées.

« Genealogie de Bourbon », et histoire des accroissements territoriaux de cette famille, par ETIENNE LEBLANC.

Au fol. 5, miniature dans laquelle l'auteur est représenté offrant son ouvrage à Louise de Savoie. Ce volume, pour l'ornementation comme pour l'écriture, semble être de la même main que celui qui porte le n° 5715. Elle a été composée sur la demande de Louise de Savoie, ainsi que l'auteur le déclare dans sa dédicace (fol. 5). Elle commence (fol. 1) avant cette dédicace par : « Pour plus facillement entendre le contenu en ce present livre, au commencement d'iceluy ay mys ceste presente genealogie de la maison de Bourbon. Monsieur sainct Loys, roy de France... » et finit (fol. 30) par : «... esquelz escriptz toute foy doit estre adjoustée ». La seconde partie de l'ouvrage (fol. 23-30) est consacrée à saint Louis : « Probation que monseigneur sainct Loys ne destruisit point le royaume pour le sainct voyaige qu'il feist oultre mer ». L'auteur pour justifier saint Louis d'avoir ruiné le royaume pour le payement de sa rançon, lors de sa première croisade, énumère (fol. 23-24) les reliques acquises par ce roi, donne, en passant (fol. 24-25), les noms des « roys de France qui ont été en Terre saincte », indique (fol. 25-26) à combien monta la rançon de saint Louis, et montre qu'elle ne fut pas disproportionnée eu égard au temps et à la qualité du prisonnier du Soudan ; passe ensuite en revue (fol. 26-27) les églises et hôpitaux fondés après le payement de cette rançon par le saint roi, sans avoir recours à aucune taille, aide ni subside ; montre (fol. 27-28) que saint Louis ne fit jamais de monnaie de cuir et que c'est longtemps après son décès que les gabelles (fol. 28-29) furent établies. En dernier lieu, il parle (fol. 29-30) de la canonisation de saint Louis, proclamée en 1297 par les soins et aux frais de Philippe le Bel son petit-fils. Miniature, encadrement, lettres ornées.

Spectrally selective B1-insensitive T2 magnetization preparation sequence.

A T(2) magnetization-preparation (T(2) Prep) sequence is proposed that is insensitive to B(1) field variations and simultaneously provides fat suppression without any further increase in specific absorption rate (SAR). Increased B(1) inhomogeneity at higher magnetic field strength (B(0) > or = 3T) necessitates a preparation sequence that is less sensitive to B(1) variations. For the proposed technique, T(2) weighting in the image is achieved using a segmented B(1)-insensitive rotation (BIR-4) adiabatic pulse by inserting two equally long delays, one after the initial reverse adiabatic half passage (AHP), and the other before the final AHP segment of a BIR-4 pulse. This sequence yields T(2) weighting with both B(1) and B(0) insensitivity. To simultaneously suppress fat signal (at the cost of B(0) insensitivity), the second delay is prolonged so that fat accumulates additional phase due to its chemical shift. Numerical simulations as well as phantom and in vivo image acquisitions were performed to show the efficacy of the proposed technique.

Direct Effect of Birth Weight on Childhood Blood Pressure: a Causal Mediation Analysis

Background: Numerous studies have shown a negative association between birth weight (BW) and blood pressure (BP) later in life. To estimate the direct effect of BW on BP, it is conventional to condition on current weight (CW). However, such conditioning can induce collider stratification bias in the estimate of the direct effect. Objective: To bound the potential bias due to U, an unmeasured common cause of CW and BP, on the estimate of the (controlled) direct effect of BW on BP. Methods: Data from a school based study in Switzerland were used (N = 4,005; 2,010 B/1,995 G; mean age: 12.3 yr [range: 10.1-14.9]). Measured common causes of BW-BP (SES, smoking, body weight, and hypertension status of the mother) and CW-BP (breastfeeding and child's physical activity and diet) were identified with DAGs. Linear regression models were fitted to estimate the association between BW and BP. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the potential effect of U on the association between BW and BP. U was assumed 1) to be a binary variable that affected BP by the same magnitude in low BWand in normal BW children and 2) to have a different prevalence in low BW children and in normal BW children for a given CW. Results: A small negative association was observed between BW and BP [beta: -0.3 mmHg/kg (95% CI: -0.9 to 0.3)]. The association was strengthened upon conditioning for CW [beta: -1.5 mmHg/kg (95% CI: -2.1 to -0.9)]. Upon further conditioning on common causes of BW-BP and CW-BP, the association did not change substantially [beta: -1.4 mmHg/kg (95% CI: -2.0 to -0.8)]. The negative association could be explained by U only if U was strongly associated with BP and if there was a large difference in the prevalence of U between low BWand normal BW children. Conclusion: The observed negative association between BW and BP upon adjustment for CW was not easily explained by an unmeasured common cause of CWand BP.

Abatacept improves health-related quality of life, pain, sleep quality, and daily participation in subjects with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in abatacept-treated children/adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS: In this phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, subjects with active polyarticular course JIA and an inadequate response/intolerance to ≥1 disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (including biologics) received abatacept 10 mg/kg plus methotrexate (MTX) during the 4-month open-label period (period A). Subjects achieving the American College of Rheumatology Pediatric 30 criteria for improvement (defined "responders") were randomized to abatacept or placebo (plus MTX) in the 6-month double-blind withdrawal period (period B). HRQOL assessments included 15 Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) health concepts plus the physical (PhS) and psychosocial summary scores (PsS), pain (100-mm visual analog scale), the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, and a daily activity participation questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 190 subjects from period A and 122 from period B were eligible for analysis. In period A, there were substantial improvements across all of the CHQ domains (greatest improvement was in pain/discomfort) and the PhS (8.3 units) and PsS (4.3 units) with abatacept. At the end of period B, abatacept-treated subjects had greater improvements versus placebo in all domains (except behavior) and both summary scores. Similar improvement patterns were seen with pain and sleep. For participation in daily activities, an additional 2.6 school days/month and 2.3 parents' usual activity days/month were gained in period A responders with abatacept, and further gains were made in period B (1.9 versus 0.9 [P = 0.033] and 0.2 versus -1.3 [P = 0.109] school days/month and parents' usual activity days/month, respectively, in abatacept- versus placebo-treated subjects). CONCLUSION: Improvements in HRQOL were observed with abatacept, providing real-life tangible benefits to children with JIA and their parents/caregivers.