Threat Analysis of BlackEnergy Malware for Synchrophasor based Real-time Control and Monitoring in Smart Grid

The BlackEnergy malware targeting critical infrastructures has a long history. It evolved over time from a simple DDoS platform to a quite sophisticated plug-in based malware. The plug-in architecture has a persistent malware core with easily installable attack specific modules for DDoS, spamming, info-stealing, remote access, boot-sector formatting etc. BlackEnergy has been involved in several high profile cyber physical attacks including the recent Ukraine power grid attack in December 2015. This paper investigates the evolution of BlackEnergy and its cyber attack capabilities. It presents a basic cyber attack model used by BlackEnergy for targeting industrial control systems. In particular, the paper analyzes cyber threats of BlackEnergy for synchrophasor based systems which are used for real-time control and monitoring functionalities in smart grid. Several BlackEnergy based attack scenarios have been investigated by exploiting the vulnerabilities in two widely used synchrophasor communication standards: (i) IEEE C37.118 and (ii) IEC 61850-90-5. Specifically, the paper addresses reconnaissance, DDoS, man-in-the-middle and replay/reflection attacks on IEEE C37.118 and IEC 61850-90-5. Further, the paper also investigates protection strategies for detection and prevention of BlackEnergy based cyber physical attacks.

La persévérance scolaire des immigrants haïtiens de première génération au Québec et à New York

Le but de cette thèse a consisté à comprendre les facteurs de la persévérance et de l’abandon scolaire des nouveaux arrivants haïtiens au Québec et à New York. La recension d’écrits a révélé une sous-documentation de la thématique en question. Toutefois, l’élaboration du cadre conceptuel nous a permis de mieux cerner la problématique, d’analyser et de synthétiser plusieurs approches théoriques dont les théories du rendement scolaire des immigrants (Rong et Brown, 2001 ; Warikoo et Carter, 2009 ; Xie et Greenman, 2011), l’approche bourdieusienne des capitaux (1979a, 1979b, 1980), le structuro-fonctionnalisme de Merton (1965) et le courant effets-écoles/ effets-enseignants (Crahay, 2000 ; Bressoux, 1994a). Nous avons également mis en évidence deux approches compréhensives à savoir l’interactionnisme (Weber, 1959 ; Boudon, 1979, 1994 ; Goffman, 1998 ; Garfinkel, 1967) et l’approche du rapport au savoir de l’équipe ESCOL (Rochex, 2002 ; Charlot, 2003) dans l’objectif de faire valoir le caractère relatif des conclusions d’une recherche qualitative qui priorise la subjectivité des participants dans l’analyse des faits sociaux. Dans cette recherche, nous avons interviewé onze participants à Montréal et à Brooklyn, parmi lesquels sept hommes et quatre femmes. Ils ont tous une expérience d’abandon scolaire au secondaire ou au secteur des adultes. Nous avons utilisé l’entretien semi-dirigé comme méthode de collecte d’information et l’analyse thématique est celle de l’analyse des données. L’analyse des données nous a permis de classer les informations fournies par les participants en cinq rubriques : capital économique, capital culturel, capital social, encadrement institutionnel et facteurs spécifiques. Ces cinq rubriques regroupent les facteurs de la persévérance et du décrochage scolaire évoqués par les participants de la recherche. La réalisation de cette thèse nous apporte un bon éclairage quant à notre tentative de comprendre la dynamique de l’abandon scolaire des jeunes et des jeunes adultes immigrants haïtiens de première génération au Québec et à New York, au secondaire et au secteur de l’éducation des adultes. Nous avons mis en relation les résultats de la recherche avec ceux des travaux que nous avons recensés dans la problématique et dans le cadre conceptuel de cette thèse. La synthèse de ces résultats nous a amené à faire une proposition d’éléments d’un modèle d’analyse que nous qualifions de « relance scolaire des nouveaux arrivants haïtiens au Québec et à New York ». L’analyse et la synthèse des facteurs émergents de la recherche, plus précisément des six thèmes qui composent la rubrique des facteurs spécifiques : facteurs démographiques, motivation personnelle, lacunes de base, facteurs affectifs, traits de personnalité et problèmes de comportement, nous ont permis d’élaborer un autre concept qui peut représenter une grande contribution à la persévérance scolaire des nouveaux arrivants haïtiens. Il s’agit de l’encadrement psycho-intégrationnel qui est une forme d’accompagnement dont les jeunes et les jeunes adultes nouveaux arrivants haïtiens pourront être bénéficiaires au début en vue d’un bon démarrage sur le plan socioéducatif et de leur persévérance scolaire au pays d’accueil. L’encadrement psycho-intégrationnel, consistera à mettre en relation certains faits psychologiques qui ont marqué la vie pré-migratoire des élèves jeunes et jeunes adultes d’origine haïtienne avec les faits sociaux qui peuvent influencer leur vie au pays d’accueil. C’est une forme d’assistance individuelle dont l’État, les institutions sociales d’intégration et l’école constitueront les principales structures de matérialisation. Les principaux intervenants, notamment les psychologues, les travailleurs sociaux et les anthropo-sociologues se chargeront de comprendre et d’orienter les nouveaux arrivants quant au nouveau comportement à adopter pour une meilleure évolution sur les plans socio-culturel, professionnel et économique. Mots clés : Persévérance scolaire, relance scolaire, immigrants haïtiens, première génération, nouveaux arrivants.

Designing and Developing Digital and Blended Learning Solutions

The continuous advancement in computing, together with the decline in its cost, has resulted in technology becoming ubiquitous (Arbaugh, 2008, Gros, 2007). Technology is growing and is part of our lives in almost every respect, including the way we learn. Technology helps to collapse time and space in learning. For example, technology allows learners to engage with their instructors synchronously, in real time and also asynchronously, by enabling sessions to be recorded. Space and distance is no longer an issue provided there is adequate bandwidth, which determines the most appropriate format such text, audio or video. Technology has revolutionised the way learners learn; courses are designed; and ‘lessons’ are delivered, and continues to do so. The learning process can be made vastly more efficient as learners have knowledge at their fingertips, and unfamiliar concepts can be easily searched and an explanation found in seconds. Technology has also enabled learning to be more flexible, as learners can learn anywhere; at any time; and using different formats, e.g. text or audio. From the perspective of the instructors and L&D providers, technology offers these same advantages, plus easy scalability. Administratively, preparatory work can be undertaken more quickly even whilst student numbers grow. Learners from far and new locations can be easily accommodated. In addition, many technologies can be easily scaled to accommodate new functionality and/ or other new technologies. ‘Designing and Developing Digital and Blended Learning Solutions’ (5DBS), has been developed to recognise the growing importance of technology in L&D. This unit contains four learning outcomes and two assessment criteria, which is the same for all other units, besides Learning Outcome 3 which has three assessment criteria. The four learning outcomes in this unit are: • Learning Outcome 1: Understand current digital technologies and their contribution to learning and development solutions; • Learning Outcome 2: Be able to design blended learning solutions that make appropriate use of new technologies alongside more traditional approaches; • Learning Outcome 3: Know about the processes involved in designing and developing digital learning content efficiently and what makes for engaging and effective digital learning content; • Learning Outcome 4: Understand the issues involved in the successful implementation of digital and blended learning solutions. Each learning outcome is an individual chapter and each assessment unit is allocated its own sections within the respective chapters. This first chapter addresses the first learning outcome, which has two assessment criteria: summarise the range of currently available learning technologies; critically assess a learning requirement to determine the contribution that could be made through the use of learning technologies. The introduction to chapter one is in Section 1.0. Chapter 2 discusses the design of blended learning solutions in consideration of how digital learning technologies may support face-to-face and online delivery. Three learning theory sets: behaviourism; cognitivism; constructivism, are introduced, and the implication of each set of theory on instructional design for blended learning discussed. Chapter 3 centres on how relevant digital learning content may be created. This chapter includes a review of the key roles, tools and processes that are involved in developing digital learning content. Finally, Chapter 4 concerns delivery and implementation of digital and blended learning solutions. This chapter surveys the key formats and models used to inform the configuration of virtual learning environment software platforms. In addition, various software technologies which may be important in creating a VLE ecosystem that helps to enhance the learning experience, are outlined. We introduce the notion of personal learning environment (PLE), which has emerged from the democratisation of learning. We also review the roles, tools, standards and processes that L&D practitioners need to consider within a delivery and implementation of digital and blended learning solution.

Enjeux de la cueca chilienne : vocalité et représentations sociales

Cette recherche aborde le chant de la cueca chilienne à travers le spectre de la voix dans la construction de représentations sociales, et ce, sur la base d’une méthodologie mixte qui combine la recherche bibliographique, l’observation participante, les entrevues et l’analyse musicale. Comme point de départ, on remarque la pratique d’une cueca surnommée urbana, brava ou chilenera, caractérisée par un timbre vocal singulier associé au milieu « populaire » des chanteurs. Remontant aux premières traces de la cueca, au Chili, le chapitre 2 aborde les descriptions de la voix de la zamacueca au XIXe siècle publié dans des récits de voyage. L’analyse du contexte dans lequel ces récits se publient permet de constater que l’idée du caractère nasal de la cueca s’associe à la constitution d’altérité. Le chapitre 3 aborde la façon dont une théorie spécifique sur l’origine de la cueca chilienne contribue aux conceptions de la voix dans le genre. Le sujet de la nasalité apparaît encore, cette fois-ci imbriqué dans l’imagination de l’origine arabo-andalouse de la cueca. S’intéressant à la représentation du sujet populaire, le chapitre 4 expose deux figures centrales de la culture chilienne : le huaso et le roto, représentants du paysan et du sujet urbain, tous deux entremêlés avec des discours nationalistes. Le « parler populaire » apparaît représenté dans divers styles de cueca, en produisant des vocalités affectées par l’imagination de la classe sociale, et ce dans le contexte de débats sur l’authenticité. Le chapitre 5 aborde finalement l’expérience vécue par de jeunes chanteurs actifs sur une scène de revitalisation. Leurs dynamiques de chant en groupe soulignent l’impact de la compétition sur le déploiement de la voix. La pratique structurée selon le chant en ronde - chant à la rueda – montrera que la production d’un « bon pito », soit d’une voix adéquate à la cueca, révèle la nécessité d’adapter les voix aux besoins du groupe. La conclusion met en lumière que le rapport entre voix et style se présente comme une correlation cruciale pour comprendre non seulement la diversité des variantes de cuecas existantes à un moment donné, mais également leurs transformations au cours du temps par l’entremise d’un processus de stylisation. Au-delà du style, pourtant, la voix paraît exprimer quelque chose du sujet qui la fait résonner. Par ce biais, les diverses étiquettes accompagnant le terme cueca nous informent sur les caractéristiques ethniques, du genre et de classe des chanteurs, y compris les différentes voix d’un même sujet qui chante.

Avaliação de políticas públicas para arranjos produtivos locais: a eficácia da terceira edição do PROCOMPI no apoio ao APL de água mineral da grande Natal

This study has the objective examine the mechanisms of programs oriented fort cluster development, focusing on the analysis of the effectiveness of Procompi on support to APL of Mineral Water in Natal/RN. Search on the theory on public policy and support on apps for the theoretical and methodological reasons for the success of the program. In the document analysis was used reports from SEBRAE, IEL and SINCRAMIRN and was realized survey in the companies. The research indicates that not reaching the goals set. It is concluded that a poor definition of objectives and lack of orientation to the external economies are the causes of the failure

Social media to support collaboration in the product life cycle of SMEs

Abstract : The use of social media tools to support small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) to support their business activities throughout the product life cycle (PLC) phases represents an interesting opportunity. SMEs operate in very competitive environments, and face significant challenges primarily caused by their size disadvantage. By nature, social media tools and platforms can enable them to overcome some of these challenges, as they are often very inexpensive, familiar and easy to use, allowing them to reach large audiences they would not be able to reach with traditional and expensive marketing initiatives. To provide solutions to this problem, this research identified three main objectives. The first objective was to draw a picture of the existing academic literature on the use of social media tools in the PLC context to better understand how these tools were studied and used in businesses, and for what purpose. Second, this research aimed at understanding how SMEs actually use social media tools to support their different business activities to identify the gap between academic research and actual business practices. Finally, based on the findings highlighted from the previous objectives, this research aimed at developing theory on this topic by proposing a conceptual framework of customer engagement enabled by social media. The conceptual framework aimed at answering general questions that emerged from the initial two objectives: Why do some SMEs use social media to support customer engagement, while others do not? Why do firms use different social media tools to support their customer engagement initiatives? Why does the scope of customer engagement initiatives (i.e., across different PLC phases) vary between SMEs? What are the potential outcomes of conducting customer engagement initiatives for the organizing firms? In order to achieve these research objectives, the methodology employed for this research is threefold. First, a systematic literature review was performed in order to properly understand how the use of social media tools in the PLC context had been studied. The final results consisted of 78 academic articles which were analyzed based on their bibliometric information and their content. Second, in order to draw the contrast between the academic publications and managerial reality of SMEs, six semi-structured interviews were conducted to understand how these firms actually use social media to support different activities in each of the PLC phases. Third, five additional semi-structured interviews were performed to gather a deeper understanding of this phenomenon and generate theory to support the proposed conceptual framework. The conceptual framework focuses on the degree of customer engagement, which is comprised of the scope (PLC phases) of customer engagement and the technology (social media tools) employed to support these initiatives. Two sets of antecedents were examined, firm motivators and firm impediments, as they could both potentially affect the scope and the social media tools used to support customer engagement initiatives. Finally, potential customer engagement outcomes for SMEs developing these initiatives were also examined. The semi-structured interviews lasted approximately 25-35 minutes, and were performed using an interview grid consisting of 24 open-ended questions. The interview grid was developed based on the findings of the systematic literature review, and this qualitative approach allowed for a rich understanding of the interviewed SMEs’ use of social media tools to support and engage customers in their different PLC activities. The main results highlighted by this project demonstrate that this field is relatively recent and sees constant increase in research interest since 2008. However, most of the academic research focuses on the use of social media tools to support innovation activities during the new product development process, while the interviewed firms almost exclusively used the tools to engage customers in the later phases of the PLC, primarily for promotion, customer service support, and business development activities. Interestingly, the interviewed firms highlighted several benefits of using social media tools to engage customers, some of which could help them overcome certain size disadvantages previously mentioned. These firms are in need of further guidelines to properly implement such initiatives and reap the expected benefits. Results suggest that SMEs are far behind both large companies and academic research in their use of social media to engage customers in different business activities. The proposed conceptual framework serves as a great tool to better understand their reality and eventually better support them in their social media and customer engagement efforts. However, this framework needs to be further developed and improved. This research project provides a 360-degree view of the phenomenon of the use of social media to support customer engagement for SMEs, by providing both a thorough systematic review of the academic research and an understanding of the managerial reality of SMEs behind this phenomenon. From this analysis, a conceptual framework is then proposed and serves as a stepping stone for future researchers who are interested in developing theory in this field.

Live Work: The Impact of Direct Encounters in Statutory Child and Family Social Wor

The aim of this research project was to examine the impact of direct work on practitioners in the field of statutory child protection. The author’s premise was that this work was anything but straightforward and that surprisingly, given the intense scrutiny on Children’s Services following a child death, there was little research into the day-to-day practice of front line staff. The aim was to explore whether psychoanalytic theory could be useful in understanding and making sense of the social work task. Data was collected through observation and semi-structured interviews in one Local Authority Child in Need team over a period of six months. The findings indicated that practitioners experienced direct work with some individuals and families as profoundly disturbing and that this affected them physiologically as well as psychologically. These effects persisted over time and appeared very difficult for the workers to process or articulate. This could be expressed through embodied or non-verbal communication in the interview. Practitioners appeared to be ‘inhabited’ by particular clients, suggesting phenomena such as projective identification were in operation. The intensity and persistence of the impact on the practitioners appears to be directly related to the quality, nature and intensity of the psychic defences functioning for the particular client. Significantly, the research indicated that when practitioners were dealing with the negative and disturbing projections from the (adult) clients it seemed from the data that the focus on the child would slip so that the child appeared to recede from view. Symptoms experienced by the practitioners were akin to trauma and research and theory on primary and secondary trauma were considered. Other issues raised included shame, which affects the clients, practitioners and the organisation and the meaning and implications of this are explored. Links between neuroscience and projective identification are addressed as well as the role of the organisation, particularly as a container for these toxic and disturbing encounters.

Measurement of fusional vergence: protocol for a systematic review

Introduction - No validated protocol exists for the measurement of the prism fusion ranges. Many studies report on how fusional vergence ranges can be measured using different techniques (rotary prism, prism bar, loose prisms and synoptophore) and stimuli, leading to different ranges being reported in the literature. Repeatability of the different methods available and the equivalence between them it is also important. In addition, some studies available do not agree in what order fusional vergence should be measured to provide the essential information on which to base clinical judgements on compensation of deviations. When performing fusional vergence testing the most commonly accepted clinical technique is to first measure negative fusional vergence followed by a measurement of positive fusional vergence to avoid affecting the value of vergence recovery because of excessive stimulation of convergence. Von Noorden recommend using vertical fusion amplitudes in between horizontal amplitudes (base-out, base-up, base-in, and base down) to prevent vergence adaptation. Others place the base of the prism in the direction opposite to that used to measure the deviation to increase the vergence demand. Objectives - The purpose of this review is to assess and compare the accuracy of tests for measurement of fusional vergence. Secondary objectives are to investigate sources of heterogeneity of diagnostic accuracy including: age; variation in method of assessment; study design; study size; type of strabismus (convergent, divergent, vertical, cycle); severity of strabismus (constant/intermittent/latent).

State sum models for quantum gravity

This paper reviews the construction of quantum field theory on a 4-dimensional spacetime by combinatorial methods, and discusses the recent developments in the direction of a combinatorial construction of quantum gravity.

Anomaly Detection in Noisy Images

Finding rare events in multidimensional data is an important detection problem that has applications in many fields, such as risk estimation in insurance industry, finance, flood prediction, medical diagnosis, quality assurance, security, or safety in transportation. The occurrence of such anomalies is so infrequent that there is usually not enough training data to learn an accurate statistical model of the anomaly class. In some cases, such events may have never been observed, so the only information that is available is a set of normal samples and an assumed pairwise similarity function. Such metric may only be known up to a certain number of unspecified parameters, which would either need to be learned from training data, or fixed by a domain expert. Sometimes, the anomalous condition may be formulated algebraically, such as a measure exceeding a predefined threshold, but nuisance variables may complicate the estimation of such a measure. Change detection methods used in time series analysis are not easily extendable to the multidimensional case, where discontinuities are not localized to a single point. On the other hand, in higher dimensions, data exhibits more complex interdependencies, and there is redundancy that could be exploited to adaptively model the normal data. In the first part of this dissertation, we review the theoretical framework for anomaly detection in images and previous anomaly detection work done in the context of crack detection and detection of anomalous components in railway tracks. In the second part, we propose new anomaly detection algorithms. The fact that curvilinear discontinuities in images are sparse with respect to the frame of shearlets, allows us to pose this anomaly detection problem as basis pursuit optimization. Therefore, we pose the problem of detecting curvilinear anomalies in noisy textured images as a blind source separation problem under sparsity constraints, and propose an iterative shrinkage algorithm to solve it. Taking advantage of the parallel nature of this algorithm, we describe how this method can be accelerated using graphical processing units (GPU). Then, we propose a new method for finding defective components on railway tracks using cameras mounted on a train. We describe how to extract features and use a combination of classifiers to solve this problem. Then, we scale anomaly detection to bigger datasets with complex interdependencies. We show that the anomaly detection problem naturally fits in the multitask learning framework. The first task consists of learning a compact representation of the good samples, while the second task consists of learning the anomaly detector. Using deep convolutional neural networks, we show that it is possible to train a deep model with a limited number of anomalous examples. In sequential detection problems, the presence of time-variant nuisance parameters affect the detection performance. In the last part of this dissertation, we present a method for adaptively estimating the threshold of sequential detectors using Extreme Value Theory on a Bayesian framework. Finally, conclusions on the results obtained are provided, followed by a discussion of possible future work.

A matlab-based toolbox for the simulation and design of L1 adaptive controllers

This thesis introduces the L1 Adaptive Control Toolbox, a set of tools implemented in Matlab that aid in the design process of an L1 adaptive controller and enable the user to construct simulations of the closed-loop system to verify its performance. Following a brief review of the existing theory on L1 adaptive controllers, the interface of the toolbox is presented, including a description of the functions accessible to the user. Two novel algorithms for determining the required sampling period of a piecewise constant adaptive law are presented and their implementation in the toolbox is discussed. The detailed description of the structure of the toolbox is provided as well as a discussion of the implementation of the creation of simulations. Finally, the graphical user interface is presented and described in detail, including the graphical design tools provided for the development of the filter C(s). The thesis closes with suggestions for further improvement of the toolbox.

Normativa global : repensar las reglas del juego

Ante la crisis mundial (por el fin de la época del Estado-nación y el inicio de la aldea global), resulta prioritario repensar las categorías con las que comprendemos el mundo. En este caso, se invita a la reflexión sobre la normatividad social, para hacer ver que no sólo es jurídica, también lo es ético-moral, entre otras. Incluso, la normatividad jurídica no se limita a un conjunto de principios y preceptos, sino que dispone también de una dimensión subjetiva, relativa a las relaciones jurídicas. Éstas dependen del grado de intervención de la voluntad que, a su vez, se ve influenciada por las normas ético-morales. En definitiva, aquí no sólo se denuncian las falacias del positivismo formalista de Estado, sino que se busca la reafección político-jurídica del sistema (frenando la entropía social en ciernes), además de ofrecerse un paradigma normativo adecuado a laglobalización: el normativismo iberoamericano basado en la ética humanista.

A culpa inexpugnável e a necessidade de punição no criminoso

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário

A importância do estúdio de ópera na formação do aluno de canto

Relatório de Estágio para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ensino da Música, Ramo - Canto

Le cycle hydrosocial et la fluoration de l'eau : la production des eaux fluorées

La fluoration artificielle de l’eau est une méthode employée en tant que moyen de prévention de la carie dentaire. Il s’agit d’un traitement de l’eau dont le but est d’ajuster de façon « optimale » la concentration en fluorure dans l’eau potable pour la prévention de la carie dentaire, par l’ajout d’un composé fluoré. La fluoration de l’eau fait l’objet d’un débat de société depuis le début des années 1950. La théorie du cycle hydrosocial nous invite à réfléchir sur la manière dont l’eau et la société se définissent et se redéfinissent mutuellement dans le temps et dans l’espace. Cette théorie nous permet d’aborder l’étude du sujet de la fluoration avec une nouvelle perspective d’analyse. Il y a peu d’études en sciences sociales qui portent sur le sujet de la fluoration, généralement abordé d’un point de vue des sciences de la santé. Nous proposons de décrire le processus de production des eaux fluorées dans un contexte hydrosocial. Ce mémoire est structuré en quatre chapitres. Nous commençons par familiariser le lecteur avec la théorie du cycle hydrosocial. Ensuite, nous faisons une mise en contexte de la fluoration de l’eau, d’une part en présentant un état des lieux, et d’autre part en présentant ce en quoi consiste la pratique de la fluoration de l’eau. Après avoir familiarisé le lecteur avec les thèmes généraux concernant la fluoration de l’eau, nous proposons de reconstituer une histoire hydrosociale de la fluoration. Cette histoire nous permet de mettre en évidence les relations hydrosociales desquelles découle la production des eaux fluorées. L’histoire hydrosociale de la fluoration comporte une phase contemporaine que nous abordons en présentant les principales idées de l’opposition à la fluoration artificielle de l’eau à l’aide notamment d’une analyse iconographique d’images portant sur le thème de la fluoration. Finalement, nous discutons des implications de la théorie du cycle hydrosocial pour étudier la problématique de la fluoration.