Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity by association with 14-3-3 proteins in T cells.

Proteins of the 14-3-3 family can associate with, and/or modulate the activity of, several protooncogene and oncogene products and, thus, are implicated in regulation of signaling pathways. We report that 14-3-3 is associated with another important transducing enzyme, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K). A recombinant 14-3-3 fusion protein bound several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins from antigen receptor-stimulated T lymphocytes. PI3-K was identified by immunoblotting and enzymatic assays as one of the 14-3-3-binding proteins in resting or activated cells. Moreover, endogenous 14-3-3 and PI3-K were coimmunoprecipitated from intact T cells. Far-Western blots of gel-purified, immunoprecipitated PI3-K with a recombinant 14-3-3 fusion protein revealed direct binding of 14-3-3 to the catalytic subunit (p110) of PI3-K. Finally, anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates from activated, 14-3-3-overexpressing cells contained lower PI3-K enzymatic activity than similar immunoprecipitates from control cells. These findings suggest that association of 14-3-3 with PI3-K in hematopoietic (and possibly other) cells regulates the enzymatic activity of PI3-K during receptor-initiated signal transduction.

Radiometal labeling of recombinant proteins by a genetically engineered minimal chelation site: technetium-99m coordination by single-chain Fv antibody fusion proteins through a C-terminal cysteinyl peptide.

We describe a method to facilitate radioimaging with technetium-99m (99mTc) by genetic incorporation of a 99mTc chelation site in recombinant single-chain Fv (sFv) antibody proteins. This method relies on fusion of the sFv C terminus with a Gly4Cys peptide that specifically coordinates 99mTc. By using analogues of the 26-10 anti-digoxin sFv as our primary model, we find that addition of the chelate peptide, to form 26-10-1 sFv', does not alter the antigen-binding affinity of sFv. We have demonstrated nearly quantitative chelation of 0.5-50 mCi of 99mTc per mg of 26-10-1 sFv' (1 Ci = 37 GBq). These 99mTc-labeled sFv' complexes are highly stable to challenge with saline buffers, plasma, or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. We find that the 99mTc-labeled 741F8-1 sFv', specific for the c-erbB-2 tumor-associated antigen, is effective in imaging human ovarian carcinoma in a scid mouse tumor xenograft model. This fusion chelate methodology should be applicable to diagnostic imaging with 99mTc and radioimmunotherapy with 186Re or 188Re, and its use could extend beyond the sFv' to other engineered antibodies, recombinant proteins, and synthetic peptides.

Close association of the alpha subunits of Gq and G11 G proteins with actin filaments in WRK1 cells: relation to G protein-mediated phospholipase C activation.

A selective polyclonal antibody directed toward the C-terminal decapeptide common to the alpha subunits of Gq and G11 G proteins (G alpha q/G alpha 11) was prepared and used to investigate the subcellular distribution fo these proteins in WRK1 cells, a rat mammary tumor cell line. In immunoblots, the antibody recognized purified G alpha q and G alpha 11 proteins and labeled only two bands corresponding to these alpha subunits. Functional studies indicated that this antibody inhibited vasopressin- and guanosine 5'-[alpha-thio]triphosphate-sensitive phospholipase C activities. Immunofluorescence experiments done with this antibody revealed a filamentous labeling corresponding to intracytoplasmic and perimembranous actin-like filament structures. Colocalization of G alpha q/G alpha 11 and F-actin filaments (F-actin) was demonstrated by double-labeling experiments with anti-G alpha q/G alpha 11 and anti-actin antibodies. Immunoblot analysis of membrane, cytoskeletal, and F-actin-rich fractions confirmed the close association of G alpha q/G alpha 11 with actin. Large amounts of G alpha q/G alpha 11 were recovered in the desmin- and tubulin-free F-actin-rich fraction obtained by a double depolymerization-repolymerization cycle. Disorganization of F-actin filaments with cytochalasin D preserved G alpha q/G alpha 11 and F-actin colocalization but partially inhibited vasopressin- and fluoroaluminate-sensitive phospholipase C activity, suggesting that actin-associated G alpha q/G alpha 11 proteins play a role in signal transduction.

Replication factor encoded by a putative oncogene, set, associated with myeloid leukemogenesis.

DNA replication of the adenovirus genome complexed with viral core proteins is dependent on the host factor designated template activating factor I (TAF-I) in addition to factors required for replication of the naked genome. Recently, we have purified TAF-I as 39- and 41-kDa polypeptides from HeLa cells. Here we describe the cloning of two human cDNAs encoding TAF-I. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the 39-kDa polypeptide corresponds to the protein encoded by the set gene, which is the part of the putative oncogene associated with acute undifferentiated leukemia when translocated to the can gene. The 41-kDa protein contains the same amino acid sequence as the 39-kDa protein except that short N-terminal regions differ in both proteins. Recombinant proteins, which were purified from extracts of Escherichia coli, expressing the proteins from cloned cDNAs, possessed TAF-I activities in the in vitro replication assay. A particular feature of TAF-I proteins is the presence of a long acidic tail in the C-terminal region, which is thought to be an essential part of the SET-CAN fusion protein. Studies with mutant TAF-I proteins devoid of this acidic region indicated that the acidic region is essential for TAF-I activity.

Silencing of integrated human papillomavirus type 18 oncogene transcription in cells expressing SerpinB2

The serine protease inhibitor SerpinB2 (PAI-2), a major product of differentiating squamous epithelial cells, has recently been shown to bind and protect the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) from degradation. In human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18) -transformed epithelial cells the expression of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins is controlled by the HPV-18 upstream regulatory region (URR). Here we illustrate that PAI-2 expression in the HPV-18-transformed cervical carcinoma line HeLa resulted in the restoration of Rb expression, which led to the functional silencing of transcription from the HPV-18 URR. This caused loss of E7 protein expression and restoration of multiple E6- and E7-targeted host proteins, including p53, c-Myc, and c-Jun. Rb expression emerged as sufficient for the transcriptional repression of the URR, with repression mediated via the C/EB beta-YY1 binding site (URR 7709 to 7719). In contrast to HeLa cells, where the C/EBP beta-YY1 dimer binds this site, in PAI-2- and/or Rb-expressing cells the site was occupied by the dominant-negative C/EBP beta isoform liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein (LIP). PAI-2 expression thus has a potent suppressive effect on HPV-18 oncogene transcription mediated by Rb and LIP, a finding with potential implications for prognosis and treatment of HPV-transformed lesions.

Understanding the role of CAP proteins in the polarization process of C. elegans

La division cellulaire asymétrique est un processus crucial dans le développement des organismes multicellulaires puisqu’elle permet la génération de la diversité cellulaire. Les cellules qui se divisent de façon asymétrique doivent tout d’abord se polariser et correctement orienter leur fuseau mitotique pour ségréger des déterminants cellulaires en deux entités distinctes. L’embryon du nématode C. elegans est un modèle robuste et largement utilisé pour étudier la division cellulaire asymétrique. Dans cet embryon, le point d'entrée du spermatozoïde détermine l'axe de polarité antéro-postérieur. Suite à la fécondation, le cortex embryonnaire est uniformément contractile et un complexe conservé formé des protéines PAR-3, PAR-6 et PKC-3 (nommé complexe PAR-3 ci-dessous) est localisé sur l'ensemble du cortex. La complétion de la méiose maternelle induit une relaxation corticale au postétieur et un flux cortical vers l’antérieur de l’embryon. Ces contractions corticales asymétriques mènent à la formation d'un domaine antérieur contenant le complexe PAR-3, tandis que le cortex postérieur, dont le complexe PAR-3 s’est délocalisé, est enrichi avec les protéines PAR-2 et PAR-1. Par conséquent, les domaines formés par les protéines PAR définissent un pôle antérieur et un pôle postérieur dans l'embryon suite au remodelage du cytosquelette. Les protéines PAR-4 et PAR-5 restent localisées de façon uniforme dans l'embryon. Curieusement, les protéines PAR exercent une régulation par rétroaction sur la contractilité corticale. Il a été montré qu’une des protéines PAR récemment identifiée, PAR-5, est orthologue à la protéine adaptatrice 14-3-3 et joue un rôle important dans la contractilité corticale. En dépit de son rôle central dans la contractilité corticale et le processus de polarisation cellulaire, le mécanisme par lequel PAR-5 régule la contractilité corticale n’est pas bien compris. Le but de ce projet est de mieux comprendre comment PAR-5 et ses interacteurs contrôlent la régulation des contractions corticales et, de ce fait, la polarité cellulaire. Dans un essai de capture de la protéine GST (GST pull-down), nous avons identifié plusieurs nouveaux interacteurs de PAR-5. Parmi ceux-ci, nous avons trouvé CAP-2 (protéine de coiffage de l'actine), qui a été identifiée dans des éxpériences de capture de 14-3-3 dans trois systèmes modèles différents. CAP-2 est un hétérodimère des protéines CAP, qui sont impliquées dans la régulation de l'actine. Nous avons trouvé que la déplétion des protéines CAP par interférence à l’ARN dans des vers de type sauvage mène à une augmentation létalité embryonnaire, ce qui suggère que ces protéines jouent un rôle important dans le développement embryonnaire. L'imagerie en temps réel d'embryons déplétés pour les protéines CAP montre qu’ils ont une diminution des contractions corticales avec un sillon de pseudoclivage mois stable, suggérant un défaut dans la régulation du cytosquelette d'actine-myosine. Ceci a également été confirmé par la diminution de la vitesse et du nombre de foci de NMY-2::GFP. En outre, ces embryons montrent une légère diminution de la taille du croissant cortical de PAR-2 lors de la phase d’établissement de la polarité. Les embryons déplétés en CAP-2 montrent également un retard dans la progression du cycle cellulaire, mais le lien entre ce phénotype et la régulation des contractions corticales reste à être précisé. La caractérisation des protéines CAP, des régulateurs du remodelage du cytosquelette, permettra d'améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes qui sous-tendent l'établissement et le maintien de la polarité cellulaire, et donc la division cellulaire asymétrique.

Understanding the role of CAP proteins in the polarization process of C. elegans

La division cellulaire asymétrique est un processus crucial dans le développement des organismes multicellulaires puisqu’elle permet la génération de la diversité cellulaire. Les cellules qui se divisent de façon asymétrique doivent tout d’abord se polariser et correctement orienter leur fuseau mitotique pour ségréger des déterminants cellulaires en deux entités distinctes. L’embryon du nématode C. elegans est un modèle robuste et largement utilisé pour étudier la division cellulaire asymétrique. Dans cet embryon, le point d'entrée du spermatozoïde détermine l'axe de polarité antéro-postérieur. Suite à la fécondation, le cortex embryonnaire est uniformément contractile et un complexe conservé formé des protéines PAR-3, PAR-6 et PKC-3 (nommé complexe PAR-3 ci-dessous) est localisé sur l'ensemble du cortex. La complétion de la méiose maternelle induit une relaxation corticale au postétieur et un flux cortical vers l’antérieur de l’embryon. Ces contractions corticales asymétriques mènent à la formation d'un domaine antérieur contenant le complexe PAR-3, tandis que le cortex postérieur, dont le complexe PAR-3 s’est délocalisé, est enrichi avec les protéines PAR-2 et PAR-1. Par conséquent, les domaines formés par les protéines PAR définissent un pôle antérieur et un pôle postérieur dans l'embryon suite au remodelage du cytosquelette. Les protéines PAR-4 et PAR-5 restent localisées de façon uniforme dans l'embryon. Curieusement, les protéines PAR exercent une régulation par rétroaction sur la contractilité corticale. Il a été montré qu’une des protéines PAR récemment identifiée, PAR-5, est orthologue à la protéine adaptatrice 14-3-3 et joue un rôle important dans la contractilité corticale. En dépit de son rôle central dans la contractilité corticale et le processus de polarisation cellulaire, le mécanisme par lequel PAR-5 régule la contractilité corticale n’est pas bien compris. Le but de ce projet est de mieux comprendre comment PAR-5 et ses interacteurs contrôlent la régulation des contractions corticales et, de ce fait, la polarité cellulaire. Dans un essai de capture de la protéine GST (GST pull-down), nous avons identifié plusieurs nouveaux interacteurs de PAR-5. Parmi ceux-ci, nous avons trouvé CAP-2 (protéine de coiffage de l'actine), qui a été identifiée dans des éxpériences de capture de 14-3-3 dans trois systèmes modèles différents. CAP-2 est un hétérodimère des protéines CAP, qui sont impliquées dans la régulation de l'actine. Nous avons trouvé que la déplétion des protéines CAP par interférence à l’ARN dans des vers de type sauvage mène à une augmentation létalité embryonnaire, ce qui suggère que ces protéines jouent un rôle important dans le développement embryonnaire. L'imagerie en temps réel d'embryons déplétés pour les protéines CAP montre qu’ils ont une diminution des contractions corticales avec un sillon de pseudoclivage mois stable, suggérant un défaut dans la régulation du cytosquelette d'actine-myosine. Ceci a également été confirmé par la diminution de la vitesse et du nombre de foci de NMY-2::GFP. En outre, ces embryons montrent une légère diminution de la taille du croissant cortical de PAR-2 lors de la phase d’établissement de la polarité. Les embryons déplétés en CAP-2 montrent également un retard dans la progression du cycle cellulaire, mais le lien entre ce phénotype et la régulation des contractions corticales reste à être précisé. La caractérisation des protéines CAP, des régulateurs du remodelage du cytosquelette, permettra d'améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes qui sous-tendent l'établissement et le maintien de la polarité cellulaire, et donc la division cellulaire asymétrique.

Integrated Proteomics Identified Up-regulated Focal Adhesion-mediated Proteins In Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma In An Orthotopic Murine Model.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms of oral carcinogenesis will yield important advances in diagnostics, prognostics, effective treatment, and outcome of oral cancer. Hence, in this study we have investigated the proteomic and peptidomic profiles by combining an orthotopic murine model of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), mass spectrometry-based proteomics and biological network analysis. Our results indicated the up-regulation of proteins involved in actin cytoskeleton organization and cell-cell junction assembly events and their expression was validated in human OSCC tissues. In addition, the functional relevance of talin-1 in OSCC adhesion, migration and invasion was demonstrated. Taken together, this study identified specific processes deregulated in oral cancer and provided novel refined OSCC-targeting molecules.

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Metabolic Alterations, Calcium Dysregulation, And Increased Expression Of Extracellular Matrix Proteins In Laminin α2 Chain-deficient Muscle.

Congenital muscular dystrophy with laminin α2 chain deficiency (MDC1A) is one of the most severe forms of muscular disease and is characterized by severe muscle weakness and delayed motor milestones. The genetic basis of MDC1A is well known, yet the secondary mechanisms ultimately leading to muscle degeneration and subsequent connective tissue infiltration are not fully understood. In order to obtain new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying MDC1A, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of affected muscles (diaphragm and gastrocnemius) from laminin α2 chain-deficient dy(3K)/dy(3K) mice, using multidimensional protein identification technology combined with tandem mass tags. Out of the approximately 700 identified proteins, 113 and 101 proteins, respectively, were differentially expressed in the diseased gastrocnemius and diaphragm muscles compared with normal muscles. A large portion of these proteins are involved in different metabolic processes, bind calcium, or are expressed in the extracellular matrix. Our findings suggest that metabolic alterations and calcium dysregulation could be novel mechanisms that underlie MDC1A and might be targets that should be explored for therapy. Also, detailed knowledge of the composition of fibrotic tissue, rich in extracellular matrix proteins, in laminin α2 chain-deficient muscle might help in the design of future anti-fibrotic treatments. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000978 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000978).

Nek5 Interacts With Mitochondrial Proteins And Interferes Negatively In Mitochondrial Mediated Cell Death And Respiration.

Mitochondria are involved in energy supply, signaling, cell death and cellular differentiation and have been implicated in several human diseases. Neks (NIMA-related kinases) represent a family of mammal protein kinases that play essential roles in cell-cycle progression, but other functions have recently been related. A yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screen was performed to identify and characterize Nek5 interaction partners and the mitochondrial proteins Cox11, MTX-2 and BCLAF1 were retrieved. Apoptosis assay showed protective effects of stable hNek5 expression from Hek293-T's cell death after thapsigargin treatment (2μM). Nek5 silenced cells as well as cells expressing a kinase dead version of Nek5, displayed an increase in ROS formation after 4h of thapsigargin treatment. Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity was found decreased upon stable hNek5expression. Cells silenced for hNek5 on the other hand presented 1.7 fold increased basal rates of respiration, especially at the electrons transfer steps from TMPD to cytochrome c and at the complex II. In conclusion, our data suggest for the first time mitochondrial localization and functions for Nek5 and its participation in cell death and cell respiration regulation. Stable expression of hNek5 in Hek293T cells resulted in enhanced cell viability, decreased cell death and drug resistance, while depletion of hNek5by shRNA overcame cancer cell drug resistance and induced apoptosis in vitro. Stable expression of hNek5 also inhibits thapsigargin promoted apoptosis and the respiratory chain complex IV in HEK293T cells.

Expression of SMAD proteins, TGF-beta/activin signaling mediators, in human thyroid tissues

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of SMAD proteins in human thyroid tissues since the inactivation of TGF-β/activin signaling components is reported in several types of cancer. Phosphorylated SMAD 2 and SMAD3 (pSMAD2/3) associated with the SMAD4 induce the signal transduction generated by TGF-β and activin, while SMAD7 inhibits this intracellular signaling. Although TGF-β and activin exert antiproliferative roles in thyroid follicular cells, thyroid tumors express high levels of these proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The protein expression of SMADs was evaluated in multinodular goiter, follicular adenoma, papillary and follicular carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The expression of pSMAD2/3, SMAD4 and SMAD7 was observed in both benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Although pSMAD2/3, SMAD4 and SMAD7 exhibited high cytoplasmic staining in carcinomas, the nuclear staining of pSMAD2/3 was not different between benign and malignant lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of SMADs expression in thyroid cells and the presence of pSMAD2/3 and SMAD4 proteins in the nucleus of tumor cells indicates propagation of TGF-β/activin signaling. However, the high expression of the inhibitory SMAD7, mostly in malignant tumors, could contribute to the attenuation of the SMADs antiproliferative signaling in thyroid carcinomas.

PDIA3, HSPA5 and viementin, proteins identified by 2-DE in the valvular tissue, are the target antigens of peripheral and heart infiltrating T cells from chronic rheumatic heart disease patients

Rheumatic fever (RF) is a post-infectious autoimmune disease due to sequel of group A streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), the major manifestation of RF, is characterized by inflammation of heart valves and myocardium. Molecular mimicry between GAS antigens and host proteins has been shown at B and T cell level. However the identification of the autoantigens recognized by B and T cells within the inflammatory microenvironment of heart tissue in patients with RHD is still incompletely elucidated. In the present study, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry to identify valvular tissue proteins target of T cells from chronic RHD patients. We could identify three proteins recognized by heart infiltrating and peripheral T cells as protein disulfide isomerase ER-60 precursor (PDIA3), 78 kD glucose-regulated protein precursor (HSPA5) and vimentin, with coverage of 45%, 43 and 34%, respectively. These proteins were recognized in a proliferation assay by peripheral and heart infiltrating T cells from RHD patients suggesting that they may be involved in the autoimmune reactions that leads to valve damage. We also observed that several other proteins isolated by 2-DE but not identified by mass spectrometry were also recognized by T cells. The identified cardiac proteins are likely relevant antigens involved in T cell-mediated autoimmune responses in RF/RHD that may contribute to the development of RHD

No evidence for an association between the-36A > C phospholamban gene polymorphism and a worse prognosis in heart failure

Background: In Brazil, heart failure leads to approximately 25,000 deaths per year. Abnormal calcium handling is a hallmark of heart failure and changes in genes encoding for proteins involved in the re-uptake of calcium might harbor mutations leading to inherited cardiomyopathies. Phospholamban (PLN) plays a prime role in cardiac contractility and relaxation and mutations in the gene encoding PLN have been associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. In this study, our objective was to determine the presence of the -36A>C alteration in PLN gene in a Brazilian population of individuals with HF and to test whether this alteration is associated with heart failure or with a worse prognosis of patients with HF. Methods: We genotyped a cohort of 881 patients with HF and 1259 individuals from a cohort of individuals from the general population for the alteration -36A>C in the PLN gene. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between groups (patients and control). In addition, frequencies or mean values of different phenotypes associated with cardiovascular disease were compared between genotypic groups. Finally, patients were prospectively followed-up for death incidence and genotypes for the -36A>C were compared regarding mortality incidence in HF patients. Results: No significant association was found between the study polymorphism and HF in our population. In addition, no association between PLN -36A>C polymorphism and demographic, clinical and functional characteristics and mortality incidence in this sample of HF patients was observed. Conclusion: Our data do not support a role for the PLN -36A>C alteration in modulating the heart failure phenotype, including its clinical course, in humans.

Ticks produce highly selective chemokine binding proteins with antiinflammatory activity

Bloodsucking parasites such as ticks have evolved a wide variety of immunomodulatory proteins that are secreted in their saliva, allowing them to feed for long periods of time without being detected by the host immune system. One possible strategy used by ticks to evade the host immune response is to produce proteins that selectively bind and neutralize the chemokines that normally recruit cells of the innate immune system that protect the host from parasites. We have identified distinct cDNAs encoding novel chemokine binding proteins (CHPBs), which we have termed Evasins, using an expression cloning approach. These CHBPs have unusually stringent chemokine selectivity, differentiating them from broader spectrum viral CHBPs. Evasin-1 binds to CCL3, CCL4, and CCL18; Evasin-3 binds to CXCL8 and CXCL1; and Evasin-4 binds to CCL5 and CCL11. We report the characterization of Evasin-1 and -3, which are unrelated in primary sequence and tertiary structure, and reveal novel folds. Administration of recombinant Evasin-1 and - 3 in animal models of disease demonstrates that they have potent antiinflammatory properties. These novel CHBPs designed by nature are even smaller than the recently described single-domain antibodies (Hollinger, P., and P. J. Hudson. 2005. Nat. Biotechnol. 23: 1126-1136), and may be therapeutically useful as novel antiinflammatory agents in the future.

High Iodine Concentration Attenuates RET/PTC3 Oncogene Activation in Thyroid Follicular Cells

Background: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is frequently associated with a RET gene rearrangement that generates a RET/PTC oncogene. RET/PTC is a fusion of the tyrosine kinase domain of RET to the 50 portion of a different gene. This fusion results in a constitutively active MAPK pathway, which plays a key role in PTC development. The RET/PTC3 fusion is primarily associated with radiation-related PTC. Epidemiological studies show a lower incidence of PTC in radiation-exposed regions that are associated with an iodine-rich diet. Since the influence of excess iodine on the development of thyroid cancer is still unclear, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of high iodine concentrations on RET/PTC3-activated thyroid cells. Methods: PTC3-5 cells, a rat thyroid cell lineage harboring doxycycline-inducible RET/PTC3, were treated with 10(-3) M NaI. Cell growth was analyzed by cell counting and the MTT assay. The expression and phosphorylation state of MAPK pathway-related (Braf, Erk, pErk, and pRet) and thyroid-specific (natrium-iodide symporter [Nis] and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor [Tshr]) proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. Thyroid-specific gene expression was further analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction. Results: A significant inhibition of proliferation was observed, along with no significant variation in cell death rate, in the iodine-treated cells. Further, iodine treatment attenuated the loss of Nis and Tshr gene and protein expression induced by RET/PTC3 oncogene induction. Finally, iodine treatment reduced Ret and Erk phosphorylation, without altering Braf and Erk expression. Conclusion: Our results indicate an antioncogenic role for excess iodine during thyroid oncogenic activation. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the effect of iodine on thyroid follicular cells, particularly how it may play a protective role during RET/PTC3 oncogene activation.