Importância dos fatores não-tecnológicos na implementação do CPFR

De acordo com o Voluntary Interindustry Commerce Standards [VICS], o Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment [CPFR] se baseia na padronização, registro e sincronização de dados eletronicamente, apoiado pela gestão colaborativa existente entre as empresas (VICS, 2004). A partir desta definição, pode-se concluir que existem dois fatores preponderantes na implementação do CPFR: um essencialmente tecnológico e outro não-tecnológico. Nesse contexto, o propósito principal deste estudo é identificar na literatura os chamados fatores não tecnológicos que envolvem o CPFR e analisá-los em situações reais. A importância desses fatores é analisada, então, por meio do estudo de dois casos reais de implementação do CPFR, respectivamente, em uma grande rede de fast food e em um grande distribuidor de alimentos, que operam no Brasil. Os resultados destacam, principalmente, que a previsão da demanda realizada pela empresa coordenadora do CPFR é preponderante sobre o entendimento da demanda por todos os elos da cadeia de suprimentos, que a cultura colaborativa é considerada muito importante no relacionamento ao longo da cadeia (embora não seja determinante para a implementação dos processos) e que o monitoramento das atividades é fundamental para o alinhamento das empresas na gestão do CPFR.

Importância nutricional e metabólica da fibra na dieta de equinos

O equino é um herbívoro não ruminante capaz de suprir grande parte ou a totalidade da sua demanda nutricional pela ingestão de gramíneas. Apresenta a região ceco-cólica bastante desenvolvida, sendo este o principal sítio de fermentação. Este processo também ocorre na região aglandular do estômago, porém a produção de ácidos graxos voláteis é inferior, quando comparado ao intestino grosso. O conhecimento do sítio de aproveitamento de cada ingrediente é de suma importância para a combinação dos mesmos, favorecendo o ótimo aproveitamento de cada um deles e evitando excessos que podem ser prejudiciais ao metabolismo do equino. O estudo atual do fracionamento de carboidratos, por mais que não seja adaptado a fisiologia e metabolismo dos equinos, nos fornece informações sobre as diferentes frações que o compõem e com isso pode-se inferir sobre a produção de energia por cada fração gerada. A manutenção de equinos em pastejo ou sob o fornecimento de feno ou alimentos volumosos é essencial para a manutenção da atividade e saúde do seu trato digestório. O aporte mínimo de 12% de FDN garante tal situação. Atualmente, com o objetivo de aumentar a disponibilidade de energia, ingredientes como a polpa cítrica, polpa de beterraba e casca de soja, vem sendo utilizados nas formulações. Estes ingredientes de fermentação mais rápida e fácil, são uma alternativa segura para elevar a concentração energética da dieta de equinos, por proporcionar a diminuição do aporte de amido na dieta de equinos. Sabe-se entretanto, que com a elevação na qualidade do volumoso, maiores concentrações de carboidratos solúveis e de rápida fermentação são encontrados disponíveis ao longo do trato digestório dos equinos levando a alguns distúrbios metabólicos como a laminite e a sensibilidade a insulina. Com o correto manejo dos animais em pastejo e conhecimento do ciclo da planta é possível minimizar tais problemas. Objetivou-se revisão da ação fisiológica e metabólica das diferentes frações fibrosas, em cada compartimento do trato digestório, bem como destacar os ingredientes volumosos com suas diversas frações, os quais possibilitam sugerir manejo alimentar adequado para os equinos.

Hemoglobin as AS/alfa talassemia - Importância diagnóstica

Sickle Cell disease is a generic term for a group of genetic disorders characterized by the predominance of hemoglobin S. These disorders include Sickle Cell anemia, the Sickle Cell beta Thalassemia syndromes and Hemoglobinopathies in which hemoglobin S is in association with another abnormal hemoglobin, such as hemoglobin S/C. The Sickle Cell trait (hemoglobin AS) associated with Alpha Thalassemia presents alterations in the red blood cells morphology, usually absent in the heterozygous for this hemoglobin variant. The interaction between hemoglobin Sand alpha Thalassemia has been described as one of the factors responsible for the improvement in the clinical picture of homozygous of hemoglobin S (Sickle Cell Anemia), decreasing the number of episodes of pain. The genetic mechanisms of this influence are evaluated using molecular analyses of the human globin genes. With the objective of verifying the presence of alpha Thalassemia in heterozygous of hemoglobin S, with anemia, sent to the Laboratory of Hemoglobins, Department of Biology, UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, we analyzed 1002 blood samples with Sickle Cell trait, in the period from 1990 to 1998. The samples were picked with EDTA 5% as anticoagulant, after previous authorization of the carriers. Appropriated counseling and management requires definitive diagnosis. For the laboratorial diagnosis the blood samples were submitted to electrophoretic procedures in alkaline and acid pH and cytological evaluation of hemoglobin H. The electrophoretic procedures confirmed the presence of hemoglobin AS. The cytological evaluation evidenced the presence of alpha Thalassemia. Of this total analyzed, 16(1,59%) blood samples presented the association between hemoglobin AS and alpha Thalassemia and two individuals belonged of the same family. Our results addressed us to suggest to the routine laboratories, that is important to accomplish the research of alpha Thalassemia among the Sickle Cell trait, with anemia, to verify the interaction with alpha Thalassemia, supplying to the carriers a important information on its hematological profile, genetic pattern of hemoglobinopathies and the appropriated counseling. Rev.bras.hematol.hemoter.,2000,22(3):388-394.

Animais aquáticos de importância médica no Brasil

The injuries caused by venomous and poisonous aquatic animals may provoke important morbidity in the victim. The cnidarians (jellyfishes, especially cubomedusas and Portuguese-Man-of-War) caused nearly 25% of 236 accidents by marine animals, while sea urchins were responsible for about 50% and catfish, stingrays and scorpionfish nearly 25%). In freshwater, stingrays and catfish cause injuries with a very similar mechanism to the poisoning and the effects of the toxins of marine species. In a series of about 200 injuries observed among freshwater fishermen, nearly 40% were caused by freshwater catfish, 5% freshwater stingrays and 55% by traumatogenic fish, such as piranhas and trairas. The author presents the aquatic animals that cause injuries to humans in Brazil, the clinical aspects of the envenoming and the first measures for the control of the severe pain observed mainly in the accidents caused by cnidarians and venomous fishes.

Epidemiologia de candidíase hospitalar: Importância da identificação específica

Nosocomial infections with Candida species are recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both seriously ill immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Infections with Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species have become a significant cause of infection in humans. Several of the more commonly Candida spp isolates are less susceptible to the antifungal drugs currentlly applied in clinical treatment, a factor that means significant difficulties for effective treatment. The modern mycology laboratory has an important role to play in several aspects relating to these organisms, including therapy, detection, identification and epidemiological analysis. In this study, we have provided an initial comparison of differences in species distribution among Candida isolates from four general hospitals of São Paulo,SP. Overall, 40 isolates of C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis were isolated respectively in 35%, 50% and 15%, revealed a tendency of higher frequency of non-albicans species. The species distribution in patients with candidemia showed that the most commonly species were C. parapsilosis (45,4%), followed by C. albicans (36,4%) and C. tropicalis (18,2%); thus, we have an increase of non-albicans species. The three different species were include in 6, 3, and 4 different biotypes, respectively C. albicans, C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis. This study emphasizes the importance of periodic evaluation of Candida species distribution especially in centers caring for patients at risk.

Importância da linha de base pré-exposição das colinesterases (ChEs) no controle ocupacional a praguicidas organofosforados e carbamatos

The most immediate toxic effects of a poisoning for organophosphate or carbamate are promoted by inhibition of cholinesterases (ChEs). However, a serious limitation to the diagnosis of mild organophosphate or carbamate poisoning and to preventive screening of organophosphate-exposed workers has been the large interindividual variability in ChEs activity. This makes it necessary to obtain a pre-exposure baseline measurement of enzyme activity as a basis for evaluating subsequent declines. Thus, the objective of this work is demonstrate the value of the pre-exposure baseline in the interpretation of the results of the ChEs activity of the carbamate or organophosphate-exposed workers. Using Nabb & Whitfield (1967) method to analyze blood of 48 workers the results have shown a erythrocyte cholinesterase range of 10.1 to 19.7 μmol/min/mL and plasm cholinesterase range of 2.2 to 6.9 μmol/min/mL. Despite the large interindividual variation presented, when one used the pre-exposure baseline it was possible to correlate symptoms of light poisoning of the exposure workers to carbamate with fall in the Er-ChE activity lesser then 30% of the pre-exposure baseline activity.

Importância da região anteroventral do terceiro ventrículo (AV3V) no controle cardiovascular e do equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico

The maintenance of the arterial pressure in normal levels is important for the homeostasis of body fluids. The central nervous system regulating sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic efferent can adjust arterial pressure which allows animals or human to face different daily activities with the best performance. Different central areas are responsible for the control of autonomic discharges to cardiovascular system and many of them are also involved in the control of fluid electrolyte balance. One of these areas is the tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V region) localized in the forebrain and a main central site for angiotensin II receptors and osmoreceptors. The AV3V lesions impair the development of many models of experimental hypertension in rats and the pressor responses to different stimuli. Lesions of the AV3V region also reduce dipsogenic responses to angiotensin II, central cholinergic activation, water deprivation and increase in plasma osmolarity, atrial natriuretic peptide secretion produced by body fluid expansion and the increase in renal excretion to central cholinergic activation. Recent evidence also suggests the participation of AV3V region in pressor responses produced by the activation of medullary mechanisms.

Importância de Yersinia enterocolitica em microbiologia médica

Y. enterocolitica is a human invasive enteropathogen which causes a number of intestinal and extraintestinal clinical symptoms of various degrees of severity, ranging from mild gastroenteritis to mesenteric lymphadenitis, which mimics appendicitis and in rare cases can evolve to septicemia. Infection by Y. enterocolitica can also lead to post-infection immunological sequelae including arthritis, erythema nodosum and glomerulonephritis. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains have traditionally been linked to specific biotypes and serogroups and associated to a variety of phenotypic characteristics related to virulence. Molecular genetics studies have pointed to the importance of the pYV virulence plasmid, which encodes various virulence genes, as well that of specific chromosomal virulence genes, in determining the pathogenesis of this bacterium. Intestinal infections by Y. enterocolitica are mostly self-limiting and usually do not need an antibiotic treatment. The occurrence of this microorganism is not as frequently described in Brazil as it is in other countries, such as Japan, USA and many European countries. This review focuses on the general characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, virulence characteristics, treatment and antibiotic susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated in Brazil and around the world.

Avaliação da importância da unidade de conservação na preservação da diversidade de Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) no córrego Vargem Limpa, Bauru, Estado de Sáo Paulo

This study evaluated the water quality of the Vargem Limpa stream and tested the hypothesis that protected stretches of the aquatic system, located within a conservation unit, favor the preservation of the diversity of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera). Samplings were conducted in four stations, where some physical and chemical variables were measured. The results obtained by the study indicated the predominance of genera associated with arenaceous substrata, and that the stretches protected by the conservation unit presented better environmental conditions, with better-preserved Chironomidae diversity, demonstrating the importance of these areas in maintaining the diversity of Chironomidae.

A importância das informações aferentes podais para o controle postural

Introduction. The postural control involves a complex mechanism for connecting the afferent and efferent pathways and their integration into the central nervous system (CNS). Three systems are responsible to obtain outside information: visual, vestibular and sensory. Recent studies have shown that among such systems, the CNS shows a greater predilection for sensory information to postural control. Objective. Given this, the review proposes to discuss the feet sensory information importance and its reflection in postural control mechanisms. Method. For this reason, a literature search was carried out by PubMed and Bireme libraries, and papers of the last five years were selected. Specific books were also used. Discussion. Studies were separated into topics on sensory information integration to neuro-motor answer, postural feed-forward adjustments recruitment mechanisms; neuro-muscular coordination and synergy responses and the musculoskeletal tissues role. Conclusion. Despite has been found a large number of studies, the real mechanism that the CNS uses to filter, integrate and process the sensory information and select the appropriate motor response, be it for the movement or posture for the stabilization remains obscure.

Importância do modelo animal para testar hipóteses sobre a fisiopatologia do binômio diabetes e incontinência urinária feminina

Aims: To discuss the importance of studying animal models to test hypotheses about the mechanisms of urinary continence and pathophysiology of diabetes and urinary incontinence. Source of Data: A literature review was conducted in PubMed and SciELO. The key words used were diabetes, urinary incontinence, urethra, human and rats. Summary of Findings: There is a strong relation between the genesis of urinary incontinence and diabetes mellitus. Due to the similarity of normal distribution of skeletal muscle and urethra anatomy between humans and rats, these animal models have been used in current research about these disorders. Conclusions: The use of rats as an animal model is suitable for experimental studies that test hypotheses about the mechanisms of continence and pathophysiology of the binomial diabetes mellitus and urinary incontinence, thus enabling solutions of great value in clinical practice.

A importância do teste de tolerância à glicose oral no diagnóstico da intolerância à glicose e diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the importance of the oral glucose tolerance test for the diagnosis of glucose intolerance (GI) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) in women with PCOS. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 247 patients with PCOS selected at random. The diagnosis of GI was obtained from the two-hour oral glucose tolerance test with 75 g of glucose according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) (GI: 120 minutes for plasma glucose =140 mg/dL and <200 mg/dL), and the diagnosis of DM-2 was obtained by both the oral glucose tolerance test (DM: 120 minutes for plasma glucose =200 mg/dL) and fasting glucose using the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (impaired fasting glucose: fasting plasma glucose =100 and <126 mg/dL; DM: fasting glucose =126 mg/dL). A logistic regression model for repeated measures was applied to compare the oral glucose tolerance test with fasting plasma glucose. ANOVA followed by the Tukey test was used for the analysis of the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with and without GI and/or DM-2. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: PCOS patients had a mean age of 24.8±6.3, and body mass index (BMI) of 18.3 to 54.9 kg/m2 (32.5±7.6). The percentage of obese patients was 64%, the percentage of overweight patients was 18.6% and 17.4% had healthy weight. The oral glucose tolerance test identified 14 cases of DM-2 (5.7%), while fasting glucose detected only three cases (1.2%), and the frequency of these disorders was higher with increasing age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate the superiority of the oral glucose tolerance test in relation to fasting glucose in diagnosing DM-2 in young women with PCOS and should be performed in these patients.

Importância da criptosporidiose como zoonose

The protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium sp. are parasites that complete their life cycle on the surface of epithelial cells of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts of mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. Affected animals generally are asymptomatic but gastrointestinal disorders sometimes can be present. Criptoporidiosis is considered a zoonosis. Infected animals, especially cattle, are a source of infection for the environment and humans, because they eliminate large numbers of oocysts in their feces. The symptoms when present is characterized by watery diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal pain, weight loss and death, especially in immunosuppressed individuals, and especially in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and children. Therapeutic methods effective to eliminate this agent in animals and humans has not been developed but it is necessary to applied support treatment. Criptosporidiosis is considered by the World Health Organization as an emerging disease. Basic sanitation, use of appropriate methods for the inactivation of oocysts and security of personal hygiene are recommended as Prophylactic methods to minimize the spread of Cryptosporidium. This literature review was aimed at describing the importance of cryptosporidiosis in public health.

Avaliação auditiva por meio de potencial evocado auditivo em lactentes com indicadores de risco para deficiência auditiva. Qual a importância no diagnóstico e prognóstico?

Pós-graduação em Bases Gerais da Cirurgia - FMB

Importância da eletromiografia na avaliação funcional da musculatura do assoalho pélvico em mulheres nulíparas continentes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)