Effect of Different Solvent Ratios (Water/Ethylene Glycol) on the Growth Process of CaMoO(4) Crystals and Their Optical Properties

In this paper, calcium molybdate (CaMoO(4)) crystals (meso- and nanoscale) were synthesized by the coprecipitation method using different solvent volume ratios (water/ethylene glycol). Subsequently, the obtained suspensions were processed in microwave-assisted hydrothermal/solvothermal systems at 140 degrees C for 1 h. These meso- and nanocrystals processed were characterized by X-ray diffraction (X R I)), Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopies, held-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM). transmission electron microscopy (TEM). and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. X RI) patterns and FT-Raman spectra showed that these meso- and nanocrystals have a scheelite-type tetragonal structure without the presence of deleterious phases. FT-IR spectra exhibited a large absorption band situated at around 827 cm(-1), which is associated with the Mo-O anti-symmetric stretching vibrations into the [MoO(4)] clusters. FEG-SEM micrographs indicated that the ethylene glycol concentration in the aqueous solution plays an important role in the morphological evolution of CaMoO(4) crystals. High-resolution TEM micrographs demonstrated that the mesocrystals consist of several aggregated nanoparticles with electron diffraction patterns of monocrystal. In addition, the differences observed in the selected area electron diffraction patterns of CaMoO(4) crystals proved the coexistence of both nano- and mesostructures, First-principles quantum mechanical calculations based on the density functional theory at the B3LYP level were employed in order to understand the band structure find density of states For the CaMoO(4). UV-vis absorption measurements evidenced a variation in optical band gap values (from 3.42 to 3.72 cV) for the distinct morphologies. The blue and green PI. emissions observed in these crystals were ascribed to the intermediary energy levels arising from the distortions on the [MoO(4)] clusters clue to intrinsic defects in the lattice of anisotropic/isotropic crystals.

Xyloglucan nano-aggregates: Physico-chemical characterisation in buffer solution and potential application as a carrier for camptothecin, an anti-cancer drug

In this work, native xyloglucan was extracted from Tamarindus indica seeds (XGT), and its properties in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) were evaluated in comparison with a commercial tamarind kernel powder (TKP). The physico-chemical characteristics of the polysaccharides such as molar mass, critical concentration and intrinsic viscosity were determined. Furthermore, using spectroscopic and microscopy techniques, it was observed that the XGs tested can be considered macromolecules able to aggregate as nano-entities of 60-140 nm. The XGT tended to an ordered and compact spherical conformation determined by the Huggins constant, circular dichroism, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. After the determination of the properties in PBS the XGs, at concentrations of 25% above their critical aggregation concentration, were used to encapsulate camptothecin, an anti-cancer drug. The XGT sample showed an encapsulation efficiency of 42% and first-order drug delivery kinetics. These results demonstrated the importance of knowledge of the physico-chemical properties of polysaccharides, for example, to better conduct their biotechnological applications as drug carriers. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Iron oxyhydroxide nanostructured in montmorillonite clays: Preparation and characterization

Akaganeite is a very rare iron oxyhydroxide in nature. It can be obtained by many synthetic routes, but thermohydrolysis is the most common method reported in the literature. In this work, akaganeite-like materials were prepared through the thermohydrolysis of FeCl(3)center dot 6H(2)O in water and suspensions containing clay minerals. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data show that the clays determine the crystal phase and size of the iron oxyhydroxide crystals. According to XRD and FTIR data, beta-FeO(OH) (akaganeite) is the main metal oxyhydroxide phase. Considering the small basal spacing (d(0 0 1)) displacement observed when comparing the XRD patterns of pristine clays with the composites containing beta-FeO(OH), the iron oxyhydroxide should be mostly located on the basal and edge surfaces of the clay minerals. UV-Vis electronic absorption spectra indicate that the preferred phase of the iron oxyhydroxide is determined by the nature of the clay minerals. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Micro/nanostructured carbon composite modified with a hybrid redox mediator and enzymes as a glucose biosensor

A carbon micro/nanostructured composite based on cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) grown onto a carbon felt has been found to be an efficient matrix for enzyme immobilization and chemical signal transduction. The obtained CSCNT/felt was modified with a copper hexacyanoferrate/polypyrrole (CuHCNFe/Ppy) hybrid mediator, and the resulting composite electrode was applied to H(2)O(2) detection, achieving a sensitivity of 194 +/- 15 mu A mmol(-1) L. The results showed that the CSCNT/felt matrix significantly increased the sensitivity of CuHCNFe/Ppy-based sensors compared to those prepared on a felt unrecovered by CSCNTs. Our data revealed that the improved sensitivity of the as-prepared CuHCNFe/Ppy-CSCNT/felt composite electrode can be attributed to the electronic interactions taking place among the CuHCNFe nanocrystals, Ppy layer and CSCNTs. In addition, the presence of CSCNTs also seemed to favor the dispersion of CuHCNFe nanocrystals over the Ppy matrix, even though the CSCNTs were buried under the conducting polymer layer. The CSCNT/felt matrix also enabled the preparation of a glucose biosensor whose sensitivity could be tuned as a function of the number of glucose oxidase (GOx) layers deposited through a Layer-by-Layer technique with an sensitivity of 11 +/- 2 mu A mmol(-1) L achieved at 15 poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride)/GOx bilayers. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electrostatic layer-by-layer and electrophoretic depositions as methods for electrochromic nanoparticle immobilization

The present paper describes the immobilization of nanoparticles onto conducting substrates by using both electrostatic layer-by-layer and electrophoretic deposition (EPD) methods. These two techniques were compared in high-performance electrochromic electrodes based on mixed nickel hydroxide nanoparticles. In addition to easy handling, EPD seems to be the most suitable method for the immobilization of nanoparticles, leading to higher electrochromic efficiencies, lower response times and higher stability upon coloration and bleaching cycling. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Under flow impedimetric measurements using magnetic particles for label-free detection affinity target

The necessity to adapt sensors based on electrochemical techniques for high throughput analysis control increases the interest to develop new analytical systems able to perform measurements under buffer now. In this report we explored the possibility of employing a new system to make impedimetric measurements to detect the interaction between proteins and small molecules. The well-known biotin-streptavidin interaction was adopted to evaluate the proposed assembly. This system allows us to perform experiments under flow. Magnetic beads functionalized with streptavidin were used and first characterized using AFM and FTIR. Non-faradic impedance spectroscopy allowed the detection of the biotin-streptavidin interaction. Using our new system and under a flow of PBS buffer, 5 10-5 M of biotin was detected with a stable signal. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Extraction of cellulose whiskers from cassava bagasse and their applications as reinforcing agent in natural rubber

In this work cassava bagasse, a by-product of cassava starch industrialization was investigated as a new raw material to extract cellulose whiskers. This by-product is basically constituted of cellulose fibers (17.5 wt%) and residual starch (82 wt%). Therefore, this residue contains both natural fibers and a considerable quantity of starch and this composition suggests the possibility of using cassava bagasse to prepare both starch nanocrystals and cellulose whiskers. In this way, the preparation of cellulose whiskers was investigated employing conditions of sulfuric acid hydrolysis treatment found in the literature. The ensuing materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction experiments. The results showed that high aspect ratio cellulose whiskers were successfully obtained. The reinforcing capability of cellulose whiskers extracted from cassava bagasse was investigated using natural rubber as matrix. High mechanical properties were observed from dynamic mechanical analysis. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ethanol oxidation reactions using SnO(2)@Pt/C as an electrocatalyst

This paper presents a study on the ethanol oxidation reaction using SnO(2)@Pt/C core-shell structures as electrocatalysts. All the materials used, including Pt/C and PtSn/C E-tek, were 20% (w/w) metal on carbon. The formation of core-shell nanoparticles (SnO(2)@Pt/C) was measured by UV-vis spectrophotometry. X-ray diffraction measurements showed Pt (shell) diffraction patterns without influence from the SnO(2) core and without any shift in 2 theta values for Pt. The diameters of the core-shell particle structures, measured using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images, were in the range of 3-16 nm. The electrochemical profile for SnO(2)@Pt/C in an acidic medium (H(2)SO(4) at a concentration of 0.5 mol L(-1)) was almost the same as the typical electrochemical behavior for Pt in an acidic medium. Furthermore, the onset potential for the ethanol oxidation reaction using SnO(2)@Pt/C was almost the same as that for PtSn/C E-tek (0.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode). However, the mass current peak densities for ethanol oxidation were 50% higher on SnO(2)@Pt/C than on PtSn/C E-tek. In the polarization curve, the mass current density for ethanol oxidation was higher at all potentials for SnO(2)@Pt/C when compared to Pt/C and PtSn/C E-tek. At 0.5 V, the current mass density for ethanol oxidation on SnO(2)@Pt was 2.3 times of that for the same process on the commercial material. The electrocatalytic activity of SnO(2)@Pt/C for ethanol oxidation was associated with an increase in the electrochemically active surface area. However, an electronic effect should also be considered because the Pt shell changes its electronic structure in the presence of the foreign core. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of epinephrine in urine using multi-walled carbon nanotube modified with cobalt phthalocyanine in a paraffin composite electrode

This paper describes the development, electrochemical characterization and utilization of a cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc), modified multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and paraffin composite electrode for the quantitative determination of epinephrine (EP) in human urine samples. The electrochemical profile of the proposed composite electrode was analyzed by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) that showed a shift of the oxidation peak potential of EP at 175 mV to less positive value, compared with a paraffin/graphite composite electrode without CoPc. DPV experiments in PBS at pH 6.0 were performed to determine EP without any previous step of extraction, clean-up, and derivatization, in the range from 1.33 to 5.50 mu mol L(-1), with a detection limit of 15.6 nmol L(-1) (2.86) of EP in electrolyte prepared with purified water. The lifetime of the proposed sensors was at least over 1000 determinations with 1.7 and 3.1 repeatability and reproducibility relative standard deviations, respectively. Human urine samples without any purification step were successfully analyzed under the standard addition method using paraffin/MWCNT/CoPc composite electrode. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Extrusion and characterization of functionalized cellulose whiskers reinforced polyethylene nanocomposites

The surface of ramie cellulose whiskers has been chemically modified by grafting organic acid chlorides presenting different lengths of the aliphatic chain by an esterification reaction. The occurrence of the chemical modification was evaluated by FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, elemental analysis and contact angle measurements. The crystallinity of the particles was not altered by the chain grafting, but it was shown that covalently grafted chains were able to crystallize at the cellulose surface when using C18. Both unmodified and functionalized nanoparticles were extruded with low density polyethylene to prepare nanocomposite materials. The homogeneity of the ensuing nanocomposites was found to increase with the length of the grafted chains. The thermomechanical properties of processed nanocomposites were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile tests. A significant improvement in terms of elongation at break was observed when sufficiently long chains were grafted on the surface of the nanoparticles. It was ascribed to improved dispersion of the nanoparticles within the LDPE matrix. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Formation Mechanism via a Heterocoagulation Approach of FePt Nanoparticles Using the Modified Polyol Process

Herein, we report a new approach of an FePt nanoparticle formation mechanism studying the evolution of particle size and composition during the synthesis using the modified polyol process. One of the factors limiting their application in ultra-high-density magnetic storage media is the particle-to-particle composition, which affects the A1-to-L1(0) transformation as well as their magnetic properties. There are many controversies in the literature concerning the mechanism of the FePt formation, which seems to be the key to understanding the compositional chemical distribution. Our results convincingly show that, initially, Pt nuclei are formed due to reduction of Pt(acac)(2) by the diol, followed by heterocoagulation of Fe cluster species formed from Fe(acac)(3) thermal decomposition onto the Pt nuclei. Complete reduction of heterocoagulated iron species seems to involve a CO-spillover process, in which the Pt nuclei surface acts as a heterogeneous catalyst, leading to the improvement of the single-particle composition control and allowing a much narrower compositional distribution. Our results show significant decreases in the particle-to-particle composition range, improving the A1-to-L1(0) phase transformation and, consequently, the magnetic properties when compared with other reported methods.

Transporte espermático e resposta inflamatória na égua após a inseminação com diferentes concentrações de espermatozóides.

Normalmente, após a cobertura ou a inseminação artificial de éguas, ocorre uma endometrite aguda transitória em resposta ao sêmen e bactérias no útero. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o transporte espermático e a intensidade da reação inflamatória uterina, 2h, 4h ou 24h após a inseminação com sêmen resfriado, são influenciados pela concentração espermática na dose inseminante. Para tal, foram utilizadas 192 éguas em cio, com folículo dominante ≥35 mm, sem crescimento bacteriano e livres de PMNs aos exames uterinos complementares. As éguas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em grupos e inseminadas com 20 ml contendo 100x106 (n=30), 500x106 (n=27) ou 1000x106 (n=31) espermatozóides diluídos em solução de 3 ml de plasma seminal e 17 ml de leite desnatado, refrigerado e armazenado por 18 a 22 horas, ou infundidas com 20 ml de plasma seminal (n=33), ou com 20 ml de leite desnatado (n=38). As éguas foram abatidas duas, quatro ou 24h após as inseminações ou infusões. O grupo controle (n=33) não recebeu nenhum tratamento. Os ovidutos foram separados do útero, sendo útero e ovidutos lavados separadamente com PBS. Uma amostra do lavado de cada oviduto foi examinada para contagem de espermatozóides e uma amostra de cada lavado uterino foi utilizada para contagem de leucócitos. Após as lavagens, foi retirada uma amostra de endométrio para exame histopatológico. As éguas inseminadas e infundidas apresentaram reação inflamatória significativamente maior que as éguas do grupo controle, no decorrer das 24 horas. A reação inflamatória foi significativamente maior nas éguas inseminadas que nas infundidas. A reação inflamatória apresentou correlação com a concentração espermática (r=0,389). O número de éguas apresentando espermatozóides nos ovidutos não foi diferente nos grupos inseminados. Concluiu-se que componentes da dose inseminante provocam uma resposta inflamatória, sendo esta tanto mais severa e de resolução mais rápida, quanto maior for a concentração espermática. Por outro lado, até as quatro horas pós-inseminação, o transporte espermático independe da concentração espermática utilizada.

Controle da diarréia suína no período de aleitamento através do fornecimento de gemas de ovos de galinhas hiperimunizadas contra Escherichia coli suína

Foi estudado o efeito das gemas de ovos de aves hiperimunizadas contra Escherichia coli patogênica para suínos sobre a imunidade passiva (IP) de leitões recém-nascidos em uma unidade produtora de leitões (UPL). Foram avaliados densidade ótica do ELISA (DO), peso corporal (PC) e ocorrência de diarréia diária (OcD) em 137 leitões recém-nascidos oriundos de 25 fêmeas primíparas não vacinadas contra E. coli. De cada fêmea, foram separados 6 leitões recémnascidos de ambos os sexos, excluindo-se os mais leves e os mais pesados, divididos em 3 tratamentos e 2 repetições. A análise estatística para DO e PC foi realizada através de ANOVA, a comparação de médias entre tratamentos pelo Lsmeans e o teste do qui-quadradro para a OcD. As gemas estavam armazenadas à -5ºC, in natura e, minutos antes do fornecimento, foram descongeladas e diluídas em 15 mL de uma solução tampão (PBS). Os tratamentos foram fornecidos via oral, tendo sido os seguintes: T1: 2mL de PBS (controle) em 2 doses, a primeira ao nascer e a segunda 2 horas após o nascimento; T2: 2mL de gemas de ovos com título de 100.000 de anticorpos (IgY) contra E. coli em 2 doses, ao nascer e 2 horas após o nascimento; T3: idem ao T2, além de 2mL de gema de 3 em 3 dias até os leitões completarem 12 dias de idade. Foram realizadas duas coletas de sangue em 1 leitão/tratamento/porca: a primeira às 24 horas e a segunda aos 14 dias de idade. O título de IgY contra E. coli dos soros foi determinado por ELISA. A DO do ELISA dos leitões de T2 e T3 foi significativamente maior às 24 horas e aos 14 dias em relação ao controle (P≤0,0001). T3, T2 e T1 permaneceram 87, 79 e 72,5% do tempo estudado sem diarréia (P≤X20,0001). Os animais de T3 foram significativamente mais pesados do que os do T1 (P≤0,08), mas não diferiram de T2. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o uso de gemas de aves hiperimunizadas contra E. coli age efetivamente na prevenção da diarréia dos leitões e o seu uso contínuo é mais vantajoso do que o fornecimento somente ao nascer.

Estudos sobre a ação de leucócitos no endométrio de éguas.

As endometrites bacterianas são uma das principais causas de infertilidade na égua. Entre os tratamentos utilizados nesta patologia, estão as infusões uterinas de plasma homólogo acrescido de leucócitos e a infusão de leucócitos heterólogos criopreservados. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar testes in vivo e in vitro, que foram descritos em dois artigos. No primeiro artigo, objetivou-se avaliar in vitro a quimiotaxia dos leucócitos eqüinos em relação a diferentes quimioatraentes, bem como sua vitalidade e produção de radicais livres de oxigênio (ROS) pós-descongelamento. No experimento 1, testou-se dextrose em concentrações de 0, 1, 2 e 6%, acrescida ou não de interleucina-8 (IL-8), como quimioatraente para leucócitos eqüinos suspensos em salina fosfatada tamponada (PBS) ou em R3F; no experimento 2, testou-se plasma homólogo ou heterólogo, a 3% (com ou sem IL-8), 10, 30, 60 e 90%, como quimioatraente; no experimento 3, foi testada a quimiotaxia de leucócitos íntegros em relação a diferentes quantidades de leucócitos lisados. O experimento 4 avaliou a vitalidade e a geração de ROS pelos leucócitos após o descongelamento, comparando quatro graus de diluição em NaCl e PBS. Concluiu-se que a dextrose não apresenta bom efeito quimioatraente para leucócitos eqüinos. Dentre as concentrações de plasma utilizadas, concentrações de plasma homólogo entre 10% e 60% apresentam bom efeito quimiotático. Já o plasma heterólogo apresentou boa atração de leucócitos quando em concentrações de 10% e de 30% Na concentração de 10x106/mL, os leucócitos lisados foram capazes de atrair leucócitos em proporção semelhante à da IL-8. Com relação aos testes-pós-descongelamento, células ressuspendidas em PBS ou NaCl apresentam vitalidade e geração de radicais livres de oxigênio semelhantes, quando incubados por até 15 minutos. No segundo artigo, realizaram-se testes in vivo compararando cinco tratamentos em éguas, em estro, experimentalmente infectadas com Streptococcus equi subsp.zooepidemicus. Foram utilizadas 25 éguas, 20 consideradas resistentes, e 5 éguas susceptíveis à endometrite. Após 24 horas, os animais foram submetidos a exame clínico, bacteriológico e citológico. Com a presença de quadro clínico de endometrite, as éguas eram submetidas a um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1-Infusão de 120mL de plasma homológo com de leucócitos frescos; 2-– Infusão de 4 mL contendo 800 x 106 leucócitos íntegros, congelados; 3-Leucócitos lisados - Infusão de 4 mL contendo 800 x 106 leucócitos lisados; 4- IL-8- Infusão de 4 mL contendo 25 ng/mL de IL-8 congelada; 5-Controle – Infusão de 4 mL de meio R3F congelado. Os exames clínico, bacteriológico e citológico foram realizados diariamente até o sétimo dia pós-infecção, ou até a eliminação da bactéria, ou até a ausência de neutrófilos no esfregaço citológico. Após os exames, as éguas receberam o tratamento designado, sendo estes realizados diariamente até a ausência de crescimento bacteriano no exame microbiológico ou por, no máximo, quatro dias. No sétimo dia, todas as éguas foram tratadas com infusão intra-uterina de 5.000.000 UI de penicilina G potássica cristalina. Após o término de um tratamento, aguardava-se cerca de sete dias para a reinfecção, num outro ciclo, quando um outro tratamento era aplicados. Todas as éguas foram submetidas a todos os tratamentos, perfazendo um total de 125 infecções experimentais num delineamento experimental do tipo Quadrado Latino. Não se observaram diferenças significativas no tempo de eliminação bacteriana nas éguas resistentes. Entretanto, nas éguas susceptíveis, observou-se uma cura bacteriana mais rápida quando as éguas foram tratadas com leucócitos frescos, leucócitos congelados e leucócitos lisados, em relação às tratadas com IL-8 e as do grupo controle. Concluiu-se que o efeito bactericida dos leucócitos viáveis ou lisados, associados ou não à presença de fatores de opsonização do plasma, foi o responsável pela cura bacteriológica e que o efeito quimioatraente de neutrófilos, plasma, restos celulares e IL-8 não influiu no tempo de eliminação bacteriana.

Ocorrência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii e avaliação da imunização em caprinos do sertão do cabugi, Rio Grande do Norte

Toxoplasmosis is one zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii protozoan. Goats, amongst the production animals, are one of the species most susceptible to this parasite, being one them main involved agents in ovine and goat abortions, determining great economic losses and implications for public health, since the presence it parasite in the products of goat origin, consist in one of the main sources of infection for the man. In this study 244 blood samples in 8 farms situated in 4 cities from the Sertão do Cabugi region, Rio Grande do Norte State, northeast of Brazil and, tested by ELISA assay. The results had shown a prevalence of 47.13% for anti- T. gondii antibodies and a significant association between positivity and variable evaluated as age, locality and property. The IgG avidity assay evaluated in 115 positive samples was carried to discriminate acute and chronic infection. Twelve samples (10.4%) had presented antibodies of low avidity while 103 (89.6%) presented high avidity antibodies; indicating that most of the animals was precocious exposure to the parasite. Significant difference was verified only for the variable sex. We also evaluate the capacity of recombinant adenoviruses codifying SAG1, SAG2, SAG3 and CMV in inducing activation of specific immune response in goat. These 109 animals received 109 pfu of the AdSAG1, AdSAG2, AdSAG3, AdCMV or PBS in vaccine protocol with 3 immunizations. Serum samples of the each animal, before and after mmunization, had been submitted to the ELISA. The results demonstrate that the immunizations had induced the production of IgG antibodies specific against T. gondii proteins