Rat pinealectomy: a modified direct visual approach

PURPOSE: To report a new, direct visual approach for rat pinealectomy. METHODS: Eighty adult female rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus EPM-1 strain) were weighted and anesthetized intraperitoneally with 15 mg/kg xylazine and 30 mg/kg ketamine. The animal was fastened to a dissection table, an incision was made in the skin and the subcutaneous tissue, bringing the lambda into view. The skullcap was opened with a dental drill, bringing the cerebral hemispheres and the superior sagittal sinus into view. The pineal gland, located under the venous sinus, was removed in a single piece using tweezers. Next, the bone fragment was returned to its place and the surgical layers were sutured. RESULTS: This new technique is easy to be done, avoids bleedings and removes only the pineal gland without damage to the remaining encephalon. In addition it makes possible the achievement of a sham surgery, allowing the pineal gland to remain intact. CONCLUSION: The proposed technique intends to facilitate studies aiming to better understanding the complexity and importance of the pineal gland on reproductive and other body systems.

STM probing of local oscillations of the Fano-Kondo effect: a Doniach-Sunjic approach for the Kondo peak

The use of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) for the investigation of Kondo adatoms on normal metallic surfaces reveals a Fano-Kondo behavior of the conductance as a function of the tip bias. In this work, the Doniach-Sunjic expression is used to describe the Kondo peak and we analyze the effect of a complex Fano phase, arising from an external magnetic field, on the conductance pattern. It is demonstrated that such phase generates local oscillations of the Fano-Kondo line shape and can lead to the suppression of anti-resonances.

Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in the subequatorial Amazon: a time series approach

The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of the daily variation in concentrations of fine particulate matter (diameter less than 2.5µm - PM2.5) resulting from the burning of biomass on the daily number of hospitalizations of children and elderly people for respiratory diseases, in Alta Floresta and Tangará da Serra in the Brazilian Amazon in 2005. This is an ecological time series study that uses data on daily number of hospitalizations of children and the elderly for respiratory diseases, and estimated concentration of PM2.5. In Alta Floresta, the percentage increases in the relative risk (%RR) of hospitalization for respiratory diseases in children were significant for the whole year and for the dry season with 3-4 day lags. In the dry season these measurements reach 6% (95%CI: 1.4-10.8). The associations were sig-nificant for moving averages of 3-5 days. The %RR for the elderly was significant for the current day of the drought, with a 6.8% increase (95%CI: 0.5-13.5) for each additional 10µg/m3 of PM2.5. No as-sociations were verified for Tangara da Serra. The PM2.5 from the burning of biomass increased hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in children and the elderly.

A sexualidade de adolescentes vivendo com HIV: direitos e desafios para o cuidado

Sexualidade e saúde reprodutiva configuram questões relevantes para o cuidado integral à saúde de pessoas vivendo com HIV. Políticas públicas e serviços de saúde, entretanto, têm dedicado insuficiente atenção ao assunto. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender como adolescentes e jovens soropositivos lidam com suas experiências sexuais e projetos de namoro, desejo de constituir família e de ter filhos. O estudo qualitativo entrevistou em profundidade 21 adolescentes vivendo com HIV (por transmissão vertical, sexual ou sanguínea) e 13 cuidadores de crianças e jovens, vivendo em São Paulo e em Santos, Brasil. As narrativas descrevem como aprenderam a lidar com a sexualidade e a ansiedade da revelação do diagnóstico nesse contexto. Destacam-se nas narrativas o despreparo, a desinformação sobre prevenção e a falta de apoio para lidar com a situação, assim como o estigma e a discriminação que atravessa grande parte das dificuldades relatadas. O artigo discute criticamente alguns dos desafios postos para uma adequada atenção à questão no Brasil, especialmente a consideração de jovens soropositivos como sujeitos de direitos sexuais, sugerindo diretrizes para a incorporação desta temática a um cuidado integral e humanizado de crianças e jovens vivendo com HIV.

Estratégias de pré-concentração em eletroforese capilar: parte 2. Manipulação da velocidade da fase dispersa/secundária

This work describes CE preconcentration strategies based on the effect of manipulation of the disperse/secondary velocity. Introduced by Terabe et al. in 1984, micellar electrokinetic chromatography is a powerful separation approach that increases the usage of electrokinetic phenomena for the separation of nonionic compounds. The main disadvantage of MEKC is the low concentration sensitivity associated with the limited optical path length for on-capillary photometric detection and the limited volume of sample solution that can be injected. This paper compiles on-line concentration strategies for neutral analytes by sample stacking and sweeping in micellar electrokinetic chromatography.

Anthropogenic influences in a lagoonal environment: a multiproxy approach at the valo grande mouth, Cananéia-Iguape system (SE Brazil)

The Cananéia-Iguape system, SE Brazil, consists of a complex of lagoonal channels, located in a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Biosphere Reserve. Nevertheless, important environmental changes have occurred in approximately the last 150 yrs due to the opening of an artificial channel, the Valo Grande, connecting the Ribeira de Iguape River to the lagoonal system. Our objective is to assess the historical record of the uppermost layers of the sedimentary column of the lagoonal system in order to determine the history of environmental changes caused by the opening of the artificial channel. In this sense, an integrated geochemical-faunal approach is used. The environmental changes led significant modifications in salinity, in changes of the depositional patterns of sediments and foraminiferal assemblages (including periods of defaunation), and, more drastically, in the input of heavy metals to the coastal environment. The concentrations Pb in the core analyzed here were up to two times higher than the values measured in contaminated sediments from the Santos estuary, the most industrialized coastal zone in Brazil.

A incorporação da avaliação da atenção básica no nível estadual do Sistema Único de Saúde através de processos participativos de ensino-aprendizagem-trabalho

OBJETIVOS: desenvolver uma metodologia de intervenção e aplicá-la às equipes das Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde (SES) objetivando incorporar a prática de monitoramento e avaliação da atenção básica através de processo de capacitação e realização de atividade real de planejamento e programação em saúde. MÉTODOS: foi desenvolvido um processo de ensino-aprendizagem-trabalho que incorporou ao processo de capacitação uma atividade de planejamento em saúde. A qualidade dos dois processos é assegurada através do estabelecimento de princípios e critérios para a organização da capacitação, para a elaboração da proposta metodológica de monitoramento e avaliação e para a condução didático-pedagógica do curso. RESULTADOS: a metodologia foi aplicada nos Estados de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Tocantins (TO) e Amazonas (AM), respeitando as particularidades locais em termos de organização da SES e da qualificação e capacidade dos técnicos responsáveis pela atenção básica. Foram produzidas propostas metodológicas estruturalmente semelhantes, mas diferentes nas suas prioridades e propostas de desenvolvimento. Dois anos após o término da intervenção, efeitos desse trabalho ainda estão sendo identificados. CONCLUSÕES: os resultados obtidos em MS, TO e AM revelam a capacidade que a abordagem baseada na tríade ensino-aprendizagem-trabalho possui para a institucionalização de novas práticas de trabalho nos serviços de saúde.

Avaliação da qualidade da atenção básica utilizando a doença respiratória da infância como traçador, em um distrito sanitário do município de São Paulo

OBJECTIVES: to assess quality of the primary care using respiratory diseases as a tracer. METHODS: the evaluative approach is based on Donabedian's referencial connected to Kessner's tracers methodology. The sample is formed by 768 children from 0 to 5 years old, presenting respiratory symptoms, attended at seven basic health units from the Sanitary District of Brasilândia, in the city of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Medical registrations and interviews with mothers or responsibles were the information sources. RESULTS: more accurate child medical examination evidences significant association with favorable evolution, mainly on moderate clinical forms. Although aspects related to the accessibility demonstrated by the health team seem to influence decisively on care quality evaluated by users, mainly the medical doctor. Mothers education level appears to have no influence in the favorable evolution. CONCLUSIONS: the tracer methodology has the potentiality to facilitate the critical analysis of the health care. It is important to focus on the outcome of the health care. The children respiratory diseases are important tracer for the quality assessment on health services.

Ações de saúde mental na atenção básica: caminho para ampliação da integralidade da atenção

A great challenge for the primary healthcare system, implemented by the strategy called the Family Health Program, is to incorporate actions for facing situations of violence and mental health problems. This study analyzed the care delivered to 411 children between five and eleven years of age in a primary care unit in the city of São Paulo. The clinical findings were compared to a standard inventory of symptoms (CBCL). In addition, semi-structured interviews were held with pediatricians. The study shows low capacity of the pediatricians to recognize mental health problems in children. This is mainly due to deficiencies in their training and lack of possibilities for concrete intervention to face a complaint or diagnostic hypothesis. The reorganization process of primary care will need to provide specific technical support in mental health, incorporating more appropriate technologies for intervention such as a humanized approach and qualified listening. The inclusion of psychosocial aspects in the everyday practice of primary care will make it possible to broaden the concept of health and open way for an integrated approach to situations of violence related to children assisted by the primary care network of the Brazilian Health System.

Declarações de nascidos mortos no município de São Paulo: avaliação descritiva do preenchimento

OBJECTIVES: to study the information contained in Stillbirth Registers (SBRs) in the Municipality of São Paulo. METHODS: the adequacy of the filling out of SBR forms was assessed on the basis of the SBRs (6722) made available by the FSEADE (Foundation for Statistical Data Analysis System), using a Data Completion Index (DCI), making it possible to compare the three years studied (2001-3). Variables relating to the mother and the fetus were included where the DCI was greater than 10%. Education, parity, place of residence, birth type, for the mother and weight, gestational age and underlying cause of death, for the fetus. RESULTS: the absolute stillbirth component changed little in the first two of the three years, falling slightly in the third. The variable most frequently registered was sex (98%), followed by place of residence (82.9%) and parity (70%). The data least often registered were those relating to the mother's age and schooling, 20.0% and 16.7%, respectively. The underlying cause was recorded in 46.7%, fetal weight in 37% and type of birth in 25.3%. CONCLUSIONS: the data demonstrate that the difficulty encountered in incorporating this health indicator into the traditional set of indicators is in part due to the inadequacy of the data provided on the SBR form.

The bubbles or the boiling pot?: an ecosystemic approach to culture, environment and quality of life

For the diagnosis and prognosis of the problems of quality of life, a multidisciplinary ecosystemic approach encompasses four dimensions of being-in-the-world, as donors and recipients: intimate, interactive, social and biophysical. Social, cultural and environmental vulnerabilities are understood and dealt with, in different circumstances of space and time, as the conjugated effect of all dimensions of being-in-the-world, as they induce the events (deficits and assets), cope with consequences (desired or undesired) and contribute for change. Instead of fragmented and reduced representations of reality, diagnosis and prognosis of cultural, educational, environmental and health problems considers the connections (assets) and ruptures (deficits) between the different dimensions, providing a planning model to develop and evaluate research, teaching programmes, public policies and field projects. The methodology is participatory, experiential and reflexive; heuristic-hermeneutic processes unveil cultural and epistemic paradigms that orient subject-object relationships; giving people the opportunity to reflect on their own realities, engage in new experiences and find new ways to live better in a better world. The proposal is a creative model for thought and practice, providing many opportunities for discussion, debate and development of holistic projects integrating different scientific domains (social sciences, psychology, education, philosophy, etc.)

Chemometric Studies on Natural Products as Potential Inhibitors of the NADH Oxidase from Trypanosoma cruzi Using the VolSurf Approach

Natural products have widespread biological activities, including inhibition of mitochondrial enzyme systems. Some of these activities, for example cytotoxicity, may be the result of alteration of cellular bioenergetics. Based on previous computer-aided drug design (CADD) studies and considering reported data on structure-activity relationships (SAR), an assumption regarding the mechanism of action of natural products against parasitic infections involves the NADH-oxidase inhibition. In this study, chemometric tools, such as: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Consensus PCA (CPCA), and partial least squares regression (PLS), were applied to a set of forty natural compounds, acting as NADH-oxidase inhibitors. The calculations were performed using the VolSurf+ program. The formalisms employed generated good exploratory and predictive results. The independent variables or descriptors having a hydrophobic profile were strongly correlated to the biological data.