Heart rate variability in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Respostas da frequência cardíaca ao teste de 1RM e da modulação autonômica da frequência cardíaca no período de recuperação em indivíduos com fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares

Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Humano e Tecnologias - IBRC

Correlation between heart rate variability indexes and aerobic physiological variables in patients with COPD

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Analysis of autonomic modulation after an acute session of resistance exercise at different intensities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Role of cholinergic and adrenergic pathways of the medial septal area in the control of water intake and renal excretion in rats

In this study, we investigated an interaction between noradrenergic and cholinergic pathways of the medial septal area (MSA) on the control of water intake and urinary electrolyte excretion by means of injection of their respective agonists. Noradrenaline (a nonspecific α-adrenergic agonist) and clonidine (an α2-adrenergic agonist), but not phenylephrine (an α1-adrenergic agonist), induced natriuresis and kaliuresis. α-Adrenergic activation had no effect on the natriuresis and kaliuresis induced by carbachol (a cholinergic agonist) and it inhibited the antinatriuresis and antikaliuresis induced by isoproterenol (a ß-adrenergic agonist). Interactions related to volume excretion are complex. α-Adrenergic activation induced a mild diuresis and inhibited the antidiuresis induced by isoproterenol, but phenylephrine combined with carbachol induced antidiuresis. The water intake induced by carbachol was inhibited by clonidine and noradrenaline, but not phenylephrine. These results show an asymmetry in the interaction between α-adrenergic and cholinergic receptors concerning water intake and electrolyte excretion. © 1992.

Impact of functional training on cardiac autonomic modulation, cardiopulmonary parameters and quality of life in healthy women

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamentode Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Role of the medial septal area on the cardiovascular, fluid and electrolytic responses to angiotensin II and cholinergic activation into the subfornical organ in rats

In the present study we investigated the effect of electrolytic lesion of the medial septal area (MSA) on the pressor and dipsogenic response to cholinergic activation and angiotensin II (ANGII) injection into the subfornical organ (SFO) in rats. In addition the effect of MSA lesion on the natriuresis, kaliuresis and diuresis after cholinergic activation of the SFO was also investigated. Sham- and MSA-lesioned rats with a stainless steel cannula implanted into the SFO was used. The injection of ANGII (12 ng) into the SFO in sham rats produced pressor (24 ± 2 mmHg) and dipsogenic (9.6 ± 1.1 ml/h) responses. MSA lesion, both acute (2-6 days) and chronic (15-19 days), reduced the pressor (14 ± 2 mmHg) and dipsogenic (2.7 ± 1 ml/h) responses to ANGII into SFO. The injection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (2 nmol) into the SFO in sham rats produced pressor (48 ± 4 mmHg), dipsogenic (10 ± 1.2 ml/h), natriuretic (457 ± 58 μEq/2 h) and kaliuretic (249 ± 16 μEq/2 h) responses. Acute, but not chronic MSA lesion reduced the pressor (27 ± 3 mmHg), natriuretic (198 ± 55 μEq/2 h) and kaliuretic (128 ± 16 μEq/2 h) responses to carbachol into SFO. No change in the dipsogenic response to carbachol into the SFO was observed in MSA-lesioned rats. Antidiuresis after carbachol was observed only in MSA-lesioned rats. The present results show that the MSA plays a role on the pressor, natriuretic and kaliuretic responses to cholinergic activation of the SFO in rats and on the pressor and dipsogenic responses to ANGII into the same area. In addition, they provide circumstancial evidence for separate circuits subserving the dipsogenic response to central cholinergic and angiotensinergic activation. A facilited diuresis after MSA lesion is also suggested.

Influência da neuromodulação parassimpática durante a indução da periodontite em camundongos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

AGE INFLUENCE ON THE HEART RATE BEHAVIOR ON THE REST-EXERCICIO TRANSITION: AN ANALYSIS BY DELTAS AND LINEAR REGRESSION

Background: Changes in heart rate during rest-exercise transition can be characterized by the application of mathematical calculations, such as deltas 0-10 and 0-30 seconds to infer on the parasympathetic nervous system and linear regression and delta applied to data range from 60 to 240 seconds to infer on the sympathetic nervous system. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that young and middle-aged subjects have different heart rate responses in exercise of moderate and intense intensity, with different mathematical calculations. Methods: Seven middle-aged men and ten young men apparently healthy were subject to constant load tests (intense and moderate) in cycle ergometer. The heart rate data were submitted to analysis of deltas (0-10, 0-30 and 60-240 seconds) and simple linear regression (60-240 seconds). The parameters obtained from simple linear regression analysis were: intercept and slope angle. We used the Shapiro-Wilk test to check the distribution of data and the "t" test for unpaired comparisons between groups. The level of statistical significance was 5%. Results: The value of the intercept and delta 0-10 seconds was lower in middle age in two loads tested and the inclination angle was lower in moderate exercise in middle age. Conclusion: The young subjects present greater magnitude of vagal withdrawal in the initial stage of the HR response during constant load exercise and higher speed of adjustment of sympathetic response in moderate exercise.

Muscarinic cholinergic regulation of cardiac myocyte ICa-L is absent in mice with targeted disruption of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Cardiac myocytes have been shown to express constitutively endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (nitric oxide synthase 3), the activation of which has been implicated in the regulation of myocyte L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel current (ICa-L) and myocyte contractile responsiveness to parasympathetic nervous system signaling, although this implication remains controversial. Therefore, we examined the effect of the muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh) on ICa-L and contractile amplitude in isoproterenol (ISO)-prestimulated ventricular myocytes isolated from adult mice, designated eNOSnull mice, with targeted disruption of the eNOS gene. Although both eNOSnull and wild-type (WT) ventricular myocytes exhibited similar increases in ICa-L in response to ISO, there was no measurable suppression of ICa-L by CCh in cells from eNOSnull mice, in contrast to cells from WT mice. These results were reflected in the absence of an effect of CCh on the positive inotropic effect of ISO in eNOSnull myocytes. Also, unlike myocytes from WT animals, eNOSnull myocytes failed to exhibit an increase in cGMP content in response to CCh. Nevertheless, the pharmacologic nitric oxide donors 3-morpholino-sydnonimine and S-nitroso-acetyl-cystein increased cGMP generation and suppressed ISO-augmented ICa-L in eNOSnull cells, suggesting that the signal transduction pathway(s) downstream of eNOS remained intact. Of importance, activation of the acetylcholine-activated K+ channel by CCh was unaffected in atrial and ventricular eNOSnull myocytes. These results confirm the obligatory role of eNOS in coupling muscarinic receptor activation to cGMP-dependent control of ICa-L in cardiac myocytes.

Autonomic correlates of ocular accommodation and cardiovascular function

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hypothesis that objective measures of open- and closed-loop ocular accommodation are related to systemic cardiovascular function, and ipso facto autonomic nervous system activity. METHODS: Sixty subjects (29 male; 31 female) varying in age from 18 to 33 years (average: 20.3 +/- 2.9 years) with a range of refractive errors [mean spherical equivalent (MSE): -7.12 to +1.82 D] participated in the study. Five 20-s continuous objective recordings of the accommodative response, measured with an open-view IR autorefractor (Shin-Nippon SRW-5000), were obtained for a variety of open- and closed-loop accommodative demands while simultaneous continuous measurement of heart rate was recorded with a finger-mounted piezo-electric pulse transducer for 5 min. Fast Fourier Transformation of cardiovascular function allowed the absolute and relative power of the autonomic components to be assessed in the frequency-domain, whereas heart period gave an indication of the time-domain response. RESULTS: Increasing closed-loop accommodative demand led to a concurrent increase in heart rate of approximately 2 beats/min for a 4.0 D increase in accommodative demand. The increase was attributable to a reduction in the absolute (p < 0.05) and normalised (p < 0.001) input of the systemic parasympathetic nervous system, and was unaffected by refractive group. The interaction with refractive group failed to reach significance. CONCLUSIONS: For sustained accommodation effort, the data demonstrate covariation between the oculomotor and cardiovascular systems which implies that a near visual task can significantly influence cardiovascular behaviour. Accommodative effort alone, however, is not a sufficient stimulus to induce autonomic differences between refractive groups. The data suggest that both the oculomotor and cardiovascular systems are predominantly attributable to changes in the systemic parasympathetic nervous system.

Psychophysiological responses to visceral and somatic pain in functional chest pain identify clinically relevant pain clusters

Background: Despite chronic pain being a feature of functional chest pain (FCP) its experience is variable. The factors responsible for this variability remain unresolved. We aimed to address these knowledge gaps, hypothesizing that the psychophysiological profiles of FCP patients will be distinct from healthy subjects. Methods: 20 Rome III defined FCP patients (nine males, mean age 38.7 years, range 28-59 years) and 20 healthy age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched controls (nine males, mean 38.2 years, range 24-49) had anxiety, depression, and personality traits measured. Subjects had sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system parameters measured at baseline and continuously thereafter. Subjects received standardized somatic (nail bed pressure) and visceral (esophageal balloon distension) stimuli to pain tolerance. Venous blood was sampled for cortisol at baseline, post somatic pain and post visceral pain. Key Results: Patients had higher neuroticism, state and trait anxiety, and depression scores but lower extroversion scores vs controls (all p < 0.005). Patients tolerated less somatic (p < 0.0001) and visceral stimulus (p = 0.009) and had a higher cortisol at baseline, and following pain (all p < 0.001). At baseline, patients had a higher sympathetic tone (p = 0.04), whereas in response to pain they increased their parasympathetic tone (p ≤ 0.008). The amalgamating the data, we identified two psychophysiologically distinct 'pain clusters'. Patients were overrepresented in the cluster characterized by high neuroticism, trait anxiety, baseline cortisol, pain hypersensitivity, and parasympathetic response to pain (all p < 0.03). Conclusions & Inferences: In future, such delineations in FCP populations may facilitate individualization of treatment based on psychophysiological profiling. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Sympathetic control of accommodation:evidence for inter-subject variation

Autonomic innervation of ciliary smooth muscle is mediated principally by the parasympathetic nervous system and is supplemented by the sympathetic nervous system. Previous drug and nerve stimulation experiments on humans and animals have demonstrated that sympathetic innervation is inhibitory (via β-2 adrenoceptors), relatively small, slow and augmented by concurrent levels of background parasympathetic activity. These characteristics are pertinent to the sympathetic system having a specific role in our ability to adapt successfully to sustained near vision tasks and, given the clear association between near vision and the onset and development of myopia, to a putative aetiological role in myopia development in pre-disposed individuals. A fifth characteristic, namely the variation between individuals in access to an inhibitory sympathetic facility is therefore of particular interest. A novel method for continuous recording of accommodation, currently employed in a large sample longitudinal study of myopia in young adults, was used following topical instillation of non-selective (timolol) and selective (betaxolol) sympathetic β-adrenoceptor antagonists. Measures of post-task accommodative hysteresis were taken with reference to the time-course of regression of accommodation when open-loop (Difference of Gaussian) conditions were immediately imposed following short (10 s) and long (3 min) duration far (0D) and near (3D above tonic level) tasks viewed through a Badal system. Data confirm earlier informal experimental observations that only one in three individuals are likely to have access to a sympathetic inhibitory facility during sustained near vision. © 2002 The College of Optometrists.

Mobilisation des dépôts ectopiques de tissu adipeux : ses implications dans la résolution des comorbidités associées à l'obésité sévère suivant une chirurgie bariatrique

La prévalence de l’obésité sévère ne cesse d’augmenter. La problématique associée à l’obésité sévère est la présence possible de nombreuses comorbidités qui peuvent coexister et altérer le système cardiovasculaire, pulmonaire, endocrinien, articulaire et même favoriser le développement de certains cancers. L’excès de poids, plus particulièrement l’excès de tissu adipeux, sont tous deux liés au développement de ces comorbidités. Aucune donnée n’est disponible quant au rôle de la déposition ectopique du tissu adipeux. Considérant le caractère morbide de l’obésité sévère, la mortalité de toute cause augmentée et l’espérance de vie réduite, à ce jour le seul traitement dit efficace à long terme pour le traitement de l’obésité sévère est la chirurgie bariatrique. L’efficacité est définie par la perte de poids, le maintien à long terme de cette perte de poids ainsi que par l’amélioration ou la résolution des comorbidités. L’intérêt clinique et scientifique pour la chirurgie bariatrique est grandissant. Un nombre important d’études s’intéresse aux mécanismes sous-jacents de la résolution des comorbidités. Le diabète de type 2 est la comorbidité la plus étudiée et peu d’études se sont intéressées aux déterm meil.inants de la résolution de l’hypertension artérielle et de l’apnée obstructive du som Comme premier objectif, cette thèse visait à caractériser les différences de la composition corporelle et de la distribution du tissu adipeux de patients obèses sévères avec ou sans diagnostic de diabète de type 2, d’hypertension artérielle et d’apnée obstructive du sommeil. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse visait à comparer l’évolution postopératoire suite à une chirurgie bariatrique sur les changements de la composition corporelle et de la distribution du tissu adipeux selon le statut de résolution du diabète de type 2, de l’hypertension artérielle et de l’apnée obstructive du sommeil. De plus, considérant le peu d’évidences dans la littérature au sujet des déterminants de la résolution de l’hypertension artérielle et de l’apnée obstructive du sommeil, l’évaluation du profil inflammatoire, des adipokines et de l’activité du système nerveux autonome ont aussi été caractérisés. Premièrement, nous avons documenté qu’en présence d’obésité sévère, la déposition ectopique du tissu adipeux était plus importante chez les patients avec un diabète de type 2, une hypertension artérielle et une apnée obstructive du sommeil comparativement à ceux n’ayant pas ces comorbidités. Nous avons par la suite montré que la résolution du diabète de type 2 et de l’hypertension artérielle était caractérisée par une réduction plus importante du tissu adipeux viscéral. Au contraire, la résolution de l’apnée obstructive du sommeil était plutôt caractérisée par une réduction plus importante du tissu adipeux sous-cutané à la mi-cuisse et par une tendance à une perte de poids plus élevée. De plus, nous avons observé que chez les patients qui n’avaient pas résolu leur diabète de type 2, leur hypertension artérielle et leur apnée obstructive du sommeil, la quantité de tissu adipeux viscéral, à 12 mois suivant la chirurgie bariatrique, était plus importante comparativement à celle mesurée chez les patients n’ayant pas résolu ces comorbidités. Spécifiquement à l’évaluation du profil inflammatoire et des adipokines, nous avons observé que chez les patients obèses sévères, la présence de l’hypertension artérielle et de l’apnée obstructive du sommeil n’était pas caractérisée par un profil altéré au niveau des marqueurs inflammatoires et des adipokines. Également, nous n’avons pas observé de changements majeurs qui pouvaient expliquer, en partie, la résolution de l’hypertension artérielle et de l’apnée obstructive du sommeil. Quant à l’activité du système nerveux autonome, nous avons observé une faible activité du système nerveux parasympathique chez les patients obèses sévères avec hypertension artérielle et apnée obstructive du sommeil. Nous avons également documenté que la résolution de l’hypertension artérielle et de l’apnée obstructive du sommeil était associée à une tendance à une augmentation plus importante de l’activité parasympathique du système nerveux autonome. Les résultats obtenus au cours de ce doctorat supportent l’importance de la déposition ectopique du tissu adipeux en situation d’obésité sévère, particulièrement le rôle du tissu adipeux viscéral, dans le développement du diabète de type 2, de l’hypertension artérielle et de l’apnée obstructive du sommeil ainsi que dans la résolution de ces comorbidités suivant une chirurgie bariatrique. D’autres recherches devront davantage s’intéresser à la mobilisation des dépôts ectopiques de tissu adipeux comme un déterminant important dans la résolution à plus long terme de ces comorbidités.

La stimolazione del Nervo Vago attraverso la pratica di tecniche respiratorie ai fini della neuroimmunomodulazione del riflesso infiammatorio: a Scoping Review.

Introduzione: I neuroni colinergici ricoprono un ruolo importante nella regolazione dei processi flogistici, tale scoperta ha portato la ricerca scientifica ad approfondire questo aspetto, provando che la stimolazione del Nervo Vago può essere utilizzata nel trattamento delle patologie infiammatorie. La respirazione potrebbe essere una tecnica volta a stimolare il Nervo Vago, inducendo cosi spostamenti nell’equilibrio simpatico-vagale verso una predominanza parasimpatica, con i conseguenti riflessi anti-infiammatori. Materiali e metodi: È stata effettuata una prima ricerca in letteratura per identificare studi che provassero la funzione immunologica, anti-infiammatoria, bi-direzionale del Nervo Vago. Attraverso la seconda ricerca è stata analizzata la possibile correlazione tra la pratica di pattern respiratori e la stimolazione del Nervo Vago analizzando i marker tonici vagali. Sono stati visionati i database elettronici PUBMED, CINAHL, COCHRANE e PEDRO. La ricerca è stata effettuata nel periodo che va da marzo 2020 ad ottobre 2020. Risultati: Il Nervo Vago è coinvolto nell’omeostasi dei processi infiammatori attraverso un sistema di controllo bi-direzionale neuroimmunologico. È capace di individuare i processi flogistici silenti nella periferia attraverso le vie afferenti, e mediante la via efferente colinergica anti- infiammatoria li disattiva. In base agli studi analizzati, un pattern respiratorio di circa 6 cicli resp/ min con un rapporto basso tra inspirazione ed espirazione evidenzia un aumento significativo nell’analisi dello spettro dell’ Heart Rate Variability, del baroriflesso e dell’aritmia sinusale respiratoria. Conclusioni: In accordo con i risultati biofisici e neurofisiologici e con le attuali pratiche medico ingegneristiche che utilizzano la stimolazione del Nervo Vago, nel trattamento di diverse patologie, si vuole invogliare la ricerca scientifica ad indagare un possibile utilizzo terapeutico della respirazione.