Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations

Objective. To provide recommendations for the core outcome domains that should be considered by investigators conducting clinical trials of the efficacy and effectiveness of treatments for chronic pain. Development of a core set of outcome domains would facilitate comparison and pooling of data, encourage more complete reporting of outcomes, simplify the preparation and review of research proposals and manuscripts, and allow clinicians to make informed decisions regarding the risks and benefits of treatment. Methods. Under the auspices of the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT), 27 specialists from academia. governmental agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry participated in a consensus meeting and identified core outcome domains that should be considered in clinical trials of treatments for chronic pain. Conclusions. There was a consensus that chronic pain clinical trials should assess outcomes representing six core domains: (1) pain, (2) physical functioning, (3) emotional functioning, (4) participant ratings of improvement and satisfaction with treatment, (5) symptoms and adverse events, (6) participant disposition (e.g. adherence to the treatment regimen and reasons for premature withdrawal from the trial). Although consideration should be given to the assessment of each of these domains, there may be exceptions to the general recommendation to include all of these domains in chronic pain trials. When this occurs, the rationale for not including domains should be provided. It is not the intention of these recommendations that assessment of the core domains should be considered a requirement for approval of product applications by regulatory agencies or that a treatment must demonstrate statistically significant effects for all of the relevant core domains to establish evidence of its efficacy. (C) 2003 International Association for the Study of Pain.

Use of an accelerated chest pain assessment protocol in patients at intermediate risk of adverse cardiac events

Objective: To determine the feasibility, safety and effectiveness of a structured clinical pathway for stratification and management of patients presenting with chest pain and classified as having intermediate risk of adverse cardiac outcomes in the subsequent six months. Design: Prospective clinical audit. Participants and setting: 630 consecutive patients who presented to the emergency department of a metropolitan tertiary care hospital between January 2000 and June 2001 with chest pain and intermediate-risk features. Intervention: Use of the Accelerated Chest Pain Assessment Protocol (ACPAP), as advocated by the Management of unstable angina guidelines - 2000 from the National Heart Foundation and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Main outcome measure: Adverse cardiac events during six-month follow-up. Results: 409 patients (65%) were reclassified as low risk and discharged at a mean of 14 hours after assessment in the chest pain unit. None had missed myocardial infarctions, while three (1%) had cardiac events at six months (all elective revascularisation procedures, with no readmissions with acute coronary syndromes). Another 110 patients (17%) were reclassified as high risk, and 21 (19%) of these had cardiac events (mainly revascularisations) by six months. Patients who were unable to exercise or had non-diagnostic exercise stress test results (equivocal risk) had an intermediate cardiac event rate (8%). Conclusions: This study validates use of ACPAP. The protocol eliminated missed myocardial infarction; allowed early, safe discharge of low-risk patients; and led to early identification and management of high-risk patients.

CPR training in households of patients with chest pain

The objectives of this study are to (1) quantify prior cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training in households of patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with or without chest pain or ischaemic heart disease (IHD); (2) evaluate the willingness of household members to undertake CPR training; and (3) identify potential barriers to the learning and provision of bystander CPR. A cross-sectional study was conducted by surveying patients presenting to the ED of a metropolitan teaching hospital over a 6-month period. Two in five households of patients presenting with chest pain or IHD had prior training in CPR. This was no higher than for households of patients presenting without chest pain or IHD. Just under two in three households of patients presenting with chest pain or IHD were willing to participate in future CPR classes. Potential barriers to learning CPR included lack of information on CPR classes, perceived lack of intellectual and/or physical capability to learn CPR and concern about causing anxiety in the person at risk of cardiac arrest. Potential barriers to CPR provision included an unknown cardiac arrest victim and fear of infection. The ED provides an opportunity for increasing family and community capacity for bystander intervention through referral to appropriate training. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

Impaired postural compensation for respiration in people with recurrent low back pain

This study evaluated the degree to which the disturbance to posture from respiration is compensated for in healthy normals and whether this is different in people with recurrent low back pain (LBP), and to compare the changes when respiratory demand is increased. Angular displacement of the lumbar spine and hips, and motion of the centre of pressure (COP), were recorded with high resolution and respiratory phase was recorded from ribcage motion. With subjects standing in a relaxed posture, recordings were made during quiet breathing, while breathing with increased dead-space to induce hypercapnoea, and while subjects voluntarily increased their respiration to match ribcage expansion that was induced in the hypercapnoea condition. The relationship between respiration and the movement parameters was measured from the coherence between breathing and COP and angular motion at the frequency of respiration, and from averages triggered from the respiratory data. Small angular changes in the lumbopelvic and hip angles were evident at the frequency of respiration in both groups. However, in quiet standing, the LBP subjects had a greater displacement of their COP that was associated with respiration than the control subjects. The LBP group had a trend for less hip motion. There were no changes in the movement parameters when respiratory demand increased involuntarily via hypercapnoea, but when respiration increased voluntarily, the amplitude of motion and the displacement of the COP increased in both groups. The present data suggest that the postural compensation to respiration counteracts at least part of the disturbance to posture caused by respiration and that this compensation may be less effective in people with LBP.

Does participation in a pain course based on the international association for the study of pain's curricula guidelines change student knowledge about pain?

The People in Pain course was set up as a joint initiative of the Departments of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy within the School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences at The University of Queensland. It was instigated in response to the publication of Pain Curricula for Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) in 1994 (1). The first year it was offered, the "People in Pain" course comprised 14 h of lecture content. It was then expanded to encompass 28 h of lectures and seminar involvement. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of participation in a university pain course that meets the IASP pain curricula guidelines to increase health professional students' knowledge about pain. METHODS: Students who participated in the People in Pain course over the first three years were invited to complete the Revised Pain Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire (R-PKAQ) pre- and postcourse. Data obtained from 22 students in the short course formed a pilot project, and data from 22 students in the longer version of the course were used in the present study. RESULTS: Examination of the correlation matrix indicated substantial correlations between all R-PKAQ subscales except physiological basis of pain and pharmacological management of pain. In both the pilot project during the first year of the course and the expanded course in the following two years, significant improvement was found in the students' knowledge on five of the six subscales of the R-PKAQ: physiological basis of pain, psychological factors of pain perception, assessment and measurement of pain, cognitive-behavioural methods of pain relief, and pharmacological management of pain. Improvements in the developmental aspects of pain perception subscale failed to reach significance. CONCLUSIONS: An integrated pain course developed according to the pain curriculum guidelines developed by the IASP resulted in increased student knowledge regardless of the length of the program attended.

Unraveling the barriers to reconceptualization of the problem in chronic pain: The actual and perceived ability of patients and health professionals to understand the neurophysiology

To identify why reconceptualization of the problem is difficult in chronic pain, this study aimed to evaluate whether (1) health professionals and patients can understand currently accurate information about the neurophysiology of pain and (2) health professionals accurately estimate the ability of patients to understand the neurophysiology of pain. Knowledge tests were completed by 276 patients with chronic pain and 288 professionals either before (untrained) or after (trained) education about the neurophysiology of pain. Professionals estimated typical patient performance on the test. Untrained participants performed poorly (mean +/- standard deviation, 55% +/- 19% and 29% +/- 12% for professionals and patients, respectively), compared to their trained counterparts (78% +/- 21% and 61% +/- 19%, respectively). The estimated patient score (46% +/- 18%) was less than the actual patient score (P < .005). The results suggest that professionals and patients can understand the neurophysiology of pain but professionals underestimate patients' ability to understand. The implications are that (1) a poor knowledge of currently accurate information about pain and (2) the underestimation of patients' ability to understand currently accurate information about pain represent barriers to reconceptualization of the problem in chronic pain within the clinical and lay arenas. (C) 2003 by the American Pain Society.

10?? Encontro Nacional das Escolas de Governo: pain??is tem??ticos

Este documento apresenta os resultados do " X Encontro Nacional de Escolas de Governo", promovido pela ENAP e realizado na sede da escola em Bras??lia, nos dias 12 e 13 de agosto de 2014.

Evaluation of a program to reduce back pain in nursing personnel

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a program designed to reduce back pain in nursing aides. METHODS: Female nursing aides from a university hospital who had suffered episodes of back pain for at least six months were included in the study. Participants were randomly divided into a control group and an intervention group. The intervention program involved a set of exercises and an educational component stressing the ergonomic aspect, administered twice a week during working hours for four months. All subjects answered a structured questionnaire and the intensity of pain was assessed before and after the program using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Student's t-test or the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for independent samples, and Chi-square test or the Exact Fisher test for categorical analysis, were used. The McNemar test and the Wilcoxon matched pairs test were used to compare the periods before and after the program. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of cervical pain in the last two months and in the last seven days in the intervention group. There was also a reduction in cervical pain intensity in the two periods (2 months, 7 days) and lumbar pain intensity in the last 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a program of regular exercise with an emphasis on ergonomics can reduce musculoskeletal symptoms in nursing personnel.

Prevalência de sintomas neuro-músculo-esqueléticos nos agricultores

Objectivos: O presente estudo teve como objectivos avaliar a prevalência da sintomatologia neuro-músculo-esquelética nos agricultores, identificar os seus factores de risco e avaliar a implementação de um projecto comunitário na sintomatologia neuro-músculo-esquelética dos agricultores. Metodologia: O estudo foi dividido em Estudo A e B. A amostra do Estudo A foi constituída por 250 agricultores seleccionados por amostragem consecutiva em 5 Cooperativas Agrícolas da Região Agrária entre Douro e Minho. A amostra do Estudo B foi constituída por 10 agricultores da Freguesia de Britelo - Concelho de Ponte da Barca, que aceitaram participar nas actividades do projecto (acção de educação e programa de exercícios específicos). Os dados foram recolhidos, por entrevista, através do Questionário de Avaliação dos Agricultores e o Questionário Nórdico Músculo-Esquelético. A análise estatística foi realizada recorrendo ao programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences, versão 17.0, considerando um nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: No Estudo A observou-se que 74,4% dos agricultores referiram sintomatologia neuro-músculo-esquelético durante as actividades agrícolas e as regiões mais afectadas, foram a lombar, o pescoço e os ombros. Encontrou-se também uma associação significativa (p<0.05) entre a presença de sintomas nos agricultores e alguns factores de risco. Relativamente ao Estudo B, verificou-se uma diminuição significativa (p<0.05) na intensidade média de dor referida na lombar em algumas actividades e um aumento significativo (p<0.05) na pontuação final dos conhecimentos sobre os factores de risco. Conclusão: A população agrícola apresenta factores de risco que levam ao surgimento de sintomas neuro-músculo-esqueléticos, os quais podem ser prevenidos com a implementação de projectos comunitários.

Estudo sobre a influência da rotatividade de postos de trabalho na prevalência de sintomatologia músculo-esquelética auto-referida

Objectivo: O objectivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de um plano de rotatividade de postos de trabalho, específico, na prevalência de sintomatologia músculo-esquelética auto-referida, de operadoras de costura. Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo, observacional e analítico longitudinal, onde se avaliou o efeito de uma intervenção, em 25 operadoras que se voluntariaram para o estudo, de acordo com o interesse da empresa. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de avaliação o Risk Filter, o Questionário Nórdico Músculo-Esquelético e o Rapid Upper Limbs Assessment (RULA). O projecto englobou uma análise de factores de risco e classificação dos respectivos postos de trabalho de modo a estruturar uma (re)organização do trabalho (Plano de rotatividade de postos de trabalho). Resultados: A implementação do projecto reduziu significativamente (p<0,05) a sintomatologia músculo-esquelética auto-referida, sobretudo ao nível da cervical, tornozelos e pés, punhos e mãos, tendo sido estas últimas as áreas de maior prevalência referida. Verificou-se também uma diminuição da média da intensidade de dor reportada, pelas operadoras. Conclusões: O resultado deste estudo reforça a recomendação e implementação da variação do gesto (variação biomecânica da exposição), através da implementação de um plano de rotatividade de postos de trabalho, específico, tornando-se eficaz como intervenção preventiva e promotora de saúde, no que refere às lesões musculesqueléticas relacionadas com o trabalho.