(Table A1) Isotopic ratios of Sr, Nd, and Pb for sediments in ODP Leg 138 sites

The provenance of eolian dust supplied to deep-sea sediments has the potential to offer insights into changes in past atmospheric circulation. Specifically, measuring temporal changes in dust provenance can shed light on changes in the mean position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a region acting as a barrier separating wind-blown material derived from northern versus southern hemisphere sources. Here we have analyzed Nd, Sr, and Pb isotope ratios in the operationally-defined detrital component extracted from deep-sea sediments in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) along a meridional transect at 110°W from 3°S to 7°N (ODP Leg 138, sites 848-853). Sr isotope results show that barite Sr has a significant influence on 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of samples in the upwelling zone of the EEP. However, sites located >3° or more away from the equator (sites 852 and 853) are believed to not be affected by barite Sr and provide useful detrital Sr signals. 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb ratios in all cores fall into the Pb-isotope space of five potential dust sources (Asia, North and Central/South America, Sahara, and Australia), with no distinct isotopic fingerprinting of the dominant source(s). epsilon-Nd values were most valuable for discerning detrital source provenance, and their values at all sites, ranging from ~5.46 to ~3.25, were more unradiogenic for sediments deposited during the last glacial than for those deposited during the Holocene. There are distinct latitudinal trends in the epsilon-Nd values, with more radiogenic values further south and less radiogenic values further north, excluding site 848. This distinction holds true for both Holocene and last glacial periods. For the most southerly site, 848, we invoke, for the first time, a distinct southern hemisphere Australian source as being responsible for the unradiogenic Nd isotope ratios. Both average last glacial and Holocene epsilon-Nd values show similar sharp gradients along the transect between 5.29°N and 2.77°N, suggesting little movement of the glacial ITCZ in the EEP. However, during the deglacial, this gradient is stronger and shifted further north between 5.29°N and 7.21°N, suggesting a more northerly, possibly stronger, deglacial ITCZ.

Nd and Sr isotope compositions, REE concentrations and Al/Ca ratios of different phases of surface sediments in the South Pacific

The radiogenic isotope composition of neodymium (Nd) and strontium (Sr) are useful tools to investigate present and past oceanic circulation or input of terrigenous material. We present Nd and Sr isotope compositions extracted from different sedimentary phases, including early diagenetic Fe-Mn coatings, "unclean" foraminiferal shells, fossil fish teeth, and detritus of marine surface sediments (core-tops) covering the entire midlatitude South Pacific. Comparison of detrital Nd isotope compositions to deep water values from the same locations suggests that "boundary exchange" has little influence on the Nd isotope composition of western South Pacific seawater. Concentrations of Rare Earth Elements (REE) and Al/Ca ratios of "unclean" planktonic foraminifera suggest that this phase is a reliable recorder of seawater Nd isotope composition. The signatures obtained from fish teeth and "nondecarbonated" leachates of bulk sediment Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide coatings also agree with "unclean" foraminifera. Direct comparison of Nd isotope compositions extracted using these methods with seawater Nd isotope compositions is complicated by the low accumulation rates yielding radiocarbon ages of up to 24 kyr, thus mixing the signal of different ocean circulation modes. This suggests that different past seawater Nd isotope compositions have been integrated in authigenic sediments from regions with low sedimentation rates. Combined detrital Nd and Sr isotope signatures indicate a dominant role of the Westerly winds transporting lithogenic material from South New Zealand and Southeastern Australia to the open South Pacific. The proportion of this material decreases toward the east, where supply from the Andes increases and contributions from Antarctica cannot be ruled out.

(Table 1) Estimated e-Nd(0) input calculated using the relative fraction of ODP Hole 105-647A amphibole grains originated from different provinces of the North America

Many marine radiogenic isotope records show both spatial and temporal variations, reflecting both the degree of mixing of distinct sources in the oceans and changes in the distribution of chemical weathering on the continents. However, changes in weathering and transport processes may themselves affect the composition of radiogenic isotopes released into seawater. The provenance of physically weathered material in the Labrador Sea, constrained through the use of Ar-Ar ages of individual detrital minerals, has been used to estimate the relative contributions of chemically weathered terranes releasing radiogenic isotopes into the Labrador Sea. A simple box-model approach for balancing observed Nd-isotope variations has been used to constrain the relative importance of localised input in the Labrador Sea, and the subsequent mixing of Labrador Sea Water into North Atlantic Deep-Water. The long-term pattern of erosion and deep-water formation around the North Atlantic seems to have been a relatively stable feature since 1.5 Ma, although there has been a dramatic shift in the nature of physical and chemical weathering affecting the release of Hf and Pb isotopes. The modelled Nd isotopes imply a relative decrease in water mass advection into the Labrador Sea between 2.4 and 1.5 Ma, accompanied by a decrease in the rate of overturning, possibly caused by an increased freshwater input into the Labrador Sea.

H, O, Sr, and Nd isotope ratios and water, Rb, Sr, Sm, and Nd content of ODP Hole 116-717C and 116-718C samples (Table 2)

Mineralogical and H, O, Sr, and Nd isotope compositions have been analyzed on a set of representative samples from the 17-m.y. section in ODP Leg 116 Holes 717C and 718C. Based on the mineralogical composition of the fraction <2 µm together with the lithogenic-biogenic composition of the fraction >63 µm, the whole section can be subdivided into three major periods of sedimentation. Between 17.1 and 6 m.y., and between 0.8 m.y. to present, the sediments are characterized by sandy and silty turbiditic inputs with a high proportion of minerals derived from a gneissic source without alteration. In the fraction <2 µm, illite and chlorite are dominant over smectite and kaolinite. The granulometric fraction >63 µm contains quartz, muscovite, biotite, chlorite, and feldspars. The 6-to 0.8-m.y. period is represented by an alternation of sandy/silty horizons, muds, and calcareous muds rich in smectite, and kaolinite (50% to 85% of the fraction <2 µm) and bioclastic material. The presence of smectite and kaolinite, as well as the 18O/16O and the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the fraction <2 µm, imply an evolution in a soil environment and exchanges with meteoric ground water. The ranges of isotopic compositions are limited throughout the section: d18O quartz = 11.7 to 13.3 per mil, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.733 to 0.760 and epsilon-Nd (0) = -17.4 to -13.8. These values are within those of the High Himalaya Crystalline series, and they are considered to reflect this source region. The data imply that, since 17 Ma, this formation has supplied the major part of the eroded material.

Clay mineralogical assemblages, Sm-Nd concentrations, Sm and Nd isotopic ratios and oxygen isotope ratios, OIS number and the age model of ODP Site 105-646

We present 40 Sm-Nd isotope measurements of the clay-size (<2 µm) fractions of sediments from the Southern Greenland rise (ODP-646) that span the last 365 kyr. These data track changes in the relative supply of fine particles carried into the deep Labrador Sea by the Western Boundary Under Current (WBUC) back to the fourth glacial-interglacial cycles. Earlier studies revealed three general sources of particles to the core site: (i) Precambrian crustal material from Canada, Greenland, and/or Scandinavia (North American Shield - NAS), (ii) Palaeozoic or younger crustal material from East Greenland, NW Europe, and/or western Scandinavia (Young Crust - YC) and (iii) volcanic material from Iceland and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Clay-size fractions from glacial sediments have the lowest Nd isotopic ratios. Supplies of young crustal particles were similar during glacial oxygen isotope stages (OIS) 2, 6, and 10. In contrast the mean volcanic contributions decreased relative to old craton material from OIS 10 to OIS 6 and then from OIS 6 to OIS 2. The glacial OIS 8 interval displays a mean Sm/Nd ratio similar to those of interglacials OIS 1, 5, and 9. Compared with other interglacials, OIS 7 was marked by a higher YC contribution but a similar ~30% MAR supply. The overall NAS contribution dropped by a factor of 2 during each glacial/interglacial transition, with the MAR contribution broadly replacing it during interglacials. To decipher between higher supplies and/or dilution, particle fluxes from each end member were estimated. Glacial NAS fluxes were systematically higher than interglacial fluxes. During the time interval examined, fine particle supplies to the Labrador Sea were strongly controlled by proximal ice-margin erosion and thus echoed the glacial stage intensity. In contrast, the WBUC-carried MAR supplies from the eastern basins did not change significantly throughout the last 365 kyr, except for a marked increase in surface-sediments that suggests unique modern conditions. Distal WBUC-controlled inputs from the Northern and NE North Atlantic seem to have been less variable than proximal supplies linked with glacial erosion rate.

Continuidad y discontinuidad en Louis I. Kahn : material, estructura y espacio

La obra de Louis I. Kahn —como decía Robert Le Ricolais, íntimo colaborador suyo sorprendentemente ignorado hasta ahora— no es fácil de reducir a un discurso lineal. Al hilo de esta apreciación, en el presente trabajo hemos intentado distanciarnos de una linealidad, lo cual nos separa sensiblemente de otras interpretaciones sobre este arquitecto. El acceso directo al material de los Archivos Kahn de la Universidad de Pennsylvania, los mismos edificios construidos y aquellos otros proyectos no realizados, la conversación con sus íntimos colaboradores y los hallazgos de documentación hasta ahora inédita han hecho posible una aproximación a la realidad vital del pensamiento y la obra de Kahn. Hemos querido en este trabajo acercarnos a aquellos puntos de máxima tensión interna en la obra kahniana, a aquellas aparentes contradicciones que desvelan la aproximación de Kahn al hecho proyectual. Estos puntos luminosos, desde la consideración del material, la estructura y el espacio, han servido de urdimbre para el trabajo. Y los hemos abordado desde tres hilos conductores, tres niveles de discurso cuyas fibras se entrelazan y forman un tejido. En primer lugar, la cultura arquitectónica de los años cincuenta con el telón de fondo del organicismo, entendido éste como reacción a un reduccionismo funcionalista y que adopta muchas formas más allá del concepto wrightiano de "arquitectura orgánica". En segundo término, la consideración de los problemas formales más allá de una configuración precisa, desde sus principios, de modo abierto, como corresponde al concepto kahniano de Forma", que entendemos en este trabajo como "disposición flexible" o "estructura topológica", siguiendo las Ideas de Robert Le Ricolais. Por último, la abstracción visual y espacial, la consideración de que además de la naturaleza de los materiales, existe otra dimensión más visual o fenomenológica pero no por ello menos rigurosa, más ligada a la interpretación personal que el artista o el arquitecto hacen del material con el que trabajan. En este sentido, encontramos paralelismos entre las actitudes de Josef Albers y Kahn ante el espacio. 1. Kahn queda incorporado en este trabajo a la tradición orgánica a través de una idea de geometría estructurada en niveles sucesivos de escala: una geometría orgánica. Anne Griswold Tyng, quien puso a Kahn en contacto con esta tradición, y su entendimiento de la arquitectura como el arte de dar forma al número y número a la forma, le posibilitó afianzarse en sus propias convicciones y en la radicalidad y universalidad de este orden geométrico arquetípico, presente tanto en las realidades naturales como en las mentales. En este sentido, la unidad elemental de espacio en Kahn —la estancia ["Room'), una unidad indivisible cuya fragmentación interna destruiría su sentido— constituye muchos de sus proyectos como acumulaciones celulares, como si se generaran por crecimiento o agrupación de unidades elementales —casa Parasol (1944), casa Adler (1955), Centro de Arte Británico de la Universidad de Yale (1969-74)—. La idea de "crecimiento" frente a la de "composición", con la que más frecuentemente se ha asociado a Kahn, parece ser una clave importante para entender su proceso proyectual, como manifiesta una reveladora discusión mantenida entre Kahn y Colin Rowe que se recoge en este trabajo. Este concepto kahniano de "Room"se revela como un 'espacio para', un espacio con carácter definido, un lugar que evoca un uso y que escapa de la idea abstracta de espacio como 'pura extensión' asumida por el funcionalismo. 2. En este trabajo se propone para Kahn el término de "disposición" mejor que el de "composición", con el que más frecuentemente ha sido asociado. Nos situamos, por tanto, frente a las interpretaciones más comunes, que se centran en el sentido de la "composición" analizando aspectos puramente compositivos en su obra —axialidades y otros recursos formales en las plantas, por ejemplo—, así como su herencia de una tradición Beaux-Arts. Desde nuestro punto de vista, la topología sirve como referente para un nuevo entendimiento de Kahn, y a la luz de sus conceptos se comprende que el proyecto se define por las relaciones, continuidades y conexiones de los espacios entre sí, y no por su forma precisa. Esa idea de forma abierta dota al proyecto de una libertad interna para recomponerse sobre sí mismo, para encontrar esa adecuada disposición ["Forma" según la llama Kahn) y extraer de ella toda su energía. 3. Las ideas de Kahn sobre "lo que el material quiere ser", que parecen identificarse con el concepto wrightiano de "la naturaleza de los materiales", sugieren de modo implícito una oculta paradoja. La obra de Kahn se abre a aspectos fenomenológicos, más ligados a lo visual y a la experiencia perceptiva del material: su textura, su comportamiento ante la luz, sus resonancias cromáticas. A este respecto, hemos encontrado en Kahn ecos de las ideas que Josef Albers expresaba mediante juegos de color, abstracción y espacio en sus composiciones con cristal. Una interpretación arquitectónica del aforismo kahniano de que "la materia es luz gastada" parece estar en la vibración del material ante la luz, y en el reconocimiento de que entre ambos existe un constante intercambio de energía, una asociación íntima. El material es traído a la presencia por la luz, y ésta necesita de la materia para hacerse visible. Material y luz son dos fuentes de energía en continuo intercambio que se reclaman mutuamente. Esto lleva a Kahn a matizadas yuxtaposiciones de materiales, sutiles enfrentamientos de texturas que son valoradas por el principio siempre cambiante de la luz dando vida al espacio. Sin embargo, estas cualidades fenomenológicas y abstractas de la materia, que le sirven para activar el espacio, se ven filtradas a través de un proceso constructivo. Al operar en sus proyectos con las cualidades visuales de los materiales, Kahn mantiene una paralela atención por dejar en ese juego las huellas del sistema constructivo. Descubrimos que los materiales, en sus sistemas de encofrado, puesta en obra, estandarización y prefabricación, cuentan la historia de un proceso, y que la idea del edificio en construcción, en su hacerse, en esa batalla con la técnica, está presente desde el proyecto como elemento conformador. De este modo se revelan aspectos importantes del tipo de espacio que Kahn propone: un espacio atravesado por la acción del instrumento, que evidencia cómo ha sido hecho. En último extremo, esta noción espacial es expresión de una Idea base en el pensamiento de Kahn: que el espacio procede del muro al abrirse, al desmaterializarse, y está atado a un sistema constructivo-estructural. De este modo, el presente trabajo da cuenta del peculiar modo de entender las relaciones entre el material, la estructura y el espacio por parte de Kahn, quien se ubica en una perspectiva amplia e ¡integradora que acoge y aglutina nociones de ámbitos que parecerían contrapuestos: la abstracción y la tectónica, el rigor geométrico y una apertura topológica. Esto nos revela a un Kahn que elude lecturas directas o lineales, que se sitúa ante los problemas con los ojos siempre abiertos —así dibujaba su actitud mental Robert Le Ricolais—, permanentemente atento a los acontecimientos espaciales, a su continuidad heredera de un primer movimiento moderno y a las sutiles discontinuidades que necesariamente aparecen en éste. Pues el espacio kahniano nace de la disgregación del espacio continuo, de la escisión de éste en unidades, de la aceptación de su heterogeneidad (espacios servidores o servidos, estancias que buscan su propia autonomía y diferenciación de acuerdo con un modo más natural de resolver los problemas). Pero, al mismo tiempo, este espacio no atraviesa una total disgregación, ya que también se busca con igual energía una continuidad casi homogénea, una cierta indiferenciación entre las partes, una sorprendente aspiración al silencio: la disolución de lo individual, de lo particular, en una homogeneidad creada por una simultánea tensión entre geometría, espacio, material, estructura y sistema constructivo.

Impacto Radiologico Asociado al Transporte de Material Radiactivo por Carretera en España

Se proponen los impactos radiologicos de los transportes de material radiactivo asociados al ciclo del combustible nuclear durante un año

Impact radiologique liés au transport de matières radioactives par route en Espagne / Radiological impact associated with the transport by road of radioactive material in Spain

Questions relating to the transport of radioactive materials are very much an issue of current interest due to the increasing mobility of the materials involved in the nuclear fuel cycle, commitment to the environment, the safety and protection of persons and the corresponding regulatory legal framework. The radiological impact associated with this type of transport was assessed by means of a new data-processing tool that may be of use and serve as complementary documentation to that included in transport regulations. Thus, by determining the level of radiation at a distance of one metre from the transport vehicle and by selecting a route, the associated impacts will be obtained, such as the affected populations, the dose received by the most highly exposed individual, the overall radiological impact, the doses received by the population along the route and the possible detriment to their health. The most important conclusion is that the emissions of ionising radiation from the transport of radioactive material by road in Spain are not significant as regards the generation of adverse effects on human health, and that their radiological impact may be considered negligible.

Thermodynamics of zinc insertion in CuGaS2:Ti, used as a modulator agent in an intermediate-band photovoltaic material

An intermediate-bandphotovoltaicmaterial, which has an isolated metallic band located between the top of the valence band and bottom of the conduction band of some semiconductors, has been proposed as third generation solar cell to be used in photovoltaic applications. Density functional theory calculations of Zn in CuGaS2:Ti have previously shown that, the intermediate-band position can be modulated in proportion of Zn insertion in such a way that increasing Zn concentration can lead to aband-gap reduction, and an adjustment of the intermediate-band position. This could be interesting in the formation of an intermediate-bandmaterial, that has the maximum efficiency theoretically predicted for the intermediate-band solar cell. In this work, the energetics of several reaction schemes that could lead to the decomposition of the modulated intermediate-bandphotovoltaicmaterial, CuGaS2:Ti:Zn, is studied in order to assess the thermodynamic stability of this material. Calculations of the total free energy and disorder entropy have been taken into account, to get the reaction energy and free energy of the compound decomposition, which is found to be thermodynamically favorable

Security devices based on liquid crystals doped with a colour dye

Liquid crystal properties make them useful for the development of security devices in applications of authentication and detection of fakes. Induced orientation of liquid crystal molecules and birefringence are the two main properties used in security devices. Employing liquid crystal and dichroic colorants, we have developed devices that show, with the aid of a polarizer, multiple images on each side of the device. Rubbed polyimide is used as alignment layer on each substrate of the LC cell. By rubbing the polyimide in different directions in each substrate it is possible to create any kind of symbols, drawings or motifs with a greyscale; the more complex the created device is, the more difficult is to fake it. To identify the motifs it is necessary to use polarized light. Depending on whether the polarizer is located in front of the LC cell or behind it, different motifs from one or the other substrate are shown. The effect arises from the dopant colour dye added to the liquid crystal, the induced orientation and the twist structure. In practice, a grazing reflection on a dielectric surface is polarized enough to see the effect. Any LC flat panel display can obviously be used as backlight as well.

Temperature Evolution and Light Species Diffusion in Armor and Structural Material for Inertial Fusion Reactor Chambers: a Case for HiPER 4a

One of the most advance designs for HiPER fusion reactor is a spherical chamber 10 m in diameter based on dry wall concept. In this system, the first wall will have to withstand short energy pulses of 5 to 20 MJ at a repetition rate of 0.5-10 Hz mostly in form of X-rays and charged particles. To avoid melting of the inner surface, the first wall consists on a thin armor attached to the structural material. Thickness (th) and material of each layer have to be chosen to assure the proper functioning of the facility during its planned lifetime.

New simulations to qualify eutectic lithium-lead as breeder material

Pb17Li is today a reference breeder material in diverse fusion R&D programs worldwide. One of the main issues is the problem of liquid metals breeder blanket behavior. The knowledge of eutectic properties like optimal composition, physical and thermodynamic behavior or diffusion coefficients of Tritium are extremely necessary for current designs. In particular, the knowledge of the function linking the tritium concentration dissolved in liquid materials with the tritium partial pressure at a liquid/gas interface in equilibrium, CT =f(PT ), is of basic importance because it directly impacts all functional properties of a blanket determining: tritium inventory, tritium permeation rate and tritium extraction efficiency. Nowadays, understanding the structure and behavior of this compound is a real goal in fusion engineering and materials science. Atomistic simulations of liquids can provide much information; not only supplementing experimental data, but providing new tests of theories and ideas, making specific predictions that require experimental tests, and ultimately helping to a deeper understanding

Incorporación de los materiales de cambio de fase en placas de yeso para almacenamiento de energía térmica mediante calor latente": caracterización térmica del material mediante la técnica DSC

La Calorimetría Diferencial de Barrido es una técnica de análisis térmico, usada desde hace décadas, para medir la entalpía asociada al cambio de fase de un material como función del tiempo y de la temperatura. Otras técnicas menos utilizadas son la Calorimetría Convencional el Análisis Térmico Diferencial. Existe una gran incertidumbre en los valores de propiedades suministrados por los fabricantes (puesto que éstos se refieren a las sustancias puras) y es conveniente utilizar DSC para tener valores más exactos. Se va a analizar la capacidad de almacenamiento térmico en función de la temperatura de varios materiales compuestos formados por los mismos agregados -principalmente yeso y material de cambio de fase- en distintas proporciones. Los valores obtenidos se comparan con otros materiales constructivos, yeso laminado y ladrillo. También se verifica la idoneidad del nuevo material constructivo para el almacenamiento de energía térmica frente a otros materiales utilizados tradicionalmente para este fin.

Materials Research for HiPER Laser Fusion Facilities: Chamber Wall, Structural Material and Final Optics

The European HiPER project aims to demonstrate commercial viability of inertial fusion energy within the following two decades. This goal requires an extensive Research &Development program on materials for different applications (e.g., first wall, structural components and final optics). In this paper we will discuss our activities in the framework of HiPER to develop materials studies for the different areas of interest. The chamber first wall will have to withstand explosions of at least 100 MJ at a repetition rate of 5-10 Hz. If direct drive targets are used, a dry wall chamber operated in vacuum is preferable. In this situation the major threat for the wall stems from ions. For reasonably low chamber radius (5-10 m) new materials based on W and C are being investigated, e.g., engineered surfaces and nanostructured materials. Structural materials will be subject to high fluxes of neutrons leading to deleterious effects, such as, swelling. Low activation advanced steels as well as new nanostructured materials are being investigated. The final optics lenses will not survive the extreme ion irradiation pulses originated in the explosions. Therefore, mitigation strategies are being investigated. In addition, efforts are being carried out in understanding optimized conditions to minimize the loss of optical properties by neutron and gamma irradiation