991 resultados para NH4 -N
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Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory) Daws has been extensively cultivated as a source of commercial agar and the ecomaterials in Shenao Bay, Guangdong Province, Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Province and other waters in China. This paper examines the in situ suspended farming of G. lemaneiformis using raft cultivation under different conditions and its effects on nutrient removal in the laboratory. The results showed that cultivated Gracilaria grew well in both Shenao Bay and Jiaozhou Bay. The biomass of Gracilaria increased from 50 to 775 g m(-1) (fresh weight) during 28 days, with special growth rate (SPG) 13.9% d(-1) under horizontal cultivation in Jiaozhou Bay. Light, temperature, nutrient supply, as well as cultivation treatments such as initial density, and depth of suspension seaweed were important to the growth of Gracilaria. The highest biomass production was observed in the horizontal culture condition (0.0 m) and 0.5-1.5 m deep layer in Jiaozhou Bay. However, the highest growth rate in Shenao Bay appeared under the lowest initial stocking density treatment. In the laboratory, the aquarium experiments (fish and seaweed culture systems) demonstrated that Gracilaria was able to remove inorganic nutrients effectively. The concentration of NH4+-N decreased by 85.53% and 69.45%, and the concentration of PO4-P decreased 65.97% and 26.74% in aquaria with Gracilaria after 23 days and 40 days, respectively. The results indicate that Gracilaria has the potential to remove excess nutrient from coastal areas, and the large-scale cultivation of G. lemaneiformis could be effective to control eutrophication in Chinese coastal waters. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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A gene-clone-library-based molecular approach was used to study the nirS-encoding bacteria-environment relationship in the sediments of the eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay. Diverse nirS sequences were recovered and most of them were related to the marine cluster I group, ubiquitous in estuarine, coastal, and marine environments. Some NirS sequences were unique to the Jiaozhou Bay, such as the marine subcluster VIIg sequences. Most of the Jiaozhou Bay NirS sequences had their closest matches originally detected in estuarine and marine sediments, especially from the Chesapeake Bay, indicating similarity of the denitrifying bacterial communities in similar coastal environments in spite of geographical distance. Multivariate statistical analyses indicated that the spatial distribution of the nirS-encoding bacterial assemblages is highly correlated with environmental factors, such as sediment silt content, NH4+ concentration, and OrgC/OrgN. The nirS-encoding bacterial assemblages in the most hypernutrified stations could be easily distinguished from that of the least eutrophic station. For the first time, the sedimentological condition was found to influence the structure and distribution of the sediment denitrifying bacterial community.
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本文以我国长江口水域富营养化为研究对象,对长江水体溶解态无机氮、磷分布特点和通量变化进行了分析,基于长江流域氮“输入-输出”关系模型探索了水体氮的来源;分析了长江口水域富营养化长期演变及特点;探索了长江口海域低氧区的发生机制。结果如下: 长江水体中NO3--N、NH4+-N、DIN和DIP浓度从上游往下游呈增加趋势,但存在季节差异。长江流域从上游往下游的DIN输送通量的变化主要受水流量的影响,但从上游往下游单位面积年产N量逐渐升高;DIP输送通量从上游往下游呈增加趋势,同时也主要受水流量控制,但从季节变化来讲,DIP的月输送通量受其浓度的控制更加明显。自20世纪60年代来,长江水体中NO3--N、NO2--N、DIN和DIP浓度都处于缓慢上升趋势,但到80年代上升速度明显加快;不同历史时期DIN和DIP的季节变化特点也不尽相同,反映出其来源的差异。同时,本研究采用长江流域氮“输入-输出”关系模型(污染负荷统计模型)对长江水体氮来源进行了分析,估算了各种氮源对水体氮的贡献率。结果表明,2006年向长江流域输入氮的总量为17.6 Tg,其中20%的输入氮转移到了水体(3.5 Tg)。本年度长江大通水文站实测氮输送通量为1.8 Tg,表明约50%的氮在水体输送过程中发生了生物、化学、物理损耗。对于长江水体氮的来源来讲,饲养牲畜粪便氮流失和大气干/湿沉降氮的贡献率较大,分别为26%和25%;农业氮肥流失和城市生活污水排放的贡献率相同,都为17%;农村人口粪便氮流失和工业废水排放的贡献率分别为6%和9%。 自20世纪60年代以来,长江口口门内和外海(盐度>30psu)水体中营养盐浓度增加显著。在表层水体盐度大于22psu海域DIN: PO43--P值表现出了明显升高的历史变化趋势。SiO3: PO43--P值从1959年到1985-86年显著下降,然后到2003-06年有所上升。根据SiO3: PO43--P值和DIN: PO43--P值的长期变化趋势,可以推出,SiO3: DIN值从20世纪50-60年代以后呈现下降趋势。在长江口海域,随着营养盐浓度的增加,浮游生物量的大幅度升高在本研究中得到证实。同时,长江口水域浮游植物种群结构对营养盐结构的长期变化产生响应,研究结果表明,硅藻种类比重从1985-86年84.6% 下降到2004-05年69.8%;年均硅藻丰度占浮游植物总丰度比重在1985-86年达到99.5%,但到2004-05年降低为75.5%,而甲藻丰度比重则由0.7%增大到25.4%。 底层水体DO浓度与Delta S(底层水体与表层水体的盐度之差)和Delta T(表层水体与底层水体的温度之差)成显著负相关,这表明了水体层化或者垂直水体交换是控制长江口水域底层水体溶解氧变化的主要因素,但水体温度层化要比盐度层化在控制低氧区形成上起到更大的作用。上升流在该海域低氧的形成和分布上起到很重要的作用,显著影响低氧水团的垂直分布,也显著影响到溶解氧的水平分布。现场生产的浮游植物可能是低氧区的形成的生物基础,日益增加的叶绿素a浓度和大规模的有害藻华可能是长江口低氧区逐渐增大的原因。本研究认为,此海域低氧区的形成主要受长江冲淡水、台湾暖流的入侵、地形、尤其是温跃层的形成和现场生产的有机物质控制。
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本文的研究内容是初级生产力模型计算方法以及活体叶绿素荧光测量方法在我国近海浮游植物光合作用研究中的应用。 论文对在我国近海实测的1321 组叶绿素垂直分布数据以及84 组初级生产力数据进行了非线性拟合分析,得出了描述叶绿素和初级生产力垂直变化规律的相应参数。结合光合参数——初始斜率α 的平面分布将我国近海分为9 个光合作用特征相对独立的分区。以光强和遥感叶绿素为输入变量,以各分区实测参数的平均值为模型参数,首次建立了分海区的时间-深度积分初级生产力计算模型。 对拟合参数的分析表明:我国近海深水叶绿素峰(DCM)在夏季最明显而在冬季则不明显,这与夏季温跃层的形成和冬季温跃层消失的规律相符合。最大光合速率参数主要受温度和营养盐状况的影响,但整体而言各个季节的变化不大。光合作用初始斜率参数主要受浮游植物光照条件和光照历史的影响,从春季到冬季持续增加,基本与光照强度的变化刚好相反。光抑制参数反映着浮游植物对高光强伤害的敏感性,它在夏、秋季较低而在冬季较高。 模型计算结果表明我国近海初级生产力规模约为6.4±1.0×108tC/a。总体来说我国近海海域初级生产力北方高于南方,西部高于东部。北方初级生产力高峰期大都出现在夏季而南方出现在冬季,中部则高峰期出现在春秋两季,与温跃层出现和消失的规律有一定的相关性。与由实测生产力推算的初级生产力相比,本模型的计算结果较高,误差产生的原因包括二类水体遥感叶绿素浓度偏高、地形因素等。与VGPM相比较,本模型的计算结果更接近于实测结果。模型中云覆盖度参数的变化可能引起计算结果约25%的变化,当取云覆盖度参数为0.5 时的计算结果与用实际天气状况数据的计算结果较为接近。制作了基于分区模型的水柱初级生产力计算软件,可在仅测量叶绿素浓度的情况下进行水柱初级生产力的计算。 模型准确度的进一步提高的途径主要包括实测参数数量的增加以及遥感叶绿素浓度准确性的提高。 与初级生产力相比,活体叶绿素荧光测量可以更快速、简便地跟踪浮游植光合作用动态。本研究首次将活体叶绿素荧光测量方法应用于野外浮游植物光合作用状态研究。通过暗驰豫实验,建立了使用OS5-AFM藻类荧光仪现场测定活体叶绿素荧光参数——Fv/Fm(光化学效率)的操作方法,并对胶州湾海域浮游植物光化学效率进行了高时空分辨率的调查,对相关因素进行了分析,并尝试通过Fv/Fm进行初级生产力计算。 结果表明,胶州湾海域表层Fv/Fm值的全年平均值约0.37,处于中等偏低水平。Fv/Fm值在秋季最高而春季最低,其平面分布在夏季较均匀而在春季则有较大的区域差异。湾东部Fv/Fm值变化幅度较大,一年中有4 个高峰期;而湾西部Fv/Fm值变化幅度较小,一年中有3 个高峰期。光合作用最活跃的海区随季节更替而变化,其年变化模式可能具有一定的重复性。不同深度上Fv/Fm值的海区平均值没有显著差异,但底层Fv/Fm值的空间差异较小。 通过对营养盐和Fv/Fm值时间变化的分析,首次发现了自然水体中Fv/Fm值变化对氮盐浓度变化响应的滞后效应,在不同的站点,影响Fv/Fm值的氮盐种类有所不同,湾西部海域与NH4+相关性较高而湾东部海域与NO3-的相关性较高,P、Si等则与Fv/Fm值基本无相关性。滞后期的长度并不稳定,1 旬和2 旬的滞后现象都可观察到。Fv/Fm值变化率与氮盐浓度变化率之间的相关性高于Fv/Fm值与氮盐浓度之间的相关性。这表明即使在胶州湾这样无机氮浓度很高、浮游植物生长基本不受氮源限制的水体,氮源浓度的变化仍然影响着浮游植物的光合作用状态。 初步建立了由Fv/Fm测量结果计算初级生产力的方法。模型的计算结果与文献资料中胶州湾水域初级生产力的时空分布趋势基本一致,但在数量上明显低于传统估算的结果。获得更多同步测量的初级生产力和Fv/Fm值数据可逐渐改善这一方法计算结果的准确性,并可籍次方法更快更方便地进行初级生产力的测算。
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微孔配位聚合物是近年来被广泛研究的领域之一,这类材料在储气材料等领域的应用前景逐步被开发出来。作为良好的储气材料,配位聚合物必须具有规则的孔道结构和良好的稳定性。本论文以合成多维孔道新化合物为目标,成功合成并解析出13个微孔配位聚合物。对化合物的元素分析、红外和TGA等进行了表征,同时对部分化合物的紫外和荧光性质进行了测定。 首先,对微孔配位聚合物的最新研究动态进行了简要介绍,并对一些代表性化合物的结构类型、性能以及应用等进行了归纳总结。然后介绍了合成配位聚合物晶体的实验原理,化合物的表征方法。 本论文在水热条件下,成功合成了13个新化合物分别为:(C19H15N4)2(NO3)2∙3H2O (3-3),(C19H15N4)2[CdCl4] (3-4),2Ag(tta)∙AgNO3 (3-5),Cu8(tta)15(H2O)Cl (3-6),[Zn(5-CH3-tta)2(isoH)2] (BDC) (3-7),Pb[(PO3)2C(OH) CH3]•H2O (4-1),Ni(C5H4NCOO)2∙4H2O (5-2),Co(C5H4NCOO)2(H2O)2∙2H2O (5-3),[CdCl2(C13H12N2O)2] (5-4),{C6H4(COOH)S}2 (5-5),(Deta)(ClO4)NO3 (5-6),(NH4)2[-Mo8O26] (6-1) 和 (NH4)2[Mo4O13] (6-2)。其中化合物3-5,3-6和3-7是由四氮唑和金属构筑的纳米孔道三维化合物;化合物3-3,3-4,5-2,5-3,5-4,5-5和5-6均具有超分子网络结构;4-1是有机膦酸为配体的二维层状化合物,是首例(5,5)连接的(47•63) (48•62)拓扑网络。化合物6-1是一维无限链骨架的钼酸盐,6-2是二维层状的钼酸盐,显示了不寻常的(32•4)(32•53•8)(3•42•54•6•82)(34•43•54•64) 拓扑网络。最后对论文进行概括总结,并展望了下一阶段的工作安排。
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本论文在解析了南黄海生态环境的基础上,首次研究揭示了浮游植物固碳强度的年际变化及生态反馈机制,获得了东中国近海浮游植物固碳强度及对海域源/汇格局的影响程度;同时,用室内模拟实验探讨了重金属和有机污染物胁迫下海水无机碳体系和源汇格局的变化过程,获得了一些新的认识。主要结论如下: 1. 南黄海浮游植物固碳强度具有明显的时空变化特征,与海域光照、流系和水团变化、海水磷的浓度等因素密切相关,并在一定程度上决定海区碳源/汇的性质。2005年秋季浮游植物日固碳量达9.5万吨,1983-2005年间,南黄海浮游植物固碳强度有降低的趋势,与海水关键营养盐-磷的限制有关。东中国近海浮游植物年总固碳量约为2.2亿吨,约占全球近海浮游植物的年固碳量的2.0%。 在综合分析秋季南黄海水文、化学、生物背景的基础上,系统阐明了海域浮游植物固碳体系的生物地球化学机制。结果表明,2005年秋季南黄海浮游植物固碳强度,即初级生产力变化在 97−701 mgC m-2 d-1之间,平均为307 mg C m-2 d-1;与其关系比较密切的环境因子为海水透明度、盐度、pH、氨氮 (NH4-N)、磷酸盐 (PO4-P) 以及Chl a。在这些因素中,PO4-P对初级生产力的影响最大,显然11月份南黄海的磷是浮游植物生长的限制因子,次之的影响因素是Chl a和NH4-N。 对南黄海源汇格局的研究发现,如果除去涌升流较为活跃的站位(A9、B7、B8、B9、C8、C9、 D9和A1),2005年秋季表层海水pCO2与浮游植物固碳强度明显负相关(r=-0.8,n=23, p<0.001)。在南黄海东部浮游植物固碳强度较高,pCO2值较低;而在西部海区浮游植物固碳强度较低的区域,其pCO2值较高。碳源/汇转折点浮游植物固碳强度为230 mgC m-2 d-1,即小于此值,海区为大气二氧化碳的源,反之为汇,并且CO2汇区浮游植物固碳强度平均值约是CO2源区的2倍多;浮游植物固碳作用,在某一时间和空间尺度内,基本决定了海区的源汇格局。估算结果显示,东中国近海浮游植物固碳量约为222×106t a-1,约为东中国近海通过海-气界面总表观碳汇强度每年1369万吨的16.2倍,仅就浮游植物的年固碳量而言,东中国近海约占全球近海浮游植物的年固碳量的2.0%。 研究揭示了近年来南黄海浮游植物固碳强度具有区域与年际变化明显这一显著特点。一般,近岸区(由黄海沿岸水和表层水控制)内,光照是浮游植物固碳的主要限制因子;从2001年后的大多数年份中,中央区(黄海冷水团控制)的浮游植物固碳强度均与磷酸盐浓度显著正相关,但与氮浓度的相关性不大,说明南黄海生态系统普遍存在着磷限制而非氮限制;混合区终年受黄、东海混合水控制,受到光照条件和营养盐浓度同时影响。根据本次观测所获数据,结合以前研究者的调查资料,我们发现从1983年到2005年,南黄海浮游植物优势种由Bacillariophyta变为Pyrrophyta,浮游植物细胞丰度和Chl a明显下降,浮游植物固碳强度几乎下降了二分之一 (由569.50 mgC m-2 d-1下降至306.83 mgC m-2 d-1),说明南黄海在世界边缘海固碳过程中的作用在降低。经过相关水质参数及生态环境变化的分析,以上现象是对关键营养盐磷的限制以及光限制响应的缘故。此外,研究还发现,由于南黄海初级生产者产量下降所引起的一些生态反馈信息,如浮游动物固碳量的下降和鱼类产量的锐减。 2. 室内模拟实验显示,重金属(铅、铜、镉和锌)及有机污染物(乙醇、丙酮、尿素和多灭磷)对水体生物固碳体系有重要影响,较低浓度时可提高水体的固碳能力,相应水体中的DIC、HCO3-和 Pco2 与对照组相比都明显下降 (P<0.01);当污染物达到一定浓度后,水体生物的固碳能力明显下降,其有机碳可降解转化为无机碳。当污染物小于转折浓度水体为大气二氧化碳的汇,反之为源。 水体固碳体系对于不同种类、不同浓度的污染物质所表现的受胁迫情况不同,低浓度各污染物(包括重金属和有机污染物)添加组中(对于重金属为0.1和1µmol•L-1,醇和酮分别为<0.5 mol L-1和<0.75 mol L-1),藻干重及固碳量均要大于初始值,说明适量的外源污染可能会促进藻类生长,提高水体的固碳能力,相应水体中的DIC、HCO3- 和PCO2与对照组相比都明显下降 (P<0.01)。当污染物达到一定浓度后,由于其毒害作用,使得水体内生物的固碳能力下降,甚至分解并转化为无机碳,从会引起DIC、HCO3- 和PCO2含量的升高,其含量上升幅度会因固碳体系对不同种类污染物耐受程度的差异而不同。对于尿素和多灭磷,二者浓度分别达到80和20mgL-1时,水体中二氧化碳各参数仍呈现下降趋势,说明在该浓度范围内,大型藻类(如石莼)仍可利用添加物中的氮和磷,将其做为氮源或磷源,促进水体总固碳量的增加。 污染物胁迫对水体碳源汇能力及格局可起到一定的调控作用,与污染物的浓度密切相关,污染物存在着一转折浓度,分别为5µmol L-1(铜)、20µmol L-1(镉) 0.75mol L-1(酮),当污染物添加小于转折浓度并排除其他影响因素时,水体表现为大气CO2的汇,并且适量的增加污染物浓度会使海洋碳汇能力有所增强;而当污染物超出转折浓度时,水体成为CO2的源,其CO2的释放量是随着污染物浓度的增加而增大。对与研究中其他种类的污染物,在实验室设计范围内,水体始终表现为大气CO2的汇。
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过量氮和磷引起的海水富营养化引起了一系列的生态环境效应,探讨二者的耦合关系对阐明全球海洋生态环境变化机制意义重大。本论文首次探讨了过量氮和磷引起的富营养化对海水无机碳体系的影响,通过室内系统模拟实验,构筑了过量氮和磷与无机碳体系变化的定量耦合关系,在此基础上获得了中国近海典型海域特别是南黄海近十年氮和磷演变引起的无机碳源汇格局变化,获得了以下一系列新的结果和认识: 1、不同营养盐(NO3-、NH4+、NO2-和PO43-)对水体溶解无机碳体系均有重要影响,且影响程度有较大的差异。 在模拟实验中,当NO3-<188 μmol/L,NH4+<126 μmol/L,NO2-<39.5 μmol/L时均可明显提高水体的固碳能力,相应水体中的DIC、HCO3-和 pCO2均较空白对照组时有一定程度的下降。当N浓度达到一定值后,其固碳能力减弱,DIC、HCO3-和pCO2出现相反变化。当NH4+>126 μmol/L和NO2->39.5 μmol/L时pCO2增加,向大气释放CO2。在PO43-添加组中,当浓度小于19.5μmol/L时DIC、pCO2较空白对照组下降,水体表现为大气CO2的汇,其固碳能力高于N组。在孔石莼添加组中,各营养盐组水体的固碳能力均高于空白对照组,相应水体中DIC、HCO3-和pCO2的下降明显。其中,同一营养盐浓度水平下,NH4+组中各无机碳组分的变化幅度明显高于NO3-和NO2-组,PO43-组的无机碳体系变化幅度低于N组。其中,当NO3-、NH4+和NO2-浓度分别在71 μmol/L,49.7 μmol/L和11.7 μmol/L时,pCO2下降明显,水体表现为大气CO2的强汇。对无机碳各参数的变化量与营养盐进行多元回归分析,得到以下统计关系: ⊿DIC=-0.937(⊿PO43-)-0.34(⊿NO3-)-0.46(⊿NH4+)+0.11(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.69, n=30,Sig.<0.05) ⊿HCO3-=-1.357(⊿PO43-)-0.35(⊿NO3-)-0.57(⊿NH4+)-0.013(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.76, n=32, Sig.<0.05) ⊿CO32-=0.344(⊿PO43-)+0.16(⊿NO3-)+0.18(⊿NH4+)+0.076(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.69, n=32, Sig.<0.05) ⊿pCO2=-1.321(⊿PO43-)-0.12(⊿NO3-)-0.31(⊿NH4+)-0.032(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.84, n=35, Sig.<0.01) 2.氮、磷对海水无机碳体系的源汇格局影响主要受控于水体浮游藻类对营养盐的利用。 模拟实验各种情况下Chl-a的浓度均有不同程度的变化。在N组中,当NH4+<126 μmol/L,随着NH4+浓度的增加,Chl-a浓度增加,而高浓度(NH4+>126 μmol/L)的实验组中,Chl-a则随浓度的增加而下降。当NO2-和PO43-的浓度分别大于39.5 μmol/L和19.5 μmol/L时,水体中Chl-a随营养盐浓度的增加而出现下降趋势,不同的是NO3-添加组在实验浓度范围内藻类均出现了不同程度的增长,这可能与浮游藻类对过量营养盐的耐受性不同有关。在低浓度时,PO43-组pCO2的下降最为明显,这与 PO43-组Chl-a的含量较高相一致,其次为NH4+,NO3-高于NO2-,可见在实验水体中PO43-对于藻类新陈代谢作用影响明显,从而作用到无机碳上的影响也就最为明显。对各实验水体⊿Chl-a与无机碳各组分作相关性分析发现,⊿Chl-a与⊿pCO2的相关性最为明显(R2=0.75,p<0.0001),这可能是因为浮游藻类光合作用和分解作用消耗或生成的首先是海水中的游离CO2(即pCO2)。在孔石莼组中,由于大藻对过量营养盐的耐受性较强,因此各组中藻类干重均有一定程度的增长。藻类干重的增加以NH4+最为明显,其次为NO3-和NO2-,这可能与其对N盐的优先吸收顺序NH4+>NO3->NO2-有关。加PO43-组中藻类的干重增加量低于NH4+和NO3-组,这与大藻的生理特性有关。对藻类干重增加量⊿m与⊿DIC作相关性发现,二者相关性明显(R2=0.64,p<0.01),这是由于孔石莼光合作用同时吸收HCO3-和CO2为碳源有关。 3、近年来,中国近海由于海水过量氮磷引起的富营养化,可使大部分海域海水无机碳汇强度增加 应用室内模拟获得的无机碳与氮、磷之间的定量耦合关系,估算了过量氮、磷引起的富营养化条件下,中国近海水体无机碳源汇的变化情况。结果表明,近十年来,由于氮、磷浓度的增加而导致渤海、南黄海、北黄海和东海每年从大气中多吸收0.197×106t C、0.302×106t C、0.039×106t C和2.233×106t C,东中国近海营养要素的含量的变化及组成比例的时间性和地区性差异是造成各海区碳通量差异的重要因素;对2006年南黄海水文、化学、生物与无机碳体系之间的相互关系进行综合分析,可知水体无机碳体系与营养盐水平密切相关。
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附着生物又称污损生物,是附生在海洋设施和生物体表面的动物、植物和微生物等生物的总称(Azis et al., 2001)。附生在养殖器材和生物体表面的数量巨大的附着生物,对贝类养殖和海湾生态系统内的物质和营养盐循环等多个方面产生影响。本研究以北方重要的养殖海湾----桑沟湾为研究对象,对贝藻养殖区附着生物的群落演替及其生态效应进行了研究。主要研究结果如下: ① 2007年5月至2008年5月,采用挂网的方法对桑沟湾栉孔扇贝和海带混养区的附着生物的季节变化进行了研究。结果显示挂网上的附着生物具有显著的季节变化特征,网片上的附着生物湿重与水温的变化相一致,生物量为3~1210 g•m-2。2月份附着生物的生物量最低,8月份最高。2007年9月至11月,对栉孔扇贝养殖笼上和贝壳上的附着生物种类和数量进行了研究。结果显示9月份养殖笼上附着生物的湿重约为1.94 kg,10月份降至0.99 kg,11月份又稍有增加,为1.03 kg。扇贝壳上的附着生物变化趋势与养殖笼上的相同,9~11月份壳上附着生物的数量约0.49~2.09 g。扇贝养殖笼上可鉴定的大型附着生物约23种,包括藻类、海鞘类、苔藓虫类、环节动物、腔肠动物、软体动物、甲壳动物和海绵动物等。玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘、紫贻贝和苔藓虫等是附着生物群落中的优势种。 ② 通过在栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝上壳上添加不同重量的“模拟附着生物”(速凝水泥)的方法,研究了贝壳上附着生物的重量对这两种扇贝生长和存活的影响。结果显示水泥重量是上壳重0.5-3倍的各组实验组扇贝的生长和存活与对照组(未添加水泥的扇贝)之间没有显著差异。说明贝壳上附着生物重量为上壳的3倍重时,也不会显著影响扇贝生长存活。9-11月份贝壳上的自然附着生物的重量约为1.47-2.09 g,为上壳重的28.16 (±38.6)%—31.29 ± (31.63)%。因此,贝壳上附着的生物重量不太可能对扇贝的生长存活造成显著的负面影响。 ③ 在桑沟湾现场测定了玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘的生物沉积速率。9月份(水温约24℃)玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘的生物沉积速率分别为32.14和90.06 mg•ind-1•d-1或(858.99 和467.76 mg•gdw-1•d-1),据此计算,养殖笼上的两种海鞘的生物沉积速率约为84.29 mg•m-2•d-1。海区的自然沉积速率为41.49 mg•m-2•d-1;玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘沉积物中有机质含量分别为14.34%和13.77%,对照组海区自然的有机质含量为14.36%;以上三者有机碳的含量分别为24.72%,23.74%和24.76%;氮的含量分别为0.27%和0.25%,自然沉积物中的氮含量为0.30%。9月份扇贝养殖笼上附着的海鞘将产生2588.16吨的沉积物,即向底部沉积363.77吨的有机物、6.99吨的氮和1.79吨的磷。 ④ 通过测定扇贝养殖笼上优势种附着生物--玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘和贻贝的摄食、呼吸和排泄,研究了这些优势种类对贝类养殖和海湾环境的影响。9月份(水温约24.5℃)玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘对颗粒有机物(POM)的摄食率分别为14.30 和17.01 mg• h-1•ind-1。根据实验结果计算这两种海鞘摄取的颗粒有机物相当于312个扇贝的摄取量,大于笼内养殖的扇贝的摄取量;玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘的耗氧率分别约为0.32和0.18 mg•h-1•ind-1,养殖笼上的这两种海鞘消耗的溶解氧约等于75个扇贝消耗的溶解氧。栉孔扇贝、玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘和贻贝的排氨率分别为33.66 ±11.34,117.90±23.46,35.91±6.22,28.08±3.41 ug NH4-N•gdw-1•h-1。以此估算,9月份玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘和贻贝每天排泄的氨氮约为654.08 kg,相当于16467吨栉孔扇贝(鲜重)排泄的氨氮。海鞘和贻贝排泄的氨氮可提供浮游植物等所需的2.75%的氮,可以提供1204吨海带的生长所需的氮。 ⑤ 一个养殖笼内的栉孔扇贝和全部附着生物(Scallop Culture Unit, SCU)在夏季(6-9月)对颗粒有机物的摄食速率约为43.13-98.94 mg/h,平均74.05 mg/h,期间桑沟湾养殖的栉孔扇贝及附着生物摄取的POM约为1279.58吨;同期,SCU对氨氮和磷(PO4-P)的排泄速率分别为125.59-1432.23 μmol•h-1和76.2-252.89μmol•h-1,期间桑沟湾养殖扇贝及附着生物排泄的氮磷分别为211.09 吨和83.79 吨。一串牡蛎及吊绳和牡蛎壳上的附着生物(Oyster Culture Unit, OCU),夏季摄食率为5-41.43μmol•h-1,耗氧率为16.54-41.76μmol•h-1,对氨氮和磷(PO4-P)的排泄速率分别为35.56-489.34μmol•h-1 和9.92-16.68μmol•h-1。以此估算,夏季OCU可摄取POM535.68吨,消耗溶解氧955.58吨,排泄氮磷分别为62.37 吨和15.50 吨。
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长江口邻近海域夏季底层水体存在世界上面积最大的缺氧带。这为研究河口区氧化还原敏感元素的生物地球化学过程提供了天然的实验场所。为了理解长江河口缺氧带存在的生物地球化学过程,本文以长江口邻近海域缺氧带上覆水体、沉积物及间隙水为研究对象,并对其营养盐及重金属进行研究,目的在于揭示长江口邻近海域缺氧带可能存在的生物地球化学过程,为理解长江河口区的物质循环提供科学证据。通过研究得出如下结论:(1)在水体中盐度是影响营养盐分布的主要因素,在高浊度带存在营养盐释放的现象;(2)底层水存在两种显著不同的生物地球化学过程:当盐度<33 PSU时,营养盐与AOU之间为负相关,影响底层海水营养盐分布的主要因素可能为流场;而当盐度>33 PSU时,营养盐与AOU之间存在正相关,影响营养盐分布的主要因素为颗粒有机质的矿化;(3)溶解态痕量金属存在保守型(Mo、U、Ni)和混合型(Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn)的分布规律,盐度、浮游生物及溶解氧都是影响溶解态痕量金属分布的重要因素;剔除浊度大于20 NTU的数据,分配系数与浊度为显著正相关;(4)间隙水Fe、Mn剖面表明,长江河口表层沉积物存在剧烈的Fe、Mn还原现象;成岩模型模拟结果显示间隙水Mn的模拟剖面与实际观测剖面吻合较好。间隙水U剖面显示,控制U分布的主要因素与Fe有关,但是其它因素如有机质含量对U、Mo的分布也有影响;(5)间隙水营养盐剖面显示近岸与远岸存在两种不同的生物地球化学过程:远岸海域,间隙水营养盐部面主要受早期成岩的控制;而在近岸海域其它过程如氨化及吸附可能是控制间隙水氮剖面分布的主要因素;模拟剖面与NH4+的实测剖面趋于一致,但是同时暗示表层沉积物受到生物扰动;通量计算结果显示,Si、N、P分别占浮游生物每日所需要营养盐数量的15%、10%及0.1%;(6)对痕量金属的黄铁矿化程度进行了分析,发现长江河口痕量金属的黄铁矿化程度异常低,黄铁矿不是影响痕量金属分布的主要因素;导致低黄铁矿化度的原因与长江河口高沉积速率、贫硫、低有机质有关。
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During late spring and early summer of 2005, large-scale (> 15 000 km(2)), mixed dinoflagellate blooms developed along the the coast of the East China Sea. Karenia mikimotoi was the dominant harmful algal bloom species in the first stage of the bloom (late May) and was succeeded by Prorocentrum donghaiense approximately 2 wk later. Samples were collected from different stations along both north-south and west-east transects, from the Changjiang River estuary to the south Zhejiang coast, during 3 cruises of the Chinese Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms Program, before and during the bloom progression. Nitrogen isotope tracer techniques were used to measure rates of NO3-, NH4+, urea, and glycine uptake during the blooms. High inorganic nitrogen (N), but low phosphorus (P) loading from the Changjiang River led to high dissolved inorganic N:dissolved inorganic P ratios in the sampling area and indicate the development of P limitation. The rates of N-15-uptake experiments enriched with PO43- were enhanced compared to unamended samples, suggesting P limitation of the N-uptake rates. The bloom progression was related to the change in availability of both organic and inorganic N and P. Reduced N forms, especially NH4+, were preferentially taken up during the blooms, but different bloom species had different rates of uptake of organic N substrates. K mikimotoi had higher rates of urea uptake, while P. donghaiense had higher rates of glycine uptake. Changes in the availability of reduced N and the ratios of N:P in inorganic and organic forms were suggested to be important in the bloom succession. Nutrient ratios and specific uptake rates of urea were similar when compared to analogous blooms on the West Florida Shelf.
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The inventories of nutrients in the surface water and large phytoplankton( > 69 pm) were analyzed from the data set of JERS ecological database about a typical coastal waters, the Jiaozhou Bay, China, from 1960s for N, P and from 1980s; for Si. By examining long-term changes of nutrient concentration, calculating stoichiometric balance, and comparing diatom composition, Si limitation of diatom production was found to be more possible. The possibility of Si limitation was from 37% in 1980s to 50% in 1990s. Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem is becoming serious eutrophication, with notable increase of NO2-N, NO3-N and NH4-N from 0.1417 mumol/L, 0.5414 mumol/L, 1.7222 mumol/L in 1960s to 0.9551 mumol/L, 3.001 mumol/L, 8.0359 mumol/L in late 1990s respectively and prominent decrease of Si from 4.2614 mumol/L in 1980s to 1.5861 mumol/L in late 1990s; the nutrient structure is controlled by nitrogen; the main limiting nutrient is probably silicon; because of the Si limitation the phytoplankton community structure has changed drastically.
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Due to the influence of human activities, nutrient concentrations, nutrient ratios and phytoplankton composition have notably changed in Jiaozhou Bay, China since the 1960s. From the 1960s to the 1990s, nutrient concentrations have increased 1.4 times for PO4-P, 4.3 times for NO3-N, 4.1 times for NH4-N and 3.9 times for DIN. The atomic ratio of DIN:PO4-P increased very rapidly from 15.9 +/- 6.3 for the 1960s, to 37.8 +/- 22.9 for the 1990s. SiO3-Si concentration has remained at a very low level from the 1980s to the 1990s. The high ratio of DIN: PO4-P and low ratios of SiO3-Si:PO4-P (7.6 +/- 8.9) and SiO3-Si:DIN (0.19 +/- 0.15) showed the nutrient structure of Jiaozhou Bay has changed from more balanced to unbalanced during the last 40 years. The possibility that DIN and/or PO4-P as limiting factors of Jiaozhou Bay phytoplankton has been lessened or eliminated and that of SiO3-Si limiting has been increased. The changes in nutrient structure may have led to the decrease of large diatoms and a shift of phytoplankton species composition. It is likely that there is a trend from large diatoms to smaller cells in Jiaozhou Bay. (C) 2001 Academic Press.
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N isotope fractionation (epsilon) was first determined during ambient NO3- depletion in a simulated diatom spring bloom. After 48 h of N-starvation, NH4+ was resupplied to the diatoms in small pulses to simulate grazer-produced N and then epsilon was determined. Large variations in epsilon values were observed: from 2.0-3.6 to 14-0 parts per thousand during NO3- and NH4+ uptake, respectively. This is the first study reporting an epsilon value as low as 0 to 2 parts per thousand for NH4+ uptake and we suggest that greater N demand after N-starvation may have drastically reduced NH3 efflux out of the cells. Thus the N status of the phytoplankton and not the ambient NH4+ concentration may be the important factor controlling epsilon, because, when N-starvation increased, epsilon values for NH4+ uptake decreased within 30 h. This study may thus have important implications for interpreting the delta(15)N of particulate N in nutrient-depleted regimes in temperate coastal oceans.
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Sediments and surface water were sampled in a tide flat in the Huiquan Bay, Qingdao, China in January 2004 to simulate the exchange of NH4-N/NO3-N/PO43- between sediments and surface water. A working system was designed with which samples were shaken at 60, 120 and 150 revolutions per minute (r/min). Experiment results show that NH4-N concentration in water at shaking rate of 60 r/min decreased gradually, while at 120 r/min increased gradually. In resuspension, fine-grained sediments contributed most NH4-N to the seawater, followed by medium-grained and coarse-grained sediments. The NO3-N concentration in water had a negative relation, with the shaking rate; the medium-grained sediments contributed more NO3-N to seawater than the coarse- and fine-grained sediments. The PO43- concentration is positively related with the shaking rate, the fine-grained sediments were the main N and P contributor to the seawater, followed by medium- and coarse-grained sediments.
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Red tides (high biomass phytoplankton blooms) have frequently occurred in Hong Kong waters, but most red tides occurred in waters which are not very eutrophic. For example, Port Shelter, a semi-enclosed bay in the northeast of Hong Kong, is one of hot spots for red tides. Concentrations of ambient inorganic nutrients (e.g. N, P), are not high enough to form the high biomass of chlorophyll a (chl a) in a red tide when chl a is converted to its particulate organic nutrient (N) (which should equal the inorganic nutrient, N). When a red tide of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea occurred in the bay, we found that the red tide patch along the shore had a high cell density of 15,000 cells ml(-1), and high chl a (56 mu g l(-1)), and pH reached 8.6 at the surface (8.2 at the bottom), indicating active photosynthesis in situ. Ambient inorganic nutrients (NO3, PO4, SiO4, and NH4) were all low in the waters and deep waters surrounding the red tide patch, suggesting that the nutrients were not high enough to support the high chl a >50 mu g l(-1) in the red tide. Nutrient addition experiments showed that the addition of all of the inorganic nutrients to a non-red-tide water sample containing low concentrations of Scrippsiella trochoidea did not produce cell density of Scrippsiella trochoidea as high as in the red tide patch, suggesting that nutrients were not an initializing factor for this red tide. During the incubation of the red tide water sample without any nutrient addition, the phytoplankton biomass decreased gradually over 9 days. However, with a N addition, the phytoplankton biomass increased steadily until day 7, which suggested that nitrogen addition was able to sustain the high biomass of the red tide for a week with and without nutrients. In contrast, the red tide in the bay disappeared on the sampling day when the wind direction changed. These results indicated that initiation, maintenance and disappearance of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea red tide in the bay were not directly driven by changes in nutrients. Therefore, how nutrients are linked to the formation of red tides in coastal waters need to be further examined, particularly in relation to dissolved organic nutrients. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.