Koala mortality on roads in south-east Queensland: the koala speed-zone trial

In 1995, the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, the Queensland Department of Main Roads and Redland Shire Council initiated the Koala Speed Zone Trial in the Koala Coast, south-east Queensland. The aim of the trial was to assess the effect of differential speed signs on the number of koalas ( Phascolarctos cinereus) hit by vehicles in the Koala Coast from 1995 to 1999. On the basis of information collected by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service 1407 koalas were hit by vehicles in the Koala Coast during the five-year study ( mean 281 koalas per year, range 251 - 315). Monitoring of vehicle speeds by the Queensland Department of Main Roads suggested that there was no significant reduction in vehicle speed during the trial period from August to December. Consequently, there was no evidence to suggest that a reduction in the number of koalas hit by vehicles occurred during the trial. Approximately 70% of koalas were hit on arterial and sub-arterial roads and approximately 83% did not survive. The location of each koala hit was recorded and the signed speed limit of the road was noted. Most koalas that were hit by vehicles were young healthy males. Pooling of data on koala collisions and road speed limits suggested that the proportion of koalas that survived being hit by vehicles was slightly higher on roads with lower speed limits. However, vehicle speed was not the only factor that affected the number of koalas hit by vehicles. It is suggested that habitat destruction, koala density and traffic volume also contribute to road-associated koala mortality in the Koala Coast.

Seasonal changes in the diving performance of the bimodally respiring freshwater turtle Rheodytes leukops in a natural setting

The objective of this study was to investigate how seasonally fluctuating environmental conditions influence the diving performance of the highly aquatic, bimodally respiring turtle Rheodytes leukops in a natural setting. Over four consecutive seasons (Austral autumn 2000 to summer 2001), the diving behaviour of adult turtles was recorded via pressure-sensitive time-depth recorders within Marlborough Creek, central Queensland, Australia. Short surfacing intervals recorded for R. leukops in winter suggest that the species utilizes aquatic respiration as an overwintering strategy to prevent the development of a metabolic acidosis during the long inactive dives observed during the season. As water temperature increases and aquatic P-O 2 decreases, R. leukops switches from facultative to obligate air-breathing, presumably because of the increased metabolic cost associated with aquatic respiration under summer conditions. Increases in mean surfacing time from winter to spring and summer are attributed to seasonal changes in behaviour possibly associated with foraging rather than to the physiological state of the turtle, given that no difference in median surfacing time among seasons was observed.

Indirect evidence of density-dependent population regulation in Aponomma hydrosauri (Acari : Ixodidae), an ectoparasite of reptiles

The extent to which density-dependent processes regulate natural populations is the subject of an ongoing debate. We contribute evidence to this debate showing that density-dependent processes influence the population dynamics of the ectoparasite Aponomma hydrosauri (Acari: Ixodidae), a tick species that infests reptiles in Australia. The first piece of evidence comes from an unusually long-term dataset on the distribution of ticks among individual hosts. If density-dependent processes are influencing either host mortality or vital rates of the parasite population, and those distributions can be approximated with negative binomial distributions, then general host-parasite models predict that the aggregation coefficient of the parasite distribution will increase with the average intensity of infections. We fit negative binomial distributions to the frequency distributions of ticks on hosts, and find that the estimated aggregation coefficient k increases with increasing average tick density. This pattern indirectly implies that one or more vital rates of the tick population must be changing with increasing tick density, because mortality rates of the tick's main host, the sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa, are unaffected by changes in tick burdens. Our second piece of evidence is a re-analysis of experimental data on the attachment success of individual ticks to lizard hosts using generalized linear modelling. The probability of successful engorgement decreases with increasing numbers of ticks attached to a host. This is direct evidence of a density-dependent process that could lead to an increase in the aggregation coefficient of tick distributions described earlier. The population-scale increase in the aggregation coefficient is indirect evidence of a density-dependent process or processes sufficiently strong to produce a population-wide pattern, and thus also likely to influence population regulation. The direct observation of a density-dependent process is evidence of at least part of the responsible mechanism.

The first strand transfer reaction of HIV-1 reverse transcription is more efficient in infected cells than in cell-free natural endogenous reverse transcription reactions

Background: In the presence of dNTPs, intact HIV-1 virions are capable of reverse transcribing at least part of their genome, a process known as natural endogenous reverse transcription (NERT). PCR analysis of virion DNA produced by NERT revealed that the first strand transfer reaction (1stST) was inefficient in intact virions, with minus strand (-) strong stop DNA (ssDNA) copy numbers up to 200 times higher than post-1stST products measured using primers in U3 and U5. This was in marked contrast to the efficiency of 1stST observed in single-round cell infection assays, in which (-) ssDNA and U3-U5 copy numbers were indistinguishable. Objectives: To investigate the reasons for the discrepancy in first strand transfer efficiency between intact cell-free virus and the infection process. Study design: Alterations of both NERT reactions and the conditions of cell infection were used to test whether uncoating and/or entry play a role in the discrepancy in first strand transfer efficiency. Results and Conclusions: The difference in 1stST efficiency could not be attributed simply to viral uncoating, since addition of very low concentrations of detergent to NERT reactions removed the viral envelope without disrupting the reverse transcription complex, and these conditions resulted in no improvement in 1stST efficiency. Virus pseudotyped with surface glycoproteins from either vesicular stomatitis virus or amphotrophic murine leukaemia virus also showed low levels of 1stST in low detergent NERT assays and equivalent levels of (-) ssDNA and 1stST in single-round infections of cells, demonstrating that the gp120-mediated infection process did not select for virions capable of carrying out 1stST. These data indicate that a post-entry event or factor may be involved in efficient HIV-1 reverse transcription in vivo. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Inhibition of early tumor growth requires Jα18-positive (natural killer T) cells

The role of natural killer T (NKT) cells in the immune response to tumor cells has been largely unexplored. As a model of adoptive tumor immunotherapy, cells from the draining lymph nodes of mice immunized with a tumor-specific or irrelevant antigen were transferred to naive recipients with established tumor. Inhibition of early tumor growth (day 4) required the transfer of both CD8(+) and Jalpha18(+) (NKT) cells from immunized animals without regard to immunogen. In contrast, CD8(+) cells, but not Jalpha18(+) cells, were necessary for the inhibition of late tumor growth (day 8). Thus, the developing tumor changes in sensitivity to NKT-mediated events and the role for NKT cells cannot be replaced by the presence of tumor-specific cells during early tumor growth. This suggests that recruitment/activation of Jalpha18(+) NKT cells is an important consideration during the immune therapy of early stage tumors.

Do expertise and the degree of perception-action coupling affect natural anticipatory performance?

Two experiments using a temporal occlusion paradigm (the first with expert and novice participants and the second with participants of intermediate skill) were conducted to examine the capability of tennis players to predict the direction of an opponent's service in situ. In both experiments two different response conditions, reflecting differing degrees of perception-action coupling, were employed. In a coupled condition players were required to make a movement-based response identical to that which they would use to hit a return of service in a game situation, whereas in an uncoupled condition a verbal prediction of service direction was required. Experiment 1 provided clear evidence of superior prediction accuracy under the coupled response condition when ball flight was available, plus some limited evidence to suggest that superior prediction accuracy under uncoupled response conditions might hold true if only advance (pre-contact) information was available. Experiment 2 showed the former finding to be a robust one, but was unable to reveal any support for the latter. Experiment 1 also revealed that expert superiority is more apparent for predictions made under natural (coupled) than uncoupled response-mode conditions. Collectively, these findings suggest that different perceptual processes may be in operation in anticipatory tasks which depend on skill level, the type of information presented, and degree of perception-action coupling inherent in the task requirements.

Prediction of mortality in patients without angina: Use of an exercise score and exercise echocardiography

Background Exercise testing has limited efficacy for identifying coronary artery disease (CAD) in the absence of anginal. symptoms. Exercise echocardiography is more accurate than standard exercise testing, but its efficacy in this situation has not been defined. We sought to identify whether the Duke treadmill. score or exercise echocardiography (ExE) could be used to identify risk in patients without anginal symptoms. Methods We studied 1859 patients without typical or atypical angina, heart failure, or a history or ECG evidence of infarction or CAD, who were referred for ExE, of whom 1832 (age 51 15 years, 944 men) were followed for up to 10 years. The presence and extent of ischaemia and scar were interpreted by expert reviewers at the time of the original study. Results Exercise provoked significant (>0.1 mV) ST segment depression in 215 patients (12%), and wall motion abnormalities in 137 (8%). Seventy-eight patients (4%) died before revascularization, only 17 from known cardiac causes. The independent predictors of death were age (RR 1.1, p

Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000

Background Smoking is a risk factor for several diseases and has been increasing in many developing countries. Our aim was to estimate global and regional mortality in 2000 caused by smoking, including an analysis of uncertainty. Methods Following the methods of Peto and colleagues, we used lung-cancer mortality as an indirect marker for accumulated smoking risk. Never-smoker lung-cancer mortality was estimated based on the household use of coal with poor ventilation. Relative risks were taken from the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study, phase II, and the retrospective proportional mortality analysis of Liu and colleagues in China. Relative risks were corrected for confounding and extrapolation to other regions. Results We estimated that in 2000, 4.83 (uncertainty range 3.94-5.93) million premature deaths in the world were attributable to smoking; 2.41 (1.80-3.15) million in developing countries and 2.43 (2.13-2.78) million in industrialised countries. 3.84 million of these deaths were in men. The leading causes of death from smoking were cardiovascular diseases (1.69 million deaths), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.97 million deaths), and lung cancer (0.85 million deaths). Interpretation Smoking was an important cause of global mortality in 2000. In view of the expected demographic and epidemiological transitions and current smoking patterns in the developing world, the health loss due to smoking will grow even larger unless effective interventions and policies that reduce smoking among men and prevent increases among women in developing countries are implemented.

Resistência natural da madeira de sete espécies de eucalipto ao apodrecimento

A resistência natural ao apodrecimento se constitui numa importante propriedade da madeira. Em se tratando das madeiras provenientes do gênero Eucalyptus, tal atributo se torna ainda mais importante, uma vez que tais madeiras são, na grande maioria das vezes, de difícil tratabilidade pelos métodos de tratamento convencionais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a resistência natural da madeira de sete espécies de eucalipto em ensaio acelerado de laboratório ao fungo causador da podridão-parda Gloeophyllum trabeum. Foram ensaiadas madeiras das espécies de Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. paniculata, E. pilularis, E. cloeziana, E. urophylla e E. grandis com 16 anos de idade, que cresceram na Estação Experimental de Anhembi, em São Paulo, pertencente ao Departamento de Ciências Florestais da ESALQ/USP. No que diz respeito ao apodrecimento causado pelo fungo Gloeophyllum trabeum, a madeira de eucalipto das sete espécies pode ser considerada resistente, uma vez que os valores de perda de massa foram sempre inferiores a 10%.

Influência da idade na resistência natural da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex. Maiden ao ataque de cupim de madeira seca (Cryptotermes brevis)

Este trabalho objetivou testar a resistência natural da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis de quatro diferentes idades (10, 14, 20 e 25 anos) ao ataque de cupins de madeira seca. As amostras foram retiradas da prancha diametral, na região próxima ao cerne mais externo, em número de seis unidades por tora, de cada uma das 16 árvores (quatro de cada idade). Cada par de amostras foi colocado em contato com 40 indivíduos, da espécie Cryptotermes brevis (cupim de madeira seca), avaliando-se cada par comparativamente com corpos-de-prova de madeira altamente suscetível ao ataque de cupins, no caso a madeira de Pinus elliottii, sob idênticas condições laboratoriais, mediante observações em intervalos periódicos. Ao término do ensaio foram registrados a porcentagem de cupins mortos e o número de furos, além do desgaste produzido por esses insetos. Verificou-se que a madeira de 10 anos foi a mais severamente atacada, com desgaste semelhante ao da testemunha. As madeiras de 14, 20 e 25 anos não diferiram estatisticamente entre si, quanto à resistência natural ao ataque de cupim de madeira seca, todas classificadas como de desgaste acentuado. A madeira de todas as idades mostrou-se altamente suscetível ao ataque de cupins, revelando a baixa resistência natural da espécie.

Potencialidades dos extrativos do cerne da madeira de teca como preservativo natural e sua influência na cor de madeiras claras

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial preservativo dos extrativos do cerne da madeira de teca (Tectona grandis) e a capacidade dos mesmos na mudança de coloração de madeiras claras. Para tanto, os resíduos gerados no processamento mecânico do cerne da madeira de teca com 20 anos de idade foram coletados e utilizados para realização de extrações. Para avaliar a influência dos extrativos de teca na cor e resistência natural da madeira foi utilizado o alburno da madeira de teca com 10 anos, além da madeira de Pinus sp., em função de ser uma madeira de coloração clara e baixa resistência natural. Foram realizadas extrações em água quente e etanol absoluto. Para determinação da concentração das soluções de tratamento foi realizado um ensaio de toxidez ao fungo Postia placenta. Após definida a concentração, as soluções extraídas foram preparadas para a impregnação. Além disto, foi utilizada uma terceira solução, composta pela combinação das soluções extraídas em água quente e etanol absoluto. Para cada solução testada foi realizado o tratamento pelo método de célula-cheia (Bethell). Para testar a eficiência das soluções preparadas com extrativos de teca, foram realizados leituras colorimétricas e ensaios biológicos com fungos e térmitas xilófagos. A combinação dos extrativos testados promoveu um escurecimento e reduziu a desuniformidade da cor, fazendo com que as madeiras tratadas se aproximassem mais da cor da madeira de cerne do que das amostras sem tratamento das respectivas espécies. A solução de extrativos obtida em etanol absoluto e a combinação dos extrativos obtidos em água quente e etanol absoluto promoveram os melhores resultados na resistência da madeira tratada contra fungos e térmitas xilófagos, alterando significativamente a classe de resistência das respectivas espécies tratadas.