Environmental health risk assessment of dioxin in foods and the sustainability of public health interventions at severe dioxin hot spots in Vietnam

This study assessed environmental health risk from dioxin in foods and sustainability of risk reduction programs at two heavily contaminated former military sites in Vietnam. The study involved 1000 household surveys, analysis of food samples and in-depth discussions with residents and officials. The findings indicate that more than 40 years after the war, local residents still experience high exposure to dioxin if they consume local high risk foods. Public health intervention programs were rated moderately to well sustained. Internal migration, and lack of clear, official guidance and sensitivity regarding dioxin issues were the main challenges for sustainability of prevention programs.

Labor Regulations and Unionization Trends: Comparative Analysis of Latin American Countries

This paper discusses the influences of labor regulations on unionization rates through the comparative analysis of Argentina, Chile and Mexico, expecting to contribute to the understanding of the determinants of unionization in Latin America. These regulations, though only one of the factors determining unionization levels, have a crucial role, their influence being at least threefold: they define entitlements to and exclusions from the right to unionize, affect union recruitment strategies and, by generating incentives and disincentives, contribute to shape individual membership decisions. After discussing historical aspects of unionization in the three countries, the analysis centers successively in two periods in which the countries compared showed both similarities and contrasts relevant to the analysis of unionization trends. In the first, the comparison is between Argentina (1976-83) and Chile (1973-89), both under military regimes that had much in common, but with contrasting unionization trends. In the second, the focus is in Argentina (1991-2001) and Mexico (1984-2000), where the reforms implemented to liberalize the economy and ensuing social-economic and labor market transformations were similar, but unionization trends differed. It is argued that, in each case, the divergent behavior of unionization, in spite of the similar economic and sociopolitical contexts, may at least partly be attributed to differences in key labor institutions.

DNA bar-coding reveals source and patterns of Thaumastocoris peregrinus invasions in South Africa and South America.

Thaumastocoris peregrinus is a recently introduced invertebrate pest of non-native Eucalyptus plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. It was first reported from South Africa in 2003 and in Argentina in 2005. Since then, populations have grown explosively and it has attained an almost ubiquitous distribution over several regions in South Africa on 26 Eucalyptus species. Here we address three key questions regarding this invasion, namely whether only one species has been introduced, whether there were single or multiple introductions into South Africa and South America and what the source of the introduction might have been. To answer these questions, bar-coding using mitochondrial DNA (COI) sequence diversity was used to characterise the populations of this insect from Australia, Argentina, Brazil, South Africa and Uruguay. Analyses revealed three cryptic species in Australia, of which only T. peregrinus is represented in South Africa and South America. Thaumastocoris peregrinus populations contained eight haplotypes, with a pairwise nucleotide distance of 0.2-0.9% from seventeen locations in Australia. Three of these haplotypes are shared with populations in South America and South Africa, but the latter regions do not share haplotypes. These data, together with the current distribution of the haplotypes and the known direction of original spread in these regions, suggest that at least three distinct introductions of the insect occurred in South Africa and South America before 2005. The two most common haplotypes in Sydney, one of which was also found in Brisbane, are shared with the non-native regions. Sydney populations of T. peregrinus, which have regularly reached outbreak levels in recent years, might thus have served as source of these three distinct introductions into other regions of the Southern Hemisphere.

The British Intervention in South Russia 1918-1920

Soon after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, a three-year civil war broke out in Russia. As in many other civil wars, foreign powers intervened in the conflict. Britain played a leading role in this intervention and had a significant effect on the course of the war. Without this intervention on the White side, the superiority of numbers in manpower and weaponry of the Bolsheviks would have quickly overwhelmed their opponents. The aim of this dissertation is to explain the nature and role of the British intervention on the southern, and most decisive, front of the Civil War. The political decision making in London is studied as a background, but the focus of the dissertation is on the actual implementation of the British policy in Russia. The British military mission arrived in South Russia in late 1918, and started to provide General Denikin s White army with ample supplies. General Denikin would have not been able to build his army of more than 200,000 men or to make his operation against Moscow without the British matériel. The British mission also organized the training and equipping of the Russian troops with British weapons. This made the material aid much more effective. Many of the British instructors took part in fighting the Bolsheviks despite the orders of their government. The study is based on primary sources produced by British departments of state and members of the British mission and military units in South Russia. Primary sources from the Whites, including the personal collections of several key figures of the White movement and official records of the Armed Forces of South Russia are also used to give a balanced picture of the course of events. It is possible to draw some general conclusions from the White movement and reasons for their defeat from the study of the British intervention. In purely material terms the British aid placed Denikin s army in a far more favourable position than the Bolsheviks in 1919, but other military defects in the White army were numerous. The White commanders were unimaginative, their military thinking was obsolete, and they were incapable of organizing the logistics of their army. There were also fundamental defects in the morale of the White troops. In addition to all political mistakes of Denikin s movement and a general inability to adjust to the complex situation in Revolutionary Russia, the Whites suffered a clear military defeat. In South Russia the Whites were defeated not because of the lack of British aid, but rather in spite of it.

An Axiom of Military Law : Applicability of National Criminal Law to Military Personnel and Associated Civilians Abroad

States regularly deploy elements of their armed forces abroad. When that happens, the military personnel concerned largely remain governed by the penal law of the State that they serve. This extraterritorial extension of national criminal law, which has been treated as axiomatic in domestic law and ignored by international law scholarship, is the subject of this dissertation. The first part of the study considers the ambit of national criminal law without any special regard to the armed forces. It explores the historical development of the currently prevailing system of territorial law and looks at the ambit that national legal systems claim today. Turning then to international law, the study debunks the oddly persistent belief that States enjoy a freedom to extend their laws to extraterritorial conduct as they please, and that they are in this respect constrained only by some specific prohibitions in international law. Six arguments historical, empirical, ideological, functional, doctrinal and systemic are advanced to support a contrary view: that States are prohibited from extending the reach of their legal systems abroad, unless they can rely on a permissive principle of international law for doing so. The second part of the study deals specifically with State jurisdiction in a military context, that is to say, as applied to military personnel in the strict sense (service members) and various civilians serving with or accompanying the forces (associated civilians). While the status of armed forces on foreign soil has transformed from one encapsulated in the customary concept of extraterritoriality to a modern regulation of immunities granted by treaties, elements of armed forces located abroad usually do enjoy some degree of insulation from the legal system of the host State. As a corollary, they should generally remain covered by the law of their own State. The extent of this extraterritorial extension of national law is revealed in a comparative review of national legislation, paying particular attention to recent legal reforms in the United States and the United Kingdom two states that have sought to extend the scope of their national law to cover the conduct of military contractor personnel. The principal argument of the dissertation is that applying national criminal law to service members and associated civilians abroad is distinct from other extraterritorial claims of jurisdiction (in particular, the nationality principle or the protective principle of jurisdiction). The service jurisdiction over the armed forces has a distinct aim: ensuring the coherence and indivisibility of the forces and maintaining discipline. Furthermore, the exercise of service jurisdiction seeks to reduce the chances of the State itself becoming internationally liable for the conduct of its service members and associated civilians. Critically, the legal system of the troop-deploying State, by extending its reach abroad, seeks to avoid accountability gaps that might result from immunities from host State law.

A resource based game theoretical model for military conflicts

A resource interaction based game theoretical model for military conflicts is presented in this paper. The model includes both the spatial decision capability of adversaries (decision regarding movement and subsequent distribution of resources) as well as their temporal decision capability (decision regarding level of allocation of resources for conflict with adversary’s resources). Attrition is decided at present by simple deterministic models. An additional feature of this model is the inclusion of the possibility of a given resource interacting with several resources of the adversary.The decisions of the adversaries is determined by solving for the equilibrium Nash strategies given that the objectives of the adversaries may not be in direct conflict. Examples are given to show the applicability of these models and solution concepts.

La evolución reciente de la inversión en Argentina

Resumen: En este trabajo se hace una comparación entre las inversiones que se han llevado a cabo en dos períodos bien marcados en Argentina, a saber, pre crisis y post crisis. El período pre crisis donde la inversión era financiada por el sector externo, se caracteriza por un fuerte crecimiento de la inversión debido al sostenido ingreso de capitales, esto provoca que el país sea muy vulnerable ante cambios adversos en la situación macroeconómica internacional. Opuesto a la etapa anterior, en el período post crisis, la inversión es financiada exclusivamente con reinversión de utilidades y con ahorro interno. Se quiere mostrar con esto que el crecimiento no es sostenible si solo se asienta en el consumo, el rol de la inversión es fundamental tanto en la sustentabilidad de la tasa de crecimiento como en la dinámica de los precios. Ignorar su importancia condena a la sociedad a la pobreza.

La reinserción social de los ex-presidiarios en la Argentina de las primeras décadas del siglo XX : algunos comentarios biográficos sobre Jorge H. Frías, fundador del Patronato de Liberados y Excarcelados de la Capital Federal

Resumen: Este trabajo pretende avanzar sobre una problemática escasamente abordada por la historiografía jurídica y social argentina: la reinserción social de los egresados de las prisiones. Así, partiendo de la utilidad que tienen para la historiografía los estudios biográficos y de instituciones penitenciarias y post-penitenciarias, analizaremos algunos aspectos de la labor profesional de Jorge H. Frías, distinguido jurista, presidente de la Cámara de Apelaciones en lo Criminal y Correccional y fundador en 1918 de la primera institución de reinserción social de la Argentina: el Patronato de Liberados y Excarcelados de la Capital Federal. Esperamos que este breve trabajo contribuya a alentar la realización de otros estudios sobre diferentes aspectos del universo penitenciario argentino (directores de presidios, viajeros penitenciarios, congresos penitenciarios nacionales e internacionales, revistas de los funcionarios de prisiones, etc.) que aún hoy en día permanecen desconocidos.

Evolución y perspectivas de la educación en Argentina, su cobertura y su calidad

Resumen: El objetivo central de este trabajo es analizar la situación educativa de la población argentina en relación con otros países y su evolución en los últimos años. Se observa que la "cantidad de educación" sigue siendo muy importante, aunque también se observa recientemente una caída en la matrícula del nivel medio y una reducción en la matrícula de las escuelas públicas a nivel primario. Asimismo, su distribución continúa siendo muy desigual –aunque es una de las menos desiguales en América Latina– y su calidad, en base a los resultados de pruebas internacionales, es pobre en comparación con otros países.

Diálogo teológico con Walter Kasper : la recepción de la eclesiología conciliar en la Argentina

Resumen: n esta intervención Carlos Galli dialoga con la valiosa ponencia del cardenal Walter Kasper resumiendo la recepción de la eclesiología conciliar desde la Argentina. Este diálogo se centra en cuatro puntos, la dialéctica liberación – libertad en el diálogo de la Iglesia con la modernidad, la recepción argentina de su eclesiología considerando las relaciones entre la fe del Pueblo de Dios y las culturas de los pueblos, la reforma evangélica radical a partir del paradigma de la conversión misionera de todo el Pueblo de Dios y de todos en el Pueblo de Dios. El género del texto une el comentario interpretativo y el diálogo teológico más constructivo que crítico.

La incidencia del trabajo infantil en Argentina

Resumen: El tema “trabajo infantil” es complejo de abordar debido a la falta de unicidad en su conceptualización y por la heterogeneidad y multiplicidad que lo caracteriza. No obstante, la diversidad de análisis (tanto descriptivos como estadísticos) en diferentes países sobre la cuestión, ha probado el gran avance en el sorteamiento de estas dificultades, como también brindado la base del diseño de planes de erradicación eficientes. Argentina ha sido una excepción a la regla. A pesar de la existencia de reportes e informes provenientes de organismos gubernamentales nacionales e internacionales se encuentra muy poco desarrollada la investigación basada en las herramientas econométricas. Por consiguiente, este análisis busca ampliar los conocimientos sobre el trabajo infantil en Argentina mediante la construcción de un modelo Logit binario que permita así examinar tanto la incidencia de los factores condicionantes más populares de la bibliografía internacional, así como la llamada “paradoja de la riqueza” planteada por Bhalotra y; por último la obtención de conclusiones sobre el impacto de las asistencias sociales en el trabajo infantil.

Los museos y el patrimonio histórico militar en la conformación de la identidad nacional

Resumen: El objeto de este trabajo es vincular la actividad de los museos y su patrimonio histórico militar en la conformación de identidades, como parte de un proyecto que se inició hacia fines del siglo XIX. Abordaremos la cuestión desde una visión amplia, incluyendo todos aquellos bienes que por su historia, y la función que ocupan en esa construcción identitaria, guardan estrecha relación con la historia militar. Para tal fin, se tomarán cuatro casos: el Museo Histórico Nacional, el Buque Museo Corbeta Uruguay, la Casa Museo Luis Piedra Buena y la Casa Amarilla (sede del Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales y del Instituto Nacional Browniano) Todos ellos bienes patrimoniales e instituciones que surgen o se re-significan con el objeto de facilitar a la comunidad nacional e internacional el acceso al conocimiento de la historia del país.

El lugar de Américo Tonda en la historiografía religiosa argentina del siglo XX

Resumen: Este artículo se ocupa de explorar y definir las características generales de los aportes historiográficos de Américo Tonda a la historia religiosa argentina. En un primer apartado se describe el contexto en el cual surge la historiografía religiosa argentina, en especial, luego de las vísperas de la celebración del Centenario. Luego se analiza algunos aspectos centrales de su obra para extraer conclusiones que nos permitirán definir su lugar en la historiografía religiosa argentina

El juego anidado de la reforma constitucional argentina

Resumen: El presente trabajo aspira a explicar la dinámica vivida por el proceso que condujo a la reforma constitucional de 1994 en la Argentina, en especial a la sucesión de acontecimientos que culminaron en la celebración del Pacto de Olivos y la sanción de la ley de necesidad de la reforma en 1993. ¿Por qué la Unión Cívica Radical y el Partido Justicialista optaron por celebrar un pacto en el proceso reformista, que podría considerarse un resultado subóptimo, en lugar de conducir cada uno su estrategia dominante: resistir la reforma o promoverla a toda costa? Observado como un “juego anidado”, el proceso que llevó a la reforma, lejos de ser un resultado subóptimo, fue un juego que se desarrolló simultáneamente en tres arenas. Desde esta posición, el trabajo discute la extendida tesis de que el proceso de reforma fue un clásico “juego del gallina”.

Diversidad territorial y desarrollo endógeno en Argentina

Resumen: El presente artículo se propone demostrar que la integración internacional de la economía argentina, junto con el crecimiento de la competencia entre sus distintas regiones, está generando un cambio profundo dentro del sistema productivo y reorganizando el sistema regional y urbano argentino. Para ello, luego de revisar algunos aspectos generales respecto a la influencia de la globalización como impulsora de transformaciones productivas, el autor se aboca a analizar en profundidad los aspectos positivos y negativos de las transformaciones que está viviendo la Argentina.