Efeitos da poluição atmosférica (litorânea e industrial) em isoladores da rede elétrica da região metropolitana de Salvador

The performances of eight kinds of insulators from electrical distribution lines in Salvador-BA, Brazil, were evaluated considering the chemical and physical local environmental pollution. The parameters that were chosen as characteristic for the insulators' properties were leakage current and partial electrical discharge. A data storage processing system and a communication link to the lab were built for data acquisition. The results show that the main contribution to the poor performance of the insulators is settleable magnetite particulate matter on the insulator in addition to the long term wetness time, t4.

Cristalización de zeolita beta mediante conversión asistida por vapor: influencia de los parámetros de síntesis

In the present work, beta zeolites were prepared by an alternative route called steam-assisted conversion (SAC). Several zeolites were synthesized using amorphous dry gels with a low SDA concentration (0.09 mol, TEAOH). Temperature and crystallization time were the main parameters studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were the characterization techniques employed. The zeolites prepared showed mixed phases such as beta, MTW and ZSM-5 while only one sample treated at 150ºC with 24 h of crystallization time showed a pure ZSM-5 phase (SAC-5). These preliminary results serve as a starting point for optimizing the synthesis of a specific type of zeolite using the SAC method.

Prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV: atitude dos obstetras em Salvador, Brasil

OBJETIVO: avaliar as atitudes e conhecimento dos obstetras das maternidades públicas da cidade de Salvador (MPS) sobre as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde para a profilaxia da transmissão vertical do vírus humano da imunodeficiência (HIV) e terapia antiretroviral em gestantes. Avaliou-se também a influência das condições de trabalho, disponibilidade da testagem rápida e da terapia antiretroviral em relação à aplicação destas recomendações. MÉTODOS: realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal entre agosto e novembro de 2005, envolvendo 129/152 (85%) dos obstetras de todas as MPS. Utilizou-se como instrumento um questionário anônimo, estruturado e auto-explicativo, com questões sobre as características da população, condições de trabalho e disponibilidade de insumos, conhecimento e atitudes relacionadas ao aconselhamento e testagem para o HIV e condutas com as pacientes (uso da zidovudina (AZT), reconhecimento de fatores de risco, escolha e manejo da via de parto e cuidados no puerpério). RESULTADOS: dos obstetras, 69% referiram conhecer integralmente as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde; 90,7% concordaram com a solicitação compulsória da testagem rápida para o HIV; 63,6% escolheram a cesariana para via de parto; 38% contra-indicaram o parto por via vaginal; 37,5% recomendaram isolamento das pacientes soropositivas e 58,1% indicaram laqueadura tubária. A maioria (90%) dos sujeitos referiram a existência de fatores prejudiciais à aplicabilidade das recomendações, sendo que os mais apontados foram a realização inadequada e a indisponibilidade das informações do pré-natal na admissão. Embora a testagem rápida estivesse disponível, apenas um terço dos entrevistados afirmou que o resultado estava sempre disponível em tempo hábil. CONCLUSÕES: algumas atitudes relacionadas à assistência à gestante com HIV foram discordantes das recomendações do Ministério da Saúde. Na opinião dos entrevistados a inadequação do pré-natal e a indisponibilidade do resultado da testagem rápida influenciam negativamente na aplicação das recomendações para profilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV.

Fe y esperanza : women's road to leadership and ministry in the Lutheran church of El Salvador 1952-2009

The Lutheran Church of El Salvador made a decision, in 1986, to open the ministry to women. How was it possible in the midst of a Latin American macho culture and after having been influenced by the theologically conservative, North American mission work? This research examines the kinds of internal and external factors which led women to leadership and ministry, and the context in which this development occurred. The roles of women have been scrutinised during several time periods. During 1952-1974 the focus was on women as missionary wives and fundadoras (founding mothers). Women’s roles as laywomen grew in 1975-1985. After the outburst of the civil war in 1980, women advanced to lay leaders. The ministry was opened for women and the first deacon pastors were installed in 1986 and the first presbyter pastors were ordained in 1994. In 2009, more women than ever were working in different levels – from laywomen to leaders – in the Lutheran Church of El Salvador. The research shows that the reasons for the development and changes concerning women’s positions and roles lie in the impact of significant individuals, liberation theology, the feminist and women’s movement, civil war and the theology of life.

A flora apícola de uma área restrita de dunas litorâneas, Abaeté, Salvador, Bahia

A comunidade de plantas visitadas por abelhas foi estudada em um fragmento de 8,2 ha na Área de Proteção Ambiental das Lagoas e Dunas de Abaeté, Salvador, Bahia (12º56’ S e 38º21’ W). Entre janeiro e dezembro de 1996, três vezes ao mês, as plantas floridas eram amostradas, registrando-se para cada espécie o período de floração, hábito e características florais como: cor, forma, sexualidade, simetria, deiscência das anteras e recurso oferecido ao visitante. O tipo de vegetação local é a restinga, composta principalmente por arbustos e subarbustos. Foram observadas 97 espécies vegetais e a família Fabaceae foi a mais rica em número de espécies. Das espécies observadas, 66 foram visitadas por abelhas, sendo que 12 delas foram predominantemente visitadas (79,4% do total de indivíduos). Waltheria cinerescens St. Hilaire e Byrsonima microphylla A. Juss. foram as espécies mais abundantes. Os recursos florais estiveram disponíveis ao longo de todo o ano, havendo maior produção de flores nos meses de menor precipitação. A maioria das flores esteve aberta durante todo o dia. Predominaram flores actinomorfas (63%), monóclinas (89%), pequenas, tubulares e reunidas em inflorescências, cujas cores mais freqüentes são lilás (32%) e creme (31%). A maioria era melitófila (85%), significando que as abelhas são, provavelmente, os principais responsáveis pela reprodução sexual das espécies vegetais nessas dunas.

Musgos acrocárpicos (Bryophyta) do Parque Estadual das Sete Passagens, Miguel Calmon, Bahia, Brasil

Os musgos acrocárpicos são representados no Parque Estadual das Sete Passagens por 29 espécies distribuídas em 14 gêneros e oito famílias. Dessas espécies, seis espécies representam novas citações para o Estado da Bahia, sendo três novas para a região Nordeste e uma redescoberta para o Brasil. Caracterização morfológica, comentários, grupos briocenológicos, ambiente, distribuição geográfica e distribuição no Brasil são apresentados para todas as espécies estudadas. Ilustrações são apresentadas para as primeiras referências.

Entre a casa e a roça: trajetórias de socialização no candomblé de habitantes de bairros populares de Salvador

Este trabalho discute trajetórias de socialização no candomblé de indivíduos de camadas populares de Salvador. Em primeiro lugar, trata das articulações entre a socialização primária e a socialização religiosa. Em segundo, busca compreender os modos pelos quais as relações travadas com entidades sagradas servem para adensar e estender certas linhas de relacionamento na família. A análise das trajetórias ressalta a importância do bairro como espaço de sociabilidade das famílias pobres. Mostra que relações com entidades muitas vezes precedem o vínculo com o terreiro, desenvolvendo-se e particularizando-se no espaço cotidiano da família e do bairro antes de serem formalizadas na instituição religiosa.

El primer aporte de los obispos de Brasil a la codificación del derecho canónico de 1917: los 'postulata' de los arzobispos de San Salvador de Bahía y de Rio de Janeiro

La redacción del primer Código de Derecho Canónico que tuvo la Iglesia latina fue ordenada por el Papa san Pío X en 1904. La tarea codificadora, empero, no fue obra de un grupo cerrado de expertos, sino que tuvo en cuenta el parecer del episcopado latino, el que fue consultado en dos momentos diferentes y en ambos fueron consultados los obispos de las provincias eclesiásticas de Brasil. En este trabajo se estudia, a partir de la documentación guardada en el Archivo Secreto Vaticano, el aporte de los obispos de las provincias eclesiásticas de Brasil en el primero de dichos momentos.

ßS-Haplotypes in sickle cell anemia patients from Salvador, Bahia, Northeastern Brazil

ßS-Globin haplotypes were studied in 80 (160 ßS chromosomes) sickle cell disease patients from Salvador, Brazil, a city with a large population of African origin resulting from the slave trade from Western Africa, mainly from the Bay of Benin. Hematological and hemoglobin analyses were carried out by standard methods. The ßS-haplotypes were determined by PCR and dot-blot techniques. A total of 77 (48.1%) chromosomes were characterized as Central African Republic (CAR) haplotype, 73 (45.6%) as Benin (BEN), 1 (0.63%) as Senegal (SEN), and 9 (5.63%) as atypical (Atp). Genotype was CAR/CAR in 17 (21.3%) patients, BEN/BEN in 17 (21.3%), CAR/BEN in 37 (46.3%), BEN/SEN in 1 (1.25%), BEN/Atp in 1 (1.25%), CAR/Atp in 6 (7.5%), and Atp/Atp in 1 (1.25%). Hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit values did not differ among genotype groups but were significantly higher in 25 patients presenting percent fetal hemoglobin (%HbF) > or = 10% (P = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). The median HbF concentration was 7.54 ± 4.342% for the CAR/CAR genotype, 9.88 ± 3.558% for the BEN/BEN genotype, 8.146 ± 4.631% for the CAR/BEN genotype, and 4.180 ± 2.250% for the CAR/Atp genotype (P = 0.02), although 1 CAR/CAR individual presented an HbF concentration as high as 15%. In view of the ethnic and geographical origin of this population, we did not expect a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for CAR/CAR and BEN/BEN homozygous haplotypes and a high proportion of heterozygous CAR/BEN haplotypes since the State of Bahia historically received more slaves from Western Africa than from Central Africa.

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV genotypes of hemodialysis patients in Salvador, Northeastern Brazil

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been identified as the major cause of chronic liver disease among patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD), despite the important reduction in risks obtained by testing candidate blood donors for anti-HCV antibodies and the use of recombinant erythropoietin to treat anemia. A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the prevalence of HCV infection and genotypes among HD patients in Salvador, Northeastern Brazil. Anti-HCV seroprevalence was determined by ELISA in 1243 HD patients from all ten different dialysis centers of the city. HCV infection was confirmed by RT-PCR and genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Anti-HCV seroprevalence among HD patients was 10.5% (95% CI: 8.8-12.3) (Murex anti-HCV, Abbott Murex, Chicago, IL, USA). Blood samples for qualitative HCV detection and genotyping were collected from 125/130 seropositive HD patients (96.2%). HCV-RNA was detected in 92/125 (73.6%) of the anti-HCV-positive patients. HCV genotype 1 (77.9%) was the most prevalent, followed by genotype 3 (10.5%) and genotype 2 (4.6%). Mixed infections of genotypes 1 and 3 were found in 7.0% of the total number of patients. The present results indicate a significant decrease in anti-HCV prevalence from 23.8% detected in a study carried out in 1994 to 10.5% in the present study. The HCV genotype distribution was closely similar to that observed in other hemodialysis populations in Brazil, in local candidate blood donors and in other groups at risk of transfusion-transmitted infection.

Prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in patients referred to a tertiary care hospital in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, for coronary angiography

The presence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease increases the morbidity and mortality of patients with coronary artery disease. The objective of the present study was to calculate the prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in patients referred for coronary angiography. This prevalence study was carried out at the Hemodynamics Unit of Hospital Santa Isabel, Salvador, Brazil, from December 2004 to April 2005. After approval by the Ethics Committee of the hospital, 397 patients with angiographic signs of coronary artery disease were enrolled. Diagnosis of peripheral arterial occlusive disease was made using the ankle-brachial blood pressure index (£0.90). Statistical analyses were performed using the z test and a level of significance of a = 5%, 95%CI, the chi-square test and t-test, and multiple logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease was 34.3% (95%CI: 29.4-38.9). Mean age was 65.7 ± 9.4 years for patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and 60.3 ± 9.8 years for patients without peripheral arterial occlusive disease (P = 0.0000003). The prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease was 1.57 times greater in patients with hypertension (P = 0.007) and 2.91 times greater in patients with coronary stenosis ³50% (P = 0.002). Illiterate patients and those with little education had a 44% higher chance of presenting peripheral arterial occlusive disease probably as a result of public health prevention policies of limited effectiveness. The prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in patients referred to a tertiary care hospital in Salvador, Bahia, for coronary angiography, was 34.3%.

Detection of caliciviruses associated with acute infantile gastroenteritis in Salvador, an urban center in Northeast Brazil

Acute gastroenteritis caused by viruses is one of the leading causes of infantile morbidity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of human caliciviruses of the genera norovirus and sapovirus in children up to 3 years of age with acute gastroenteritis from low-income communities in the city of Salvador, Brazil. This study is an extension of previous work carried out to establish the profile of the most prevalent enteric pathogens present in these communities. In this report, 139 fecal samples, collected from July 2001 to January 2002 were analyzed by RT-PCR and 13 (9%) were positive for human caliciviruses. By sequencing, seven isolates were characterized as norovirus genogroup GII and one as sapovirus genotype GII/1. Sequencing of the previously detected group-A rotaviruses and human astroviruses was also performed and revealed the circulation of rotavirus group A genotypes G1P[8] and G9P[8], and human astrovirus genotypes 6, 7, and 8. No mixed infection was observed. Community-based studies provide geographically representative information on disease burden. However, there are only a few reports in developing countries concerning the genotypes of the most important gastroenteric viruses detected in such communities. The present findings demonstrate the wide diversity of genotypes of the most important viruses responsible for acute gastroenteritis circulating in low-income communities.

Sensory descriptors of cocoa beans from cultivated trees of Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico

The odor and taste profile of cocoa bean samples obtained from trees cultivated in southern Mexico were evaluated by trained panelists. Seven representative samples (groups) of a total of 45 were analyzed. Four attributes of taste (sweetness, bitterness, acidity and astringency), and nine of odor (chocolate, nutty, hazelnut, sweet, acidity, roasted, spicy, musty and off-odor) were evaluated. A sample (G7) with higher scores in sweet taste and sweet and nutty odors was detected, as well as a high association between these descriptors and the sample, analyzed through principal component analysis (PCA). Similarly, samples that showed high scores for non-desired odors in cocoas such as off-odor and musty were identified and related by PCA to roasted odor and astringent taste (G2 and G4). Based on this scores, the samples were listed in descending order by their sensory quality as G7> G5> G6> G3> G1> G4> G2.

Fusión totalitaria y separación utópica: lectura de Emmanuel Lévinas y Miguel Abensour

En el siguiente texto intentaremos elucidar la particular estructura social, que define la utopía en el pensamiento de Lévinas, enfatizando su antagonismo estructural con la forma social propia de la estructura totalitaria. Es nuestro interés el argumentar aquí, que la utopía levinasiana en cuanto forma social, se fundamenta sobre la matriz de la "separación intersubjetiva", y que bajo este respecto ella aparece como una dimensión radicalmente opuesta a la estructura social del totalitarismo, en donde la "separación intersubjetiva" es imposible. De una a la otra, el ser social se juega como separación, o bien, como aglutinación; mientras la utopía separa, el totalitarismo fusiona. Nuestro acercamiento será articulado con elementos de análisis aportados por el contundente trabajo de Miguel Abensour respecto a la utopía. Por ello, asumimos como nuestra la perspectiva de análisis críticopolítica de nuestro autor, según la cual, la crítica al totalitarismo resulta determinante para el despeje de la dimensión utópica.