Molecular identification, phylogeny and geographic distribution of Brazilian mangrove oysters (Crassostrea)

Oysters (Ostreidae) manifest a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, whereby morphology is of limited value for species identification and taxonomy. By using molecular data, the aim was to genetically characterize the species of Crassostrea occurring along the Brazilian coast, and phylogenetically relate these to other Crassostrea from different parts of the world. Sequencing of the partial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene (COI), revealed a total of three species of Crassostrea at 16 locations along the Brazilian coast. C. gasar was found from Curuçá (Pará state) to Santos (São Paulo state), and C. rhizophorae from Fortim (Ceará state) to Florianópolis (Santa Catarina state), although small individuals of the latter species were also found at Ajuruteua beach (municipality of Bragança, Pará state). An unidentified Crassostrea species was found only on Canela Island, Bragança. Crassostrea gasar and C. rhizophorae grouped with C. virginica, thereby forming a monophyletic Atlantic group, whereas Crassostrea sp. from Canela Island was shown to be more similar to Indo-Pacific oysters, and either arrived in the Atlantic Ocean before the convergence of the Isthmus of Panama or was accidentally brought to Brazil by ship.

Taxonomic implications of molecular studies on Northern Brazilian Teredinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) specimens

The current taxonomy of the Teredinidae (shipworms) is wholly based on morphology and up to now no molecular studies of the phylogeny of this group have been published. In the present study the relationships between four genera of the subfamilies Teredininae and Bankiinae were established and the efficiency of the 16S rRNA gene in characterizing four Teredinidae species was tested. Phylogenetic trees support the grouping of Bankia fimbriatula with Nausitora fusticula and of Neoteredo reynei with Psiloteredo healdi, but the genetic distances do not justify the classification of these species into two distinct subfamilies. The results show that B. fimbriatula, N. reynei and P. healdi specimens from the coast of the Brazilian state of Pará have five distinct 16S rRNA haplotypes, with one N. reynei haplotype differing from the other haplotypes in respect to at least seven sequences sites, indicating the existence of two very distinct sympatric lineages.

Molecular discrimination of pouched four-eyed opossums from the Mamirauá Reserve in the Brazilian Amazon

Previous cytochrome B (CytB) mtDNA studies have suggested four species for the opossum genus Philander (four-eyed opossums), three (P. mcilhennyi, P. andersoni and P. opossum) from the Amazon and one (P. frenata) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest. During a faunal survey nine specimens of Philander sp. and four of Didelphis marsupialis were collected in the Mamirauá Sustainable Reserve, Amazonas State, Brazil. Preliminary analyses based on morphology and geographical distributions were not conclusive, suggesting that Philander specimens could belong to either P. andersoni or P. opossum. In order to elucidate the relationship of this taxon to the remaining Amazonian taxa, seven Philander and two Didelphis specimens animals were sequenced for the cytB mtDNA gene and compared to other previously studied taxa. The maximum likelihood (ML), neighbor-Joining (NJ) and maximum parsimony (MP) consensus bootstrap trees depicted six groups: Didelphis., P. frenata, P andersoni, P. mcilhennyi, P.o. opossum and Philander sp. and Philander canus in a common assemblage supported by significant bootstrap values, suggesting that the Philander sp. from Mamiraua in fact belongs to the species Philander canus.

Caracterização sorológica e detecção molecular do HTLV em amostras de pacientes com distúrbios neurológicos no Estado do Pará, Brasil (1996-2005)

ABSTRACT: Human T-lymphotropic virus tipe 1 is recognized as the etiologic agent of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). A very similar clinical disease has been increasingly associated to HTLV-2, whose pathogenicity still requires further assessments. This transversal, retrospective epidemiological survey aimed to determine the prevalence of HTLV among individuals with neurological disturbances and further evaluate cases of inconclusive serology using molecular biology methods. The present study involved patients inhabitants of Pará State and/or admitted at health institutions of the and who were referred to the Virology Section of Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC) by local doctors between January of 1996 and December 2005, to search for the presence of HTLV-1/2 serum antibodies. Of these patients 353 were selected, with age between 9 months and 79 years, who presented at least one signal or symptom of the Marsh’s Complex (1996), as well as had HTLV-1/2 positive serology at screening and confirmatory ELISA. The overall prevalence of HTLV antibodies by ELISA as 8,8% (31/353), with rates of 10,6% (19/179) and 6,9% (12/174) for female and male patients, respectively. Among HTLV-1/2 the 31 ELISA-positive patients it was noted that 15 (48.4%) of 31 had paresis (n = 8), parestesis (n = 5), and paraplegia (n = 3). Of these 31 HTLV ELISA positive patients, 25 could be submitted to WB for assessment of viral types, which were distributed as follow: 80% (20/25) were HTLV-1, 12% (3/25) were HTLV-2, one case was of HTLV-1+HTLV-2 infection (4%), and serum from one patient yielded an indeterminate profile (4%). Only 14 of these 25 patients could be re-localised for collection of an additional sample for molecular analysis. It was observed that 78.6% of samples typed by WB had the proviral TAX region successfully amplified by nested-PCR. In addition, types were confirmed as based on results obtained from the amplification of the POL region using real-time PCR; this denoted good specificity and sensitivity of the WB used in this study. The sample defined as HTLV-1+HTLV-2 infection by WB was amplified in its TAX region but real time PCR confirmed HTLV-1 infection only. The patient with WB indeterminate profile and one of samples typed as HTLV-2 by WB were amplified by nested-PCR but the real time PCR was negative for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in both samples. One patient presenting clinical manifestations of crural myalgia and parestesia with duration of about 7 years reacted HTLV-2-positive by both WB and real-time PCR, a denoting a clear HTLV-2- related chronic myelopathy. This study has identified a case of possible vertical transmission in two distinct situations: a patient whose mother presented antibodies for HTLV-1 by WB and two sisters who reacted HTLV-1-positive by WB and real-time PCR. Although of epidemiological relevance, results from this study warrant further and broader analyses concerning the molecular epidemiology of HTLV types and subtypes HTLV. In addition, a more complete clinical assessment of neurological symptoms should be further performed, in order to better characterise cases of HTLV-related chronic myelopathy in our region.

New molecular evidence supports the species status of Kaempfer's Woodpecker (Aves, Picidae)

ABSTRACT: Kaempfer's Woodpecker (Celeus obrieni) is the only species of the genus Celeus endemic to Brazil. The description of this taxon as a subspecies of the Rufous-headed Woodpecker (Celeus spectabilis) was based on a single specimen. While C. obrieni and C. spectabilis are now considered separate species based on morphological and limited molecular evidence, no study has critically tested the reciprocal monophyly and degree of evolutionary independence between these taxa with several specimens. Herein, fragments of the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of three recently-collected specimens of C. obrieni were analyzed to evaluate the degree of evolutionary differentiation of this taxon with respect to C. spectabilis. The results confirm the reciprocal monophyly between the specimens of C. obrieni and C. spectabilis. The genetic divergence values for the two taxa also support their classification as independent species, given that they are greater than the values recorded among other closely-related but separate species of the same genus. Estimates of the divergence time between C. obrieni and C. spectabilis indicate that cladogenesis occurred in the mid-Pleistocene, during a period of major climatic fluctuations and landscape change, consistent with the hypothesis of a corridor of open bamboo dominated forests and woodland stretching.

Prevalência da infecção pelo Papilomavírus humano (HPV) em mulheres investigadas para o câncer cervical, na cidade de Belém, Para

O Papilomavírus humano infecta as células basais do epitélio estratificado, induzindo o desenvolvimento de lesões proliferativas benignas na pele ou mucosas. As infecções apresentam distribuição universal. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado a forte associação da infecção por espécies de alto risco com casos de câncer cervical. Sendo assim, o presente estudo visou determinar a prevalência da infecção pelo HPV em um grupo de mulheres investigadas para o câncer cervical. No período de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2009 foram coletadas amostras cervicais de 180 mulheres atendidas no Laboratório de Citopatologia da UFPA, sendo 162 elegíveis para o estudo. De cada participante foi coletada duas amostras, uma destinada à confecção do esfregaço para posterior análise citológica, através do Método de Papanicolaou e a outra destinada à análise por biologia molecular a fim de se investigar a presença do HPV, na qual utilizou-se os iniciadores MY09 e MY11. As espécies de HPV foram identificadas através da técnica de seqüenciamento de bases nucelotídicas da ORF L1 do HPV. A análise do perfil epidemiológico do grupo estudado demonstrou que a média de idade correspondia a 37,5 anos. A maioria (49,38%) era casada, 37,65% havia iniciado a atividade sexual entre 13 e 17 anos de idade e 58,64% não usava preservativos durante as relações sexuais. A prevalência global do HPV encontrada foi de 18,52%. Treze espécies diferentes foram identificadas, sendo que a maioria (66,67%) pertencia ao grupo de baixo risco, no qual o HPV-11 foi mais freqüente. Dentre o grupo de alto risco (30%) o HPV-31 foi encontrado em quatro casos. A distribuição das espécies de HPV de acordo com o resultado citológico demonstrou que a ocorrência da infecção foi maior no grupo de mulheres cujo esfregaço era livre de alterações citológicas (43,33%). No grupo de mulheres com alterações pré-malignas só observou-se infecções por espécies de baixo risco (10%). A infecção pelo HPV mostrou associação estatisticamente significativa com a atividade sexual e com a freqüência na realização do exame preventivo. A prevalência encontrada no estudo corrobora com outros achados descritos na literatura. A predominância da infecção em mulheres com citologia normal reforça a idéia de que a infecção é, em sua maioria, assintomática e que o método de Papanicolaou é menos eficiente na detecção da infecção em relação às técnicas de biologia molecular. Entretanto, ao se tratar de detecção de doença pré-maligna ou maligna, a biologia molecular não se aplica e, portanto não deve substituir o PCCU.

Mucopolysaccharidosis I, II, and VI: brief review and guidelines for treatment

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare genetic diseases caused by the deficiency of one of the lysosomal enzymes involved in the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) breakdown pathway. This metabolic block leads to the accumulation of GAG in various organs and tissues of the affected patients, resulting in a multisystemic clinical picture, sometimes including cognitive impairment. Until the beginning of the XXI century, treatment was mainly supportive. Bone marrow transplantation improved the natural course of the disease in some types of MPS, but the morbidity and mortality restricted its use to selected cases. The identification of the genes involved, the new molecular biology tools and the availability of animal models made it possible to develop specific enzyme replacement therapies (ERT) for these diseases. At present, a great number of Brazilian medical centers from all regions of the country have experience with ERT for MPS I, II, and VI, acquired not only through patient treatment but also in clinical trials. Taking the three types of MPS together, over 200 patients have been treated with ERT in our country. This document summarizes the experience of the professionals involved, along with the data available in the international literature, bringing together and harmonizing the information available on the management of these severe and progressive diseases, thus disclosing new prospects for Brazilian patients affected by these conditions.

Molecular analysis of three FUT3 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and their relationship with the lewis erythrocytary phenotype in a human population of japanese-ancestry living in Tomé Açu, a town in the Brazilian Amazon

The Lewis blood group system involves two major antigens, Le^ª and Le^b. Their antigenic determinants are not primary gene products but are synthesized by the transfer of sugar subunits to a precursory chain by a specific enzyme which is the product of the FUT3 gene (Lewis gene). The presence of three FUT3 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (59T > G; 508G > A and 1067T > A) was related to the Lewis phenotype of erythrocytes from 185 individuals of Japanese ancestry living in the town of Tomé-Açu in the Brazilian Amazon region. This relationship was detected using a serological hemagglutination test and the Dot-ELISA assay along with the molecular technique PCR-RFLP. We found that the three SNPs investigated in this study only accounted for a proportion of the Lewis-negative phenotype of the erythrocytes.

Ocorrência do metapneumovírus humano nas infecções respiratórias agudas em estados da região nordeste do Brasil

As doenças do trato respiratório são responsáveis por uma significativa taxa de absenteísmo laboral bem como por elevados índices de morbidade e morte, entre as quais as infecções respiratórias aguda (IRA) representam as maiores queixas nos serviços de atendimento médico-ambulatorial em todo o mundo. Os vírus são considerados os principais agentes etiológicos das IRA, atuando seja como patógeno principal ou predispondo às infecções bacterianas secundárias, entre eles encontra-se o Metapneumovirus Humano (HMPV). Este vírus foi identificado em 2001 apresentando-se como um importante agente causador de IRA adquirida na comunidade. É um vírus cosmopolita que causa doenças respiratórias semelhantes ao Vírus Respiratório Sincicial. No Brasil, são relativamente escassos os relatos da ocorrência do HMPV na população. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a ocorrência de Metapneumovírus Humano (HMPV) em pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de infecção respiratória aguda (IRA) na Região Nordeste do Brasil. Entre o período de Junho de 2009 a Setembro de 2010, pacientes oriundos de atendimentos em unidades de atenção básica ou hospitalar de cinco estados da Região Nordeste, foram submetidos a coleta de espécimes para detecção a partir de técnicas de biologia molecular. Análises estatísticas foram utilizadas para escolha do tamanho amostral (545) e tratamento dos resultados obtidos. O estudo mostrou uma positividade de 4.7% para HMPV, sem a existência de uma faixa etária específica para a ocorrência da infecção. Ocorreu uma prevalência do sexo feminino entre os casos positivos, entretanto, sem significado estatístico. O pico de positividade para o vírus (n=16) mostrou existir no terceiro trimestre do ano em todos os Estados investigados. Neste estudo, foi possível descrever a ocorrência de HMPV na Região Nordeste, afetando pacientes portadores de infecção respiratória aguda, tanto acompanhados ambulatorialmente como hospitalizados, que preencheram critério clínico para Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave.

Genetic identification of bucktooth parrotfish Sparisoma radians (Valenciennes, 1840) (Labridae, Scarinae) by chromosomal and molecular markers

Parrotfishes (Labridae, Scarinae) comprise a large marine fish group of difficult identification, particularly during juvenile phase when the typical morphology and coloration of adults are absent. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test cytogenetic markers and DNA barcoding in the identification of bucktooth parrtotfish Sparisoma radians from the northeastern coast of Brazil. Sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) confirmed all studied samples as S. radians, and all showed high similarity (99-100%) with Caribbean populations. The karyotype of this species was divergent from most marine Perciformes, being composed of 2n = 46 chromosomes. These consisted of a large number of metacentric and submetacentric pairs with small amounts of heterochromatin and GC-rich single nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) not syntenic to 5S rDNA clusters. These are the first data about DNA barcoding in parrotfish from the Brazilian province and the first refined chromosomal analysis in Scarinae, providing useful data to a reliable genetic identification of S. radians.

Molecular analysis of three FUT3 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and their relationship with the lewis erythrocytary phenotype in a human population of japanese-ancestry living in Tomé Açu, a town in the Brazilian Amazon

The Lewis blood group system involves two major antigens, Le^a and Le^b. Their antigenic determinants are not primary gene products but are synthesized by the transfer of sugar subunits to a precursory chain by a specific enzyme which is the product of the FUT3 gene (Lewis gene). The presence of three FUT3 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (59T > G; 508G > A and 1067T > A) was related to the Lewis phenotype of erythrocytes from 185 individuals of Japanese ancestry living in the town of Tomé-Açu in the Brazilian Amazon region. This relationship was detected using a serological hemagglutination test and the Dot-ELISA assay along with the molecular technique PCR-RFLP. We found that the three SNPs investigated in this study only accounted for a proportion of the Lewis-negative phenotype of the erythrocytes.

Filogenia molecular da família Dipsadidae (serpentes : Colubroidea)

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBRC

Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em parreiras do Estado de São Paulo e caracterização molecular da pérola-da-terra (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) em diferentes regiões do Brasil

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBRC

Estudos estruturais por dinâmica molecular do peptídeo Polybia-MPI via Replica Exchange

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Atividade alelopática de Copaifera langsdorffii DESF: abordagem fitoquímica e molecular

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica) - IBB