Infecção concomitante experimental de Rattus norvegicus por Toxocara canis e Toxoplasma gondii: estudo comportamental e histopatológico

A hipótese de \"manipulação comportamental\" supõe que um parasito pode alterar o comportamento de seu hospedeiro visando aumentar a probabilidade de completar seu ciclo evolutivo. Tais alterações aumentariam a taxa de transmissão hospedeirohospedeiro, assegurando ao parasito ou a seus propágulos o encontro de novo hospedeiro. A possibilidade de infecções parasitárias provocarem mudanças comportamentais em seus hospedeiros e a elevada frequência com que o acometimento de seres humanos por larvas de Toxocara e cistos de Toxoplasma ocorre, têm chamado à atenção de pesquisadores interessados no estudo das relações hospedeiro-parasita. Na infecção por Toxoplasma gondii e Toxocara canis, cistos e larvas estão presentes em diversos locais anatômicos incluindo musculatura, coração, pulmões, olhos e cérebro. A presença de parasitos no cérebro dá oportunidade de manipulação do comportamento do hospedeiro. Entretanto, não se sabe qual ou quais mecanismos estão envolvidos no processo de manipulação do comportamento. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram verificar alterações na ansiedade, medo, memória e aprendizagem de Rattus norvegicus experimentalmente infectados por Toxocara canis e/ou Toxoplasma gondii em dois períodos após infecção, bem como a localização das larvas e cistos e presença de placas beta amiloide ( A) na região do hipocampo no tecido cerebral desses roedores corado pela técnica de Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE), e Vermelho de Congo, respectivamente. Foram utilizadas 40 exemplares fêmeas da espécie Rattus norvegicus, com seis a oito semanas. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: Toxocara - 10 ratos infectados com 300 ovos de Toxocara canis, Toxoplasma -10 ratos infectados com 10 cistos de Toxoplasma gondii, Infecção dupla - 10 ratos infectados com 300 ovos de Toxocara canis e 10 cistos de Toxoplasma gondii, e controle - 10 ratos sem infecção. Nos dias 40, 41, 70 e 71 após a infecção, os animais dos grupos infectados e controle foram submetidos à avaliação no Labirinto em Cruz Elevado e Campo aberto. Aos 120 após infecção foi feita avaliação da memória, aprendizado e aversão a urina de gato dos animais no Labirinto de Barnes. No final das análises comportamentais os animais foram levados a eutanásia para retirada do cérebro e confecção dos cortes histológicos preparados em HE e Vermelho de Congo. Os resultados mostraram efeito ansiolítico para ambas as infecções, principalmente para Toxoplasma gondii. Não houve comprometimento da memória e aprendizado no LB, porém os animais infectados por Toxocara canis ou Toxoplasma gondii apresentaram menor tempo para encontrar a toca com urina e entrar nela. A leitura dos cortes histológicos corados com HE mostraram larvas de Toxocara canis e cistos de Toxoplasma gondii em regiões do sistema nervoso central dos animais relacionadas com memória e aprendizado. As lâminas coradas com Vermelho de Congo apresentaram placas beta amiloides ( A) em metade dos animais infectados por Toxoplasma gondii. Conclui-se que a infecção por ambos os parasitos apresenta efeito ansiolítico quando ocorre infecção única. Quando a Infecção ocorre concomitantemente há modulação no comportamento. Além disso, ratas infectadas com infecção única apresentam-se menos aversivas à urina de gatos.

Effect of Cage-Induced Stereotypies on Measures of Affective State and Recurrent Perseveration in CD-1 and C57BL/6 Mice.

Stereotypies are abnormal repetitive behaviour patterns that are highly prevalent in laboratory mice and are thought to reflect impaired welfare. Thus, they are associated with impaired behavioural inhibition and may also reflect negative affective states. However, in mice the relationship between stereotypies and behavioural inhibition is inconclusive, and reliable measures of affective valence are lacking. Here we used an exploration based task to assess cognitive bias as a measure of affective valence and a two-choice guessing task to assess recurrent perseveration as a measure of impaired behavioural inhibition to test mice with different forms and expression levels of stereotypic behaviour. We trained 44 CD- 1 and 40 C57BL/6 female mice to discriminate between positively and negatively cued arms in a radial maze and tested their responses to previously inaccessible ambiguous arms. In CD-1 mice (i) mice with higher stereotypy levels displayed a negative cognitive bias and this was influenced by the form of stereotypy performed, (ii) negative cognitive bias was evident in back-flipping mice, and (iii) no such effect was found in mice displaying bar-mouthing or cage-top twirling. In C57BL/6 mice neither route-tracing nor bar-mouthing was associated with cognitive bias, indicating that in this strain these stereotypies may not reflect negative affective states. Conversely, while we found no relation of stereotypy to recurrent perseveration in CD-1 mice, C57BL/6 mice with higher levels of route-tracing, but not bar-mouthing made more repetitive responses in the guessing task. Our findings confirm previous research indicating that the implications of stereotypies for animal welfare may strongly depend on the species and strain of animal as well as on the form and expression level of the stereotypy. Furthermore, they indicate that variation in stereotypic behaviour may represent an important source of variation in many animal experiments.

Labyrinte de Versailles : suivant la copie à Paris, de l'Imprimerie royale, MDCXCIII.

Full page engravings after S. Le Clerc, of the fountains in the Labyrinth (which represented Aesop's fables) with prose epitomes of the fables and descriptive text by Ch. Perrault, and metrical versions of the fables by I. de Benserade. On plate 12 the attribution "L. Scherm fe." can be discerned.

Grotte, labyrinthe, fontaines et bassins de Versailles.

This volume has been designated "sixième volume" in the Catalogue, for a collection known under the title of the repository, Cabinet du roi. The engravings were prepared between 1672 and 1689 by various engravers: Le Pautre, Le Clerc, Chauveau, Edelinck, Picart, Baudet, Silvestre, Simonneau and Chatillon. They were issued individually at the outset, collected, and in this instance issued in uniform format. The plates of the Labyrinthe, 15 x 8.5 cm., have been printed on 4 leaves of 9 and 1 leaf of 5.

Voyages en Corse. à l'île d'Elbe, et en Sardaigne;

Mode of access: Internet.

The house of cobwebs, and other stories /

The work of George Gissing -- A chronological record -- The house of cobwebs -- A capitalist -- Christopherson -- Humplebee -- The scrupulous father -- A poor gentleman -- Miss Rodney's leisure -- A charming family -- A daughter of the lodge -- The riding-whip -- Fate and the apothecary -- Topham's chance -- A lodger in Maze pond -- The salt of the earth -- The pig and whistle.

Abrégé de la grammaire nationale : ou Extrait de la grammaire de Voltaire, de Racine... : Corrigé /

Mode of access: Internet.

Le coiffeur et le perruquier, vaudeville en un acte,

Mode of access: Internet.

The dramatic works and poems of James Shirley, now first collected : with notes by the late William Gifford, esq., and additional notes, and some account of Shirley and his writings /

v. 1. Some account of Shirley and his writings. Commendatory verses on Shirley. Love tricks, or, The school of complement. The maid's revenge. The brothers. The witty fair one. The wedding.--v. 2. The grateful servant. The traitor. Love's cruelty. Love in a maze. The bird in a cage. Hyde park.--v. 3. The ball. The young admiral. The gamester. The example. The opportunity. The coronation.--v. 4. The lady of pleasure. The royal master. The duke's mistress. The doubtful heir. St. Patrick for Ireland. The constant maid. The humorous courtier.--v. 5. The gentleman of Venice. The politician. The imposture. The cardinal. The sisters. The court secret.--v. 6. Honoria and Mammon. Chabot, admiral of France. The Arcadia. The triumph of peace. A contention for honour and riches. The triumph of beauty. Cupid and death. The contention of Ajax and Ulysses for the armour of Achilles. Poems.

Voyages en Corse, à l'Île d'Elbe, et en Sardaigne.

Mode of access: Internet.

Nouvelle bibliothèque dramatique ...

Tomes 2-5, 7 have imprint: Jena, En commission à la librairie de Bran.

Open convents, or, Nunneries and popish seminaries dangerous to the morals, and degrading to the character of a republican community /

Bound in full green vertically ribbed cloth with maze-like pattern.

Recherches sur le culte, les symboles, les attributs, et les monuments figurés de Vénus, en Orient et en Occident;

The third "mémoire" is dated: 30 décembre 1848.

Romance literature pamphlets.

A collection of miscellaneous pamphlets.

Transient prenatal vitamin D deficiency is associated with hyperlocomotion in adult rats

Rat experiments have shown that prenatal Vitamin D deficiency leads to altered neonatal brain morphology, cell density and neurotrophin expression. In the current study we examined the hypothesis that Vitamin D deficiency during early development alters adult behaviour even when there is an intervening period in which the animal receives normal Vitamin D in later development. Rats were conceived and born to Vitamin D deficient dams (Birth); conceived, born and weaned from Vitamin D deficient dams (Weaning); or deficient in Vitamin D from conception to 10 weeks of age (Life). Litters were standardized to three males and three females per litter. All rat offspring were rendered normocalcaemic with calcium supplemented water (2 mM) after weaning. Control animals were born to mothers fed a normal diet but subject to similar litter size and calcium supplementation. At 10 weeks all animals were tested on the holeboard test, elevated plus maze test, social interaction observation, acoustic startle response test, prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response and a forced swim test. Early Vitamin D deficiency (Birth group) enhanced locomotion in the holeboard test and increased activity in the elevated plus maze. Thus, transient prenatal Vitamin D deficiency induces hyperlocomotion in adulthood, without severe motor abnormalities. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.