Upper bound solution for pullout capacity of vertical anchors in sand using finite elements and limit analysis

The horizontal pullout capacity of vertical anchors embedded in sand has been determined by using an upper bound theorem of the limit analysis in combination with finite elements. The numerical results are presented in nondimensional form to determine the pullout resistance for various combinations of embedment ratio of the anchor (H/B), internal friction angle (ϕ) of sand, and the anchor-soil interface friction angle (δ). The pullout resistance increases with increases in the values of embedment ratio, friction angle of sand and anchor-soil interface friction angle. As compared to earlier reported solutions in literature, the present solution provides a better upper bound on the ultimate collapse load.

Successful data recovery from oscillation photographs containing strong polycrystalline diffraction rings from an unknown small-molecule contaminant: preliminary structure solution of Salmonella typhimurium pyridoxal kinase (PdxK)

Pyridoxal kinase (PdxK; EC 2.7.1.35) belongs to the phosphotransferase family of enzymes and catalyzes the conversion of the three active forms of vitamin B-6, pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine, to their phosphorylated forms and thereby plays a key role in pyridoxal 5 `-phosphate salvage. In the present study, pyridoxal kinase from Salmonella typhimurium was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and crystallized. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.6 angstrom resolution at 100 K. The crystal belonged to the primitive orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unitcell parameters a = 65.11, b = 72.89, c = 107.52 angstrom. The data quality obtained by routine processing was poor owing to the presence of strong diffraction rings caused by a polycrystalline material of an unknown small molecule in all oscillation images. Excluding the reflections close to powder/polycrystalline rings provided data of sufficient quality for structure determination. A preliminary structure solution has been obtained by molecular replacement with the Phaser program in the CCP4 suite using E. coli pyridoxal kinase (PDB entry 2ddm) as the phasing model. Further refinement and analysis of the structure are likely to provide valuable insights into catalysis by pyridoxal kinases.

Exact Solution of the PPP Model for Correlated Electronic States of Tetracene and Substituted Tetracene

Tetracene is an important conjugated molecule for device applications. We have used the diagrammatic valence bond method to obtain the desired states, in a Hilbert space of about 450 million singlets and 902 million triplets. We have also studied the donor/acceptor (D/A)-substituted tetracenes with D and A groups placed symmetrically about the long axis of the molecule. In these cases, by exploiting a new symmetry, which is a combination of C-2 symmetry and electron-hole symmetry, we are able to obtain their low-lying states. In the case of substituted tetracene, we find that optically allowed one-photon excitation gaps reduce with increasing D/A strength, while the lowest singlet triplet gap is only wealdy affected. In all the systems we have studied, the excited singlet state, S-i, is at more than twice the energy of the lowest triplet state and the second triplet is very close to the S-1 state. Thus, donor-acceptor-substituted tetracene could be a good candidate in photovoltaic device application as it satisfies energy criteria for singlet fission. We have also obtained the model exact second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients using the correction vector method, and we find that the SHG responses increase with the increase in D/A strength.

Insights into the AIEE of 1,8-Naphthalimides (NPIs): Inverse Effects of Intermolecular Interactions in Solution and Aggregates

Systematic structural perturbation has been used to fine-tune and understand the luminescence properties of three new 1,8-naphthalimides (NPIs) in solution and aggregates. The NPIs show blue emission in the solution state and their fluorescence quantum yields are dependent upon their molecular rigidity. In concentrated solutions of the NPIs, intermolecular interactions were found to quench the fluorescence due to the formation of excimers. In contrast, upon aggregation (in THF/H2O mixtures), the NPIs show aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE). The NPIs also show moderately high solid-state emission quantum yields (ca. 10-12.7 %). The AIEE behaviour of the NPIs depends on their molecular rigidity and the nature of their intermolecular interactions. The NPIs 1-3 show different extents of intermolecular (pi-pi and C-H center dot center dot center dot O) interactions in their solid-state crystal structures depending on their substituents. Detailed photophysical, computational and structural investigations suggest that an optimal balance of structural flexibility and intermolecular communication is necessary for achieving AIEE characteristics in these NPIs.

Frequency Domain Based Solution for Certain Class of Wave Equations: An exhaustive study of Numerical Solutions

The paper discusses the frequency domain based solution for a certain class of wave equations such as: a second order partial differential equation in one variable with constant and varying coefficients (Cantilever beam) and a coupled second order partial differential equation in two variables with constant and varying coefficients (Timoshenko beam). The exact solution of the Cantilever beam with uniform and varying cross-section and the Timoshenko beam with uniform cross-section is available. However, the exact solution for Timoshenko beam with varying cross-section is not available. Laplace spectral methods are used to solve these problems exactly in frequency domain. The numerical solution in frequency domain is done by discretisation in space by approximating the unknown function using spectral functions like Chebyshev polynomials, Legendre polynomials and also Normal polynomials. Different numerical methods such as Galerkin Method, Petrov- Galerkin method, Method of moments and Collocation method or the Pseudo-spectral method in frequency domain are studied and compared with the available exact solution. An approximate solution is also obtained for the Timoshenko beam with varying cross-section using Laplace Spectral Element Method (LSEM). The group speeds are computed exactly for the Cantilever beam and Timoshenko beam with uniform cross-section and is compared with the group speeds obtained numerically. The shear mode and the bending modes of the Timoshenko beam with uniform cross-section are separated numerically by applying a modulated pulse as the shear force and the corresponding group speeds for varying taper parameter in are obtained numerically by varying the frequency of the input pulse. An approximate expression for calculating group speeds corresponding to the shear mode and the bending mode, and also the cut-off frequency is obtained. Finally, we show that the cut-off frequency disappears for large in, for epsilon > 0 and increases for large in, for epsilon < 0.

Microscopic description of the evolution of the local structure and an evaluation of the chemical pressure concept in a solid solution

Extended x-ray absorption fine-structure studies have been performed at the Zn K and Cd K edges for a series of solid solutions of wurtzite Zn1-xCdxS samples with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, where the lattice parameter as a function of x evolves according to the well-known Vegard's law. In conjunction with extensive, large-scale first-principles electronic structure calculations with full geometry optimizations, these results establish that the percentage variation in the nearest-neighbor bond distances are lower by nearly an order of magnitude compared to what would be expected on the basis of lattice parameter variation, seriously undermining the chemical pressure concept. With experimental results that allow us to probe up to the third coordination shell distances, we provide a direct description of how the local structure, apparently inconsistent with the global structure, evolves very rapidly with interatomic distances to become consistent with it. We show that the basic features of this structural evolution with the composition can be visualized with nearly invariant Zn-S-4 and Cd-S-4 tetrahedral units retaining their structural integrity, while the tilts between these tetrahedral building blocks change with composition to conform to the changing lattice parameters according to the Vegard's law within a relatively short length scale. These results underline the limits of applicability of the chemical pressure concept that has been a favored tool of experimentalists to control physical properties of a large variety of condensed matter systems.

Photocatalytic disassembly of tertiary amine-based dendrimers to monomers and their application to the `catch and release' of a dye in aqueous solution

Photocatalytic disassembly of tertiary amine-based poly(propyl ether imine) dendrimers, in the presence of either 9,10-anthraquinone or riboflavin tetraacetate and O-2(g), leads to di- and tripropanolamine monomers. An application is shown by solubilisation of a water-insoluble dye, Sudan I, in aq. dendrimer solution ('catch'), followed by its `release' upon disassembly of the dendrimer.

Solution Processed Cu2CoSnS4 Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications

Earth abundant alternative chalcopyrite Cu2CoSnS4 (CCTS) thin films were deposited by a facile sol-gel process onto larger substrates. Temperature dependence of the process control of deposition and desired phase formations was studied in detail. Films were analyzed for complete transformation from amorphous to polycrystalline, with textured structures for stannite phase, as reflected from the X-ray diffraction and with nearly stoichiometric compositions of Cu:Co:Sn:S = 2:0:1:0:1:0:4:0 from EDAX analysis. Morphological investigations revealed that the CCTS films with larger grains, on the order of its thickness, were synthesized at higher temperature of 500 degrees C. The optimal band gap for application in photovoltaics was estimated to be 1.4 eV. Devices with SLG/CCTS/Al geometry were fabricated for real time demonstration of photoconductivity under A.M 1.5 G solar and 1064 rim infrared laser illuminations. A photodetector showed one order current amplification from similar to 1.9 X 10(-6) A in the dark to 2.2 x 10(-5) A and 9.8 X 10(-6) A under A.M 1.5 G illumination and 50 mW cm(-2) IR laser, respectively. Detector sensitivity, responsivity, external quantum efficiency, and gain were estimated as 4.2, 0.12 A/W, 14.74% and 14.77%, respectively, at 50 mW cm(-2) laser illuminations. An ON and OFF ratio of 2.5 proved that CCTS can be considered as a potential absorber in low cost photovoltaics applications.

A napthelene-pyrazol conjugate: Al(III) ion-selective blue shifting chemosensor applicable as biomarker in aqueous solution

A newly synthesized and crystalographically characterized napthelene-pyrazol conjugate, 1-(5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-ylimino)-methyl]-naphthalen-2-ol (HL) behaves as an Al(III) ion-selective chemosensor through internal charge transfer (ICT)-chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) processes in 100 mM HEPES buffer (water-DMSO 5 : 1, v/v) at biological pH with almost no interference of other competitive ions. This mechanism is readily studied from electronic, fluorimetric and H-1 NMR titration. The probe (HL) behaved as a highly selective fluorescent sensor for Al(III) ions as low as 31.78 nM within a very short response time (15-20 s). The sensor (HL), which has no cytotoxicity, is also efficient in detecting the distribution of Al(III) ions in HeLa cells via image development under fluorescence microscope.

Polymorphic phase transition among the titania crystal structures using a solution-based approach: from precursor chemistry to nucleation process

Nanocrystalline titania are a robust candidate for various functional applications owing to its non-toxicity, cheap availability, ease of preparation and exceptional photochemical as well as thermal stability. The uniqueness in each lattice structure of titania leads to multifaceted physico-chemical and opto-electronic properties, which yield different functionalities and thus influence their performances in various green energy applications. The high temperature treatment for crystallizing titania triggers inevitable particle growth and the destruction of delicate nanostructural features. Thus, the preparation of crystalline titania with tunable phase/particle size/morphology at low to moderate temperatures using a solution-based approach has paved the way for further exciting areas of research. In this focused review, titania synthesis from hydrothermal/solvothermal method, conventional sol-gel method and sol-gel-assisted method via ultrasonication, photoillumination and ILs, thermolysis and microemulsion routes are discussed. These wet chemical methods have broader visibility, since multiple reaction parameters, such as precursor chemistry, surfactants, chelating agents, solvents, mineralizer, pH of the solution, aging time, reaction temperature/time, inorganic electrolytes, can be easily manipulated to tune the final physical structure. This review sheds light on the stabilization/phase transformation pathways of titania polymorphs like anatase, rutile, brookite and TiO2(B) under a variety of reaction conditions. The driving force for crystallization arising from complex species in solution coupled with pH of the solution and ion species facilitating the orientation of octahedral resulting in a crystalline phase are reviewed in detail. In addition to titanium halide/alkoxide, the nucleation of titania from other precursors like peroxo and layered titanates are also discussed. The nonaqueous route and ball milling-induced titania transformation is briefly outlined; moreover, the lacunae in understanding the concepts and future prospects in this exciting field are suggested.

Porous wide band gap BiNbO4 ceramic nanopowder synthesised by low temperature solution-based method for gas sensing applications

In this study, we report the gas sensing behavior of BiNbO4 nanopowder prepared by a low temperature simple solution-based method. Before the sensing behaviour study, the as-synthesized nanopowder was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, impedance analysis, and surface area measurement. The NH3 sensing behavior of BiNbO4 was then studied by temperature modulation (50-350 degrees C) as well as concentration modulation (20-140 ppm). At the optimum operating temperature of 325 degrees C, the sensitivity was measured to be 90%. The cross-sensitivity of as-synthesized BiNbO4 sensor was also investigated by assessing the sensing behavior toward other gases such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), ethanol (C2H5OH), and liquid petroleum gas (LPG). Finally, selectivity of the sensing material toward NH3 was characterized by observing the sensor response with gas concentrations in the range 20-140 ppm. The response and recovery time for NH3 sensing at 120 ppm were about 16 s and about 17 s, respectively.

Solution processable diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) cored small molecules with BODIPY end groups as novel donors for organic solar cells

Two novel triads based on a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) central core and two 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) units attached by thiophene rings have been synthesised having high molar extinction coefficients. These triads were characterised and used as donor materials in small molecule, solution processable organic solar cells. Both triads were blended with PC71BM as an acceptor in different ratios by wt% and their photovoltaic properties were studied. For both the triads a modest photovoltaic performance was observed, having an efficiency of 0.65%. Moreover, in order to understand the ground and excited state properties and vertical absorption profile of DPP and BODIPY units within the triads, theoretical DFT and TDDFT calculations were performed.

Lipase mediated enzymatic degradation of polydioxanone in solution

The enzymatic biodegradation of polydioxanone (PDO) in trifluoroethanol (TFE) at various temperatures (25-55 degrees C) was studied with two different types of lipases, namely immobilized enzyme Novozym 435 and free enzyme porcine pancreas lipase. The biodegradation process was monitored by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Both enzymes showed the optimum activity at 37 degrees C and Novozym 435 exhibited better thermal stability over the experimental temperature range. A continuous distribution kinetic model was employed to describe the biodegradation process and the model was used to fit the experimental data satisfactorily and obtain kinetic parameters. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Morphology controlled synthesis of Al doped ZnO nanosheets on Al alloy substrate by low-temperature solution growth method

We report the morphology-controlled synthesis of aluminium (Al) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanosheets on Al alloy (AA-6061) substrate by a low-temperature solution growth method without using any external seed layer and doping process. Doped ZnO nanosheets were obtained at low temperatures of 60-90 degrees C for the growth time of 4 hours. In addition to the synthesis, the effect of growth temperature on the morphological changes of ZnO nanosheets is also reported. As-synthesized nanosheets are characterized by FE-SEM, XRD TEM and XPS for their morphology, crystallinity, microstructure and compositional analysis respectively. The doping of Al in ZnO nanosheets is confirmed with EDXS and XPS. Furthermore, the effect of growth temperature on the morphological changes was studied in the range of 50 to 95 degrees C. It was found that the thickness and height of the nanosheets varied with respect to the growth temperature. The study has given an important insight into the structural morphology with respect to the growth temperature, which in turn enabled us to determine the growth temperature window for the ZnO nanosheets. These Al doped ZnO nanosheets have potential application possibilities in gas sensors, solar cells and energy harvesting devices like nanogenerators.

Composition dependent multiple structural transformations of myoglobin in aqueous ethanol solution: A combined experimental and theoretical study

Experimental studies (circular dichroism and ultra-violet (UV) absorption spectra) and large scale atomistic molecular dynamics simulations (accompanied by order parameter analyses) are combined to establish a number of remarkable (and unforeseen) structural transformations of protein myoglobin in aqueous ethanol mixture at various ethanol concentrations. The following results are particularly striking. (1) Two well-defined structural regimes, one at x(EtOH) similar to 0.05 and the other at x(EtOH) similar to 0.25, characterized by formation of distinct partially folded conformations and separated by a unique partially unfolded intermediate state at x(EtOH) similar to 0.15, are identified. (2) Existence of non-monotonic composition dependence of (i) radius of gyration, (ii) long range contact order, (iii) residue specific solvent accessible surface area of tryptophan, and (iv) circular dichroism spectra and UV-absorption peaks are observed. Interestingly at x(EtOH) similar to 0.15, time averaged value of the contact order parameter of the protein reaches a minimum, implying that this conformational state can be identified as a molten globule state. Multiple structural transformations well known in water-ethanol binary mixture appear to have considerably stronger effects on conformation and dynamics of the protein. We compare the present results with studies in water-dimethyl sulfoxide mixture where also distinct structural transformations are observed along with variation of co-solvent composition. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.