Excepcionalidad del levantamiento del velo societario

A pesar de que en la realidad actual son muchas las situaciones que justifican plenamente la aplicación del levantamiento del velo societario, gozando esta figura de aceptación en numerosos ordenamientos jurídicos, se cuestiona cuál debe ser su aplicación y alcance dado a las delicadas consecuencias que la misma puede generar tanto en el orden jurídico como económico, pues la sociedad mercantil es el motor -o al menos un importante actor- en el desarrollo de las sociedades actuales. Ni en las distintas legislaciones ni a nivel doctrinario se han determinado con claridad las causales específicas que justifican prescindir del ente social y revisar la aplicabilidad de los beneficios que la figura societaria concede a los socios así como del régimen de responsabilidades previsto para terceros como administradores y liquidadores de las sociedades. En este escenario, el presente trabajo tiene por finalidad demostrar que la aplicación de esta institución debe ser de índole excepcional, lo que a su vez lleva a reflexionar sobre la necesidad de contar con otros mecanismos jurídicos que junto con la inoponibilidad de la personalidad jurídica permitan mantener un adecuado y efectivo control sobre las sociedades mercantiles, sin afectar la esencia de las mismas ni obstaculizar el trascendente papel que éstas juegan en nuestro medio. A efectos de lo anterior, el presente trabajo incluye una breve revisión sobre la situación actual de la sociedad mercantil, de la noción y entendimiento de la figura del levantamiento del velo societario, su aplicación en el sistema anglosajón y continental, y finalmente, una propuesta sobre su aplicación y alcance.

El movimiento indígena como actor social a partir del levantamiento de 1990 en el Ecuador: emergencia de una nueva institucionalidad entre los indígenas y el Estado entre 1990-1998

En la historia del Ecuador contemporáneo, desde 1990 en que se lleva a efecto el primer levantamiento indígena nacional aparece el movimiento indígena como un nuevo actor social que trastorna su condición social, el rol que tradicionalmente le había sido asignado por la sociedad y el Estado ecuatoriano y trata de conquistar un espacio público que le había sido negado por muchos siglos debido a la situación indígena de exclusión y marginación social. A partir de 1990 y los sucesivos años, década que se caracteriza en el Ecuador como un acumulado de nuevas movilizaciones y levantamientos indígenas de sentido nacional, el movimiento indígena se transforma en un nuevo actor social necesario en la sociedad debido a que asume una funcionalidad política que va más allá de su base organizacional y a través de una nueva discursividad y praxis política busca expresar un sentimiento social que ya no encaja en el discurso ni la práctica política decadentes del sindicalismo ni de los partidos políticos tradicionales. Desde el ámbito estrictamente del Estado, éste tampoco vino representando los intereses de los Pueblos y Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador, a pesar de que algunos gobiernos crearon ciertas oficinas de atención a los sectores indígenas en el Ministerio de Bienestar Social. El Estado en sí mismo no había trastocado desde su formación original su fundamental principio uninacional concebido desde la ideología del mestizaje racial. Ante los hechos de exclusión de larga data de los Pueblos Indígenas promovidos por el Estado ecuatoriano y ante hechos más inmediatos tales como los ajustes estructurales, la modernización del Estado de tendencia privatizadora, la intervención de políticas internacionales, etc., el movimiento indígena asume en la década del noventa su rol protagónico, mediante propuestas substancialmente indígenas que buscan el reconocimiento del Ecuador como un país pluricultural, multiétnico y plurinacional, en el sentido de democratizar la sociedad y el Estado ecuatoriano. En este plano la participación indígena y negra se tornaría necesaria como búsqueda de aquello de Nunca más un Ecuador sin nosotros. La investigación que plantéo se inscribe en este contexto. Los Pueblos y Nacionalidades Indígenas, mediados por el movimiento indígena, por un lado, durante la década del noventa intentaron ir configurando un mayor acercamiento con el Estado a través del diálogo y la negociación política, y por otro lado, la estructuración de nuevas relaciones entre los indígenas y el Estado por medio de la creación de instituciones, tales como la Comisión Coordinadora de Asuntos Indígenas, la Secretaría Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas y Minorías Etnicas, SENAIME, el Consejo Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas y Negros del Ecuador, CONPLADEIN y el Consejo de Desarrollo de las Nacionalidades y Pueblos del Ecuador, CODENPE. El objetivo de la investigación consiste en analizar para que sirvió cada movilización indígena ante el Estado ecuatoriano durante los acontecimientos indígenas de 1990, 1992, 1994 y 1997 y la emergencia de una nueva institucionalidad entre los indígenas y el Estado ecuatoriano desde 1990 hasta 1998. En dicho marco de estudio lo que me interesa averiguar es ¿para qué sirvió cada movilización ante el Estado ecuatoriano durante los sucesos indígenas de 1990, 1992, 1994 y 1997? y ¿cómo después de cada movilización indígena surgió una nueva institucionalidad entre los indígenas y el Estado?

Renzi, Maggi, Tardewski: (des)encuentros de la literatura, la historia y la filosofía en torno al concepto de verdad en Respiración artificial, de Ricardo Piglia (Dossier: Novela, historia y nación en América Latina)

El ensayo explora tres posibles lecturas del concepto de verdad en Respiración artificial, de Ricardo Piglia, mediante el análisis de tres personajes: el novelista Renzi, el historiador Maggi y el filósofo Tardewski. Cada uno constituye, según su oficio, una representación de la verdad. La verdad histórica es relativizada por la verdad de la ficción personificada por Renzi, y esta encuentra un fundamento narrativo en la investigación histórica que Maggi desarrolla. La verdad filosófica de Tardewski permanece aislada e íntegra. La clave del texto es el descubrimiento de que la verdad de la razón filosófica es el villano de la novela, pues constituye una fuerza tiránica, totalitaria y devastadora, cuya lejanía de los hechos reales le impide explicarlos y darles sentido.

Mobile Incubation in Waved Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata): Associated Hatching Failure and Artificial Mitigation

Waved albatrosses often relocate their eggs during incubation by placing the egg between the tarsi and shuffling forward. This behavior frequently results in eggs becoming lodged between rocks, accounting for at least 10%, and perhaps as much as 80%, of breeding failures. Because albatross populations worldwide are currently threatened, artificial means of augmenting reproductive success may be necessary to mitigate losses caused by anthropogenic effects. We characterize the frequency and extent of egg movement; test several hypotheses related to microhabitat, timing, and incubation location to explain the behavior; and investigate the utility of repositioning lodged eggs in a location in which breeding birds might resume incubation. Egg rescue increased both the likelihood of continued incubation as well as the hatching rate in our experiment, and provides an efficient, low-cost management option for this species.

Artificial Cavities and Nest Site Selection by Puerto Rican Parrots: a Multiscale Assessment

We examined nest site selection by Puerto Rican Parrots, a secondary cavity nester, at several spatial scales using the nest entrance as the central focal point relative to 20 habitat and spatial variables. The Puerto Rican Parrot is unique in that, since 2001, all known nesting in the wild has occurred in artificial cavities, which also provided us with an opportunity to evaluate nest site selection without confounding effects of the actual nest cavity characteristics. Because of the data limitations imposed by the small population size of this critically endangered endemic species, we employed a distribution-free statistical simulation approach to assess site selection relative to characteristics of used and unused nesting sites. Nest sites selected by Puerto Rican Parrots were characterized by greater horizontal and vertical visibility from the nest entrance, greater density of mature sierra palms, and a more westerly and leeward orientation of nest entrances than unused sites. Our results suggest that nest site selection in this species is an adaptive response to predation pressure, to which the parrots respond by selecting nest sites offering advantages in predator detection and avoidance at all stages of the nesting cycle. We conclude that identifying and replicating the “nest gestalt” of successful nesting sites may facilitate conservation efforts for this and other endangered avian species.

Detection of Parkinson’s disease tremor-onset with a frequency analysing artificial neural network

Deep Brain Stimulator devices are becoming widely used for therapeutic benefits in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Prolonging the battery life span of such devices could dramatically reduce the risks and accumulative costs associated with surgical replacement. This paper demonstrates how an artificial neural network can be trained using pre-processing frequency analysis of deep brain electrode recordings to detect the onset of tremor in Parkinsonian patients. Implementing this solution into an 'intelligent' neurostimulator device will remove the need for continuous stimulation currently used, and open up the possibility of demand-driven stimulation. Such a methodology could potentially decrease the power consumption of a deep brain pulse generator.

A geometric algorithm for an artificial life form based on anachronistic methods

Modern methods of spawning new technological motifs are not appropriate when it is desired to realize artificial life as an actual real world entity unto itself (Pattee 1995; Brooks 2006; Chalmers 1995). Many fundamental aspects of such a machine are absent in common methods, which generally lack methodologies of construction. In this paper we mix classical and modern studies in order to attempt to realize an artificial life form from first principles. A model of an algorithm is introduced, its methodology of construction is presented, and the fundamental source from which it sprang is discussed.

Ex Vivo Construction of an Artificial Ocular Surface by Combination of Corneal Limbal Epithelial Cells and a Compressed Collagen Scaffold Containing Keratocytes

We have investigated the use of a laminin coated compressed collagen gel containing corneal fibroblasts (keratocytes) as a novel scaffold to support the growth of corneal limbal epithelial stem cells. The growth of limbal epithelial cells was compared between compressed collagen gel and a clinically proven conventional substrate, denuded amniotic membrane. Following compression of the collagen gel, encapsulated keratocytes remained viable and scanning electron microscopy showed that fibres within the compressed gel were dense, homogeneous and similar in structure to those within denuded amniotic membrane. Limbal epithelial cells were successfully expanded upon the compressed collagen resulting in stratified layers of cells containing desmosome and hemidesmosome structures. The resulting corneal constructs of both the groups shared a high degree of transparency, cell morphology and cell stratification. Similar protein expression profiles for cytokeratin 3 and cytokeratin 14 and no significant difference in cytokeratin 12 mRNA expression levels by real time PCR were also observed. This study provides the first line of evidence that a laminin coated compressed collagen gel containing keratocytes can adequately support limbal epithelial cell expansion, stratification and differentiation to a degree that is comparable to the leading conventional scaffold, denuded amniotic membrane.

The influence of different artificial soil types on the acute toxicity of carbendazim to the earthworm Eisenia fetida in laboratory toxicity tests

Field populations of earthworms have shown a varied response in mortality to the fungicide carbendazim, the toxic reference substance used in agrochemical field trials. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of soil conditions as a potential cause of this variation. Laboratory acute toxicity tests were conducted using a range of artificial soils with varying soil components (organic matter, clay, pH and moisture). Batch adsorption/desorption studies were run to determine the influence of the soil properties on carbendazim behaviour. Adsorption was shown to be correlated with organic matter content and pH and this in turn could be linked to Eisenia fetida mortality, with lower mortality occurring with increased adsorption. Overall while E.fetida mortality did vary significantly between several of the soils the calculated LC50 values in the different soils did not cover a wide range (6.04-16.00 mg kg(-1)), showing that under these laboratory conditions soil components did not greatly influence carbendazim toxicity to E.fietida. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Use of an artificial root to examine the influence of 8-hydroxyquinoline on soil microbial activity and bacterial community structure

Invasive plant species have been shown to alter the microbial community composition of the soils they invade and it is suggested that this below-ground perturbation of potential pathogens, decomposers or symbionts may feedback positively to allow invasive success. Whether these perturbations are mediated through specific components of root exudation are not understood. We focussed on 8-hydroxyquinoline, a putative allelochemical of Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) and used an artificial root system to differentiate the effects of 8-hydroxyquinoline against a background of total rhizodeposition as mimicked through supply of a synthetic exudate solution. In soil proximal (0-10 cm) to the artificial root, synthetic exudates had a highly significant (P < 0.001) influence on dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and urease activity. in addition, 8-hydroxyquinoline was significant (p = 0.003) as a main effect on dehydrogenase activity and interacted with synthetic exudates to affect urease activity (p = 0.09). Hierarchical cluster analysis of 16S rDNA-based DGGE band patterns also identified a primary affect of synthetic exudates and a secondary affect of 8-hydroxyquinoline on bacterial community structure. Thus, we show that the artificial rhizosphere produced by the synthetic exudates was the predominant effect, but, that the influence of the 8-hydroxyquinoline signal on the activity and structure of soil microbial communities could also be detected. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Implicit and explicit knowledge bases in artificial grammar learning

Two experiments examined the claim for distinct implicit and explicit learning modes in the artificial grammar-learning task (Reber, 1967, 1989). Subjects initially attempted to memorize strings of letters generated by a finite-state grammar and then classified new grammatical and nongrammatical strings. Experiment 1 showed that subjects' assessment of isolated parts of strings was sufficient to account for their classification performance but that the rules elicited in free report were not sufficient. Experiment 2 showed that performing a concurrent random number generation task under different priorities interfered with free report and classification performance equally. Furthermore, giving different groups of subjects incidental or intentional learning instructions did not affect classification or free report.

Artificial ants for active routing

Ant colonies in nature provide a good model for a distributed, robust and adaptive routing algorithm. This paper proposes the adoption of the same strategy for the routing of packets in an Active Network. Traditional store-and-forward routers are replaced by active intermediate systems, which are able to perform computations on transient packets, in a way that results very helpful for developing and dynamically deploying new protocols. The adoption of the Active Networks paradigm associated with a cooperative learning environment produces a robust, decentralized routing algorithm capable of adapting to network traffic conditions.

Development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous analysis of artificial sweeteners, preservatives and colours in soft drinks

A rapid capillary electrophoresis method was developed simultaneously to determine artificial sweeteners, preservatives and colours used as additives in carbonated soft drinks. Resolution between all additives occurring together in soft drinks was successfully achieved within a 15-min run-time by employing the micellar electrokinetic chromatography mode with a 20 mM carbonate buffer at pH 9.5 as the aqueous phase and 62 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate as the micellar phase. By using a diode-array detector to monitor the UV-visible range (190-600 nm), the identity of sample components, suggested by migration time, could be confirmed by spectral matching relative to standards.