酸化油固定床酶法合成生物柴油研究

以固定化的假丝酵母酶为催化剂，在三段式固定床反应器内，醇油摩尔比为1：1，采用分级流加甲醇的方式，将高酸值的酸化油转化为生物柴油，探讨了酶量、溶剂量、水量、温度、反应液流速等与产物中甲酯含量的关系。正交实验结果表明，反应的最适条件为酶用量、溶剂量、水量分别为油重的15％、10％、10％，反应液流速为0.8g·min^-1，温度为45℃，在此条件下，产物中甲酯含量达到了90．18％。

生姜化感作用机理及其栽培模式研究

近年来，随着对作物重茬（连年种植）障碍原因的深入研究，植物的化感作用越来越受到国内外众多学者的重视。而作为重要调料和药用植物的生姜，其连作障碍也备受关注，系统地研究生姜化感作用将有助于理解和最终解决生姜连作障碍问题。本文通过研究生姜不同部位、不同浓度的水浸液对与其间作的两个物种（大豆和四季葱）种子的萌发及幼苗生长的影响，从而证明生姜化感作用的存在；并通过温室盆栽实验研究了生姜的自毒作用（即研究生姜不同部位、不同浓度的水浸液对其幼苗的形态、生理生化、光合作用、土壤酶、土壤微生物多样性及土壤养分的影响），从而揭示生姜退化和衰老的机制，并为生姜筛选出合适的间作物种提供科学依据，对生姜连作障碍提出科学的解决方法。主要研究结果如下： 1. 与对照相比，生姜所有部位（根茎、茎、叶）、所有浓度（10、20、40、 80 g l-1）的水浸液均抑制了大豆种子和葱籽的萌发率、幼苗生长、水分吸收和脂肪酶活性，并且其抑制程度随着水浸液浓度的增加而增强，其生姜各部位水浸液抑制效应的强弱顺序为茎＞叶＞根茎。这一结果表明生姜根茎、茎、叶含有能够抑制大豆种子和葱籽种子萌发和幼苗生长的水溶性化感物质。根茎是生姜的主要收获部位，而生姜的残株（主要是茎和叶）应该从大田中处理掉以减轻其抑制效应。生姜水浸液中主要化感成分包括：根茎水浸液中主要是丁香酸和伞花内脂；茎水浸液中主要是阿魏酸，且其含量最高为73.4 ug/g；叶水浸液中除了阿魏酸，其他六种物质均检测出来，但含量较高的主要有丁香酸、伞花内脂和香豆酸。 2. 生姜茎和叶不同浓度的水浸液均显著抑制了生姜幼苗的株高、每株叶片数和叶面积，其抑制程度随着水浸液浓度的增加而有所增强，而生姜幼苗每株分枝数差异不显著；同时生姜水浸液也极大程度地影响了生姜幼苗的生物量（包括地下生物量、地上生物量和总生物量，均为鲜重）。在同一浓度下，茎水浸液对生姜幼苗形态指标及生物量指标均显示出最强的抑制作用，叶水浸液次之，根茎水浸液最弱。与对照相比，低浓度的生姜根茎水浸液提高了生姜幼苗叶片内四种抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT、APX）活性，高浓度的根茎水浸液抑制了四种抗氧化酶活性，而茎和叶水浸液均随着浓度的增加而抑制了四种抗氧化酶活性，三种水浸液均随着浓度的增加降低了生姜幼苗叶片内叶绿素的含量，而增加了生姜幼苗叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛含量。同时，三种水浸液均随着浓度的增加降低了生姜幼苗的光合参数（包括胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及净光合速率）。 3. 三种生姜水浸液对所测六种土壤酶活性均产生了不同程度的影响，其中影响最大的是酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶，在10 g l-1 时就达到了显著水平，并且所有酶均有随着水浸液浓度增加而增大的趋势；相同部位的水浸液随着浓度的增加，细菌和真菌的数量呈增加趋势，而放线菌的数量呈减少趋势；三种生姜水浸液均随着浓度的增加降低了土壤中有机质的含量，加剧了土壤中硝态氮含量的积累，根茎水浸液对土壤有效磷、速效钾和铵态氮均显示出低浓度提高其含量而高浓度降低其含量的趋势，而茎和叶水浸液则随着浓度的增加均降低了其含量。 4. 与生姜单作相比，所有间作系统均在旺盛生长期和收获期不同程度地提高了土壤酶活性，同时也增加了土壤细菌数量及土壤微生物总数但不显著；所有间作系统在旺盛生长期和收获期均不同程度地影响了土壤真菌及放线菌数量（增加或减少），所有间作系统间的多样性指数差异不显著，除了旺盛生长期四种作物（生姜-大豆-四季葱-大蒜）的间作模式显著降低了多样性指数，其值仅为生姜单作的33.18%；生姜与大豆间作不仅提高了19.6%的生姜产量而且获得了较好的经济效益，并且，所有间作系统均显著抑制了生姜姜瘟病的发生。 5. 不同栽培模式不同程度地影响了收获期生姜的株高、分枝数、根茎产量及内在品质。其中处理2显著地促进了生姜的分枝（10.5%），同时处理2、3和4也促进了生姜的生长（株高分别增加了15.0%、11.4%和14.0%），并且这三个处理提高了生姜的产量；处理2和3能有效提高生姜块茎中维生素C（分别较单作生姜显著提高了3.29%和4.05%）、处理3显著提高了可溶性糖（8.2%）、姜辣素（4.6%）和蛋白质等有益物质的含量，降低硝酸盐有害物质的含量（处理2显著降低了14.0%），改善了姜块的外观和内在品质。并且，生姜与大豆间作具有最高的纯收入和产投比，分别较生姜单作提高了24.80%和8.8%。Recently, allelopathy has been more and more paid attentions by national and foreign scholars with profound research on reasons of crop replanted (continuous planted) obstacle. Ginger rhizome is valuable all over the world either as a spice or herbal medicine and ginger replanted obstacle is also paid attentions. Systematic research on ginger allelopathy will contribute to understanding and ultimate solving problem of ginger replanted obstacle. The effects of ginger aqueous extracts with different parts and concentrations on seed germination and early seedling growth of soybean and chive were studied in this article to testify that ginger existed allelopathy. Furthermore, ginger autotoxicity was also studied by pot experiment in greenhouse (namely research on effects of ginger aqueous extracts with different parts and concentrations on morphological indexes, physiological and biochemical indexes, photosynthesis, soil enzymes, soil microbial diversity and soil nutrients) to reveal mechanism of ginger degeneration and senescence, provide scientific basis for selecting appropriate intercropping species and put forward scientific resolvent for ginger replanted obstacle. The main results were as follows: 1. All aqueous extracts at all concentrations inhibited seed germination, seedling growth, water uptake and lipase activity of soybean and chive compared with the control, and the degree of inhibition increased with the incremental extracts concentration. The degree of toxicity of different ginger plant parts can be classified in order of decreasing inhibition as stem＞leaf＞rhizome. The results of this study suggested that rhizome, stem and leaf of ginger contained water soluble allelochemicals which could inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of soybean and chive. The rhizome is the main harvested part of ginger. The residue (mainly stems and leaves) of the ginger plant should be removed from the field so as to diminish its inhibitory effect. The main allelopathic components of three kind of aqueous extracts were as follows: Rhizome extract chiefly contained syringic acid and vmbelliferone and stem extract mainly contained frulic acid whose content was the highest (73.4 ug/g). The other six substances were detected except of frulic acid, but only contents of syringic acid, vmbelliferone and p-coumaric acid were higher. 2. Stem and leaf aqueous extracts of ginger with different concentrations significantly inhibited plant height, leaf numbers per plant and leaf area, and the degree of inhibition increased with the incremental extracts concentration. However, tiller number per plant of ginger seedling showed no significant difference. At the same time, ginger aqueous extracts also influenced biomass including under-ground biomass, above-ground biomass and total biomass (fresh weight) to a large extent. Under the same concentration, stem aqueous extract showed the mostly inhibitory effect on morphological indexes and biomass indexes of ginger seedling. Rhizome aqueous extract showed the leastly inhibitory effect and leaf aqueous extract was intervenient. Enhanced concentration of ginger aqueous extracts significantly reduced total chlorophyll content, accompanying with increases in memberane permeability (REL) and lipid peroxidation (MDA). Compared with the control, rhizome ginger aqueous extract of lower concentration (10 g l-1) increased the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) of ginger leaf tissue and higher concentration inhibited the activities of four antioxidant enzymes. However, stem and leaf aqueous extract inhibited the activities of four antioxidant enzymes with increase in concentration. Meanwhile, enhanced concentration of ginger aqueous extracts significantly reduced photo-parameters of ginger seedling (including CO2 concentration, stoma conductivity, net photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate). 3. Rhizome, stem and leaf ginger aqueous extract showed different effect on six soil enzyme activities, and acid phosphatase and invertase showed significant effect when aqueous extract concentration got 10 g l-1. Furthermore, six soil enzyme activities increased with increase in aqueous extract concentration. Bcterial and fungi number tended to increase while antinomyces tented to decrease with the increase in aqueous extract concentration of identical part. Ginger aqueous extracts reduced soil organic matter content with increased concentration, accompanying with NO3-—N accumulation in soil. Rhizome aqueous extract showed the same tendency for available P, available K and NH4+—N, namely lower concentration increased their contents in soil and higher concentration reduced their contents. While stem and leaf aqueous extracts reduced their contents with the increamental concentration. 4. All intercropping systems increased soil enzyme activities to different extent both at VGS and at HS compared to solo ginger. All intercropping systems increased the colony numbers of soil bacteria and total of soil microbe but not significantly either at VGS or at HS. All intercropping systems increased the colony numbers of soil fungi and actinomytes to a different extent (increase or decrease) both at VGS and at HS. For DI, difference between all cultivation patterns and S-G was not significant either at VGS or at HS except that G-S-C-G whose value was only 33.18% of S-G at VGS significantly decreased. G-S not only increased ginger yield by 19.6% but also obtained better economic benefit. Furthermore, all intercropping systems significantly inhibited occurrence of bacterial wilt of ginger. 5. Different cultivated pattern influenced plant height, tiller numbers, rhizome yields and intrinsic quality of ginger. Treatment 2 significantly facilitated tiller occurring (10.5%). Treatment 2, 3 and 4 promoted ginger growth (plant height respectively increased 15.0%、11.4% and 14.0%) and enhanced rhizome yields. Treatment 2 and 3 effectively increased vitamin C content (significantly increased 3.29% and 4.05% compared to solo ginger). Treatment 3 significantly increased contents of beneficial substances such as soluble sugar (8.2%), gingerols (4.6%) and protein. Treatment 2 significantly decreased contents of deleterious substance namely nitrate (14.0%) and improved appearance and intrinsic quality of ginger rhizome. Furthermore, treatment 2 (ginger/soybean intercropping) could obtain better economic benefit and showed the highest net income and ratio of benefit and cost whose values respectively increased by 24.80% and 8.8% compared to solo ginger.

Validating MODIS-derived land surface evapotranspiration with in situ measurements at two AmeriFlux sites in a semiarid region

Reducing uncertainties in the estimation of land surface evapotranspiration (ET) from remote-sensing data is essential to better understand earth-atmosphere interactions. This paper demonstrates the applicability of temperature-vegetation index triangle (T-s-VI) method in estimating regional ET and evaporative fraction (EF, defined as the ratio of latent heat flux to surface available energy) from MODIS/Terra and MODIS/Aqua products in a semiarid region. We have compared the satellite-based estimates of ET and EF with eddy covariance measurements made over 4 years at two semiarid grassland sites: Audubon Ranch (AR) and Kendall Grassland (KG). The lack of closure in the eddy covariance measured surface energy components is shown to be more serious at MODIS/Aqua overpass time than that at MODIS/Terra overpass time for both AR and KG sites. The T-s-VI-derived EF could reproduce in situ EF reasonably well with BIAS and root-mean-square difference (RMSD) of less than 0.07 and 0.13, respectively. Surface net radiation has been shown to be systematically overestimated by as large as about 60 W/m(2). Satisfactory validation results of the T-s-VI-derived sensible and latent heat fluxes have been obtained with RMSD within 54 W/m(2). The simplicity and yet easy use of the T-s-VI triangle method show a great potential in estimating regional ET with highly acceptable accuracy that is of critical significance in better understanding water and energy budgets on the Earth. Nevertheless, more validation work should be carried out over various climatic regions and under other different land use/land cover conditions in the future.

Enzymatic degradation of poly(L-lactide) and poly (epsilon-caprolactone) electrospun fibers

Poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) ultrafine fibers were prepared by electrospinning. The influence of cationic and anionic surfactants on their enzymatic degradation behavior was investigated by measuring weight loss, molecular weight, crystallinity, and melting temperature of the fibers as a function of degradation time. Under the catalysis of proteinase K, the PLLA fibers containing the anionic surfactant sodium docecyl sulfate (SDS) exhibited a faster degradation rate than those containing cationic surfactant triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBAC), indicating that surface electric charge on the fibers is a critical factor for an enzymatic degradation. Similarly, TEBAC-containing PCL fibers exhibited a 47% weight loss within 8.5 h whereas SDS-containing PCL fibers showed little degradation in the presence of lipase PS. By analyzing the charge status of proteinase K and lipase PS under the experimental conditions, the importance of the surface charges of the fibers and their interactions with the charges on the enzymes were revealed. Consequently, a "two-step" degradation mechanism was proposed: (1) the enzyme approaches the fiber surface; (2) the enzyme initiates hydrolysis of the polymer.

A heterogeneous catalytic kinetics for enzymatic biodegradation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanoparticles in aqueous solution

Water insoluble poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) was micronized into narrowly distributed stable nanoparticles. The biodegradation of such PCL nanoparticles in the presence of the enzyme, Lipase PS, was monitored by using laser light scattering because the scattering intensity is directly related to the particle concentration. The PCL and enzyme concentration dependence of the biodegradation rate supports a heterogeneous catalytic kinetics in which we have introduced an additional equilibrium between the inactive and active enzyme/substrate complexes. The initial rate equation derived on the basis of this mechanism was used to successfully explain the influence of surfactant, pH and temperature on the enzymatic biodegradation. Our results confirmed that both the adsorption and the enzymatic catalysis were important for the biodegradation of the PCL nanoparticles. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Enzymatic degradation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/poly(DL-lactide) blends in phosphate buffer solution

Blend films of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(DL-lactide) (PDLLA) with 0.5 weight fraction of PCL were prepared by means of solution casting and their degradation behavior was studied in phosphate buffer solution containing Pseudomonas (PS) lipase. Enzymatic degradation of the blend films occurred continuously within the first 6 days and finally stopped when the film weight loss reached 50%, showing that only PCL in the blends degraded under the action of PS lipase in the buffer solution. These results indicate the selectivity of PS lipase on the promotion of degradation for PCL and PDLLA. The thermal properties and morphology of the blend films were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphology resulting from aggregate structures of PCL in the blends was destroyed in the enzymatic degradation process, as observed by SEM. These results confirm again the enzymatic degradation of PCL in the blends in the presence of PS lipase. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A novel laser light-scattering study of enzymatic biodegradation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanoparticles

A successful micronization of water-insoluble poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) into narrowly distributed nanoparticles stable in water has not only enabled us to study the enzymatic biodegradation of PCL in water at 25 degrees C by a combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering (LLS), but also to shorten the biodegradation time by a factor of more than 10(3) compared with using a thin PCL film, i.e. a 1 week conventional experiment becomes a 4 min one. The time-average scattering intensity decreased linearly. It was interesting to find that the decrease of the scattering intensity was not accompanied by a decrease of the average size of the PCL nanoparticles, indicating that the enzyme, Lipase Pseudomonas (PS), ''eats'' the PCL nanoparticles one-by-one, so that the biodegradation rate is determined mainly by the: enzyme concentration. Moreover, we found that using anionic sodium lauryl sulphate instead of cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide as surfactant in the micronization can prevent the biodegradation, suggesting that the biodegradation involves two essential steps: the adsorption of slightly negatively charged Lipase PS onto the PCL nanoparticles and the interaction between Lipase PS and PCL. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A novel method of studying polymer biodegradation

A novel combination of laser light scattering (LLS) and the micronization of a water-insoluble polymer into narrowly distributed nanoparticles stable in water has provided not only an accurate, reliable and microscopic method to study polymer biodegradation, but also a novel and fast way to evaluate the biodegradability of a given polymer. Using poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) as a typical example, we have shown that its biodegradation time can be shortened by a factor of more than 10(3) times in comparison with the time required to biodegrade a thin film (10 x 10 x 0.1 mm(3)). Moreover, the biodegradation kinetics can be in-situ monitored in terms of the decrease of the time-average scattering intensity and the particle number. A comparison of static and dynamic LLS results revealed that the enzyme, Lipase Pseudomonas, ''eats'' the PCL nanoparticles in an one-by-one manner and the enzymatic biodegradation of PCL follows a zero-order kinetics. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Enzymatic degradation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) film in phosphate buffer solution containing lipases

The enzymatic degradation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) films in phosphate buffer solution containing lipases has been studied by DSC, WAXD and SEM. Three lipases, pseudomonas lipase (PS), porcine pancreatic lipase (PP), and candida cylindracea lipase (AY), were used. The results showed that the degradation of PCL films in phosphate buffer solution containing PP or AY was very slow: no weight loss could be found within 1 week. However, PCL film could degrade rapidly and completely within 4 days in phosphate buffer solution containing PS lipase. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Limited.

Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes and effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae

The ontogenetic development of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae were studied. The activities of these enzymes were detected prior to exogenous feeding, but their developmental patterns differed remarkably. Trypsin activity continuously increased from 2 days after hatching (dah), peaked on 20 dah, and decreased to 25 dah at weaning. Alkaline phosphatase activity oscillated at low levels within a small range after the first feeding on 3 dah. In contrast, amylase and lipase activities followed the general developmental pattern that has been characterized in fish larvae, with a succession of increases or decreases. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities generally started to increase or decrease at transitions from endogenous to exogenous feeding or diet changes, suggesting that these enzymatic activities can be modulated by feeding modes. The activities of all the enzymes remained stable from 25 dah onwards, coinciding with the formation of gastric glands and pyloric caecum. These results imply that specific activities of these enzymes underwent changes due to morphological and physiological modifications or diet shift during larval development but that they became stable after the development of the digestive organs and associated glands was fully completed and the organs/glands functioned. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase were more sensitive to starvation than amylase and lipase because delayed feeding up to 2 days after mouth opening was able to adversely affect their activities. Enzyme activities did not significantly differ among feeding groups during endogenous feeding; however, all activities were remarkably reduced when delayed feeding was within 3 days after mouth opening. Initiation of larvae feeding should occur within 2 days after mouth opening so that good growth and survival can be obtained in the culture.

Neural network retrieval of ocean surface parameters from SSM/I data

A new algorithm based on the multiparameter neural network is proposed to retrieve wind speed (WS), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface air temperature, and relative humidity ( RH) simultaneously over the global oceans from Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) observations. The retrieved geophysical parameters are used to estimate the surface latent heat flux and sensible heat flux using a bulk method over the global oceans. The neural network is trained and validated with the matchups of SSM/I overpasses and National Data Buoy Center buoys under both clear and cloudy weather conditions. In addition, the data acquired by the 85.5-GHz channels of SSM/I are used as the input variables of the neural network to improve its performance. The root-mean-square (rms) errors between the estimated WS, SST, sea surface air temperature, and RH from SSM/I observations and the buoy measurements are 1.48 m s(-1), 1.54 degrees C, 1.47 degrees C, and 7.85, respectively. The rms errors between the estimated latent and sensible heat fluxes from SSM/I observations and the Xisha Island ( in the South China Sea) measurements are 3.21 and 30.54 W m(-2), whereas those between the SSM/ I estimates and the buoy data are 4.9 and 37.85 W m(-2), respectively. Both of these errors ( those for WS, SST, and sea surface air temperature, in particular) are smaller than those by previous retrieval algorithms of SSM/ I observations over the global oceans. Unlike previous methods, the present algorithm is capable of producing near-real-time estimates of surface latent and sensible heat fluxes for the global oceans from SSM/I data.