Intoxicação experimental por Ateleia glazioviana (Leg.Papilionoideae) em ovinos

Sete ovelhas receberam as folhas de Ateleia glazioviana em doses predeterminadas. Um outro ovino serviu de controle. As quantidades totais (g/kg/peso corporal) de planta consumidas pelos ovinos foram 75 por 60 dias (Ovino 6), 125 por 25 dias (Ovino 4), 130 por 13 dias (Ovino 7), 150 por 60 dias (Ovino 5), 180 por 18 dias (Ovino 3), 330 por 33 dias (Ovino 2) e 375 por 25 dias (Ovino 1). Seis ovinos receberam folhas verdes e o Ovino 7 recebeu folhas dessecadas. Cinco ovinos (Ovinos 1-4 e 7) desenvolveram sinais clínicos 8 a 16 dias após a primeira administração da planta. A evolução do quadro clínico foi de 6 a 50 dias e os sinais clínicos incluíram apatia, perda do apetite, taquicardia e taquipnéia. Os ovinos afetados apresentavam relutância em mover-se, cabeça baixa, instabilidade dos membros pélvicos e andar cambaleante. Alguns dos ovinos afetados apoiavam o corpo contra a parede da baia. Os Ovinos 1, 3 e 4 morreram espontaneamente; movimentos de pedalagem precederam a morte. Os Ovinos 2 e 7 foram submetidos à eutanásia com sinais clínicos avançados da toxicose. Os Ovinos 5 e 6 não adoeceram e foram sacrificados junto com o controle 103 dias após a primeira administração da planta. Todos os ovinos foram necropsiados e vários órgãos, incluindo coração e encéfalo, foram avaliados histologicamente. Além disso, fragmentos de miocárdio dos Ovinos 3 e 4 foram avaliados por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A fim de se obter mais controles para a avaliação das lesões do miocárdio, coletaram-se os corações de seis ovinos abatidos para consumo em um abatedouro que sabidamente recebe ovinos originários de uma região livre de A. glazioviana. Esses corações foram processados para histologia e examinados da mesma maneira que os outros oito. Todos os ovinos tratados (que receberam a planta) apresentaram lesões macroscópicas. Havia áreas firmes, irregulares, branco-amareladas no miocárdio de todos os ovinos tratados. Essas áreas pálidas eram mais bem vistas na superfície de corte do coração. Hidrotórax e/ou hidropericárdio foram observados em cinco animais (Ovinos 1-4 e 7). O fígado dos Ovinos 1 e 7 tinha aspecto de noz-moscada. O Ovino 7 apresentava ascite. Os principais achados histopatológicos nos ovinos tratados foram alterações degenerativas/necróticas no miocárdio. As alterações iniciais consistiam de tumefação aguda das fibras cardíacas, associada a núcleos com formas bizarras. Essa alteração aparentemente progredia até o desaparecimento do sarcoplasma, resultando num tubo sarcolemal vazio e colapsado envolto por tecido conjuntivo intersticial e fibrose. Necrose franca (hialina e flocular) associada à infiltração mononuclear e fagocitose de fragmentos de fibras foi também observada. Graus variáveis de degeneração esponjosa foram observados na substância branca do encéfalo dos Ovinos 1, 3, 4 e 7. Tumefação de mitocôndrias e perda da densidade da matriz das mitocôndrias foram as alterações ultra-estruturais mais precoces. Em lesões avançadas os cardiomiócitos apresentavam vacúolos no sarcoplasma, ruptura do sarcolema e necrose com aparecimento de macrófagos e fibroblastos associados a aumento de colágeno.

Cinética do crescimento de Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetaceae) em diferentes meios de cultivo

Estudou-se a cinética de crescimento de Borrelia burgdorferi, por um período de 3 meses, utilizando os seguintes oito meios de cultivo : (1) BSK adicionado de soro de coelho, (2) BSK adicionado de soro de suíno, (3) BSK adicionado de soro de suíno + 5 fluorouracil, (4) PMR, (5) CTB, (6) Dubos, (7) Caldo Brucella e (8) BHI. Todos os meios foram preparados assepticamente e mantidos em tubos de ensaio com capacidade para 10 ml. Para cada meio, o inoculo foi padronizado para conter no início 10² espiroquetas para cada 0,1 ml de cultivo. O monitoramento do crescimento foi feito contando-se o total de espiroquetas em 0,1 ml do meio entre lâmina de microscopia e lamínula com dimen sões de 10x30mm, tendo sido utilizado microscópio de campo escuro. A contagem foi realizada durante 14 semanas, tendo sido diária nos primeiros 12 dias e semanal a partir desta data. Houve crescimento de B. burgdorferi em todos meios testados, com melhor performance para três deles: BSK adicionado de soro de coelho, BSK adicionado de soro de suíno + 5 fluorouracil e meio CTB. Observou-se crescimento de B. burgdorferi a partir da 4ª semana, atingindo o platô de crescimento entre a 8ª e 12ª semanas, quando começou a exaustão do meio de cultivo. Formas císticas de B. burgdorferi foram observadas em todos os meios testados.

Keski-Suomen vapaa-ajankalastuksen kehittämisohjelma 2013–2017

Keski-Suomen vapaa-ajankalastuksen kehittämisohjelman 2013–2017 päämääränä on nimetä keskeiset vapaa-ajankalastuksen kehittämistavoitteet valitulla aikajänteellä. Ohjelman on laatinut Keski-Suomen elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskus alueellisena kalatalousviranomaisena yhteistyössä alan muiden toimijoiden kanssa. Ohjelmalla ei ole oikeusvaikutuksia, vaan se ohjaa kalatalousviranomaisen toimintaa ja auttaa suuntaamaan rahoitusta. Tärkeitä kumppaneita ohjelman toteutuksessa ovat kalatalousalan järjestöt, kalastusalueet, osakaskunnat, tutkimuslaitokset ja itse vapaa-ajankalastajat. Monipuolisuus ja vastuullisuus ovat Keski-Suomen vapaa-ajankalastuksen avainsanat tulevaisuudessa. Monipuolisuus tarkoittaa sitä, että vapaa-ajankalastusta harjoitetaan erilaisissa ympäristöissä ja että kalastaja arvostaa saaliina myös tavanomaisia kaloja ja kalalajeja. Näin harrastuksen vesiluontoa kohtaan aiheuttamaa painetta voidaan tasata alueellisesti. Vastuullisuuteen kuuluu, että tunnistetaan kalastusharrastuksen vaikutukset kalakantoihin, kalayksilöihin ja luontoon ja että kalavaroja käytetään kestävästi. Keski-Suomen maakunnan vapaa-ajankalastuksen kehittämisen tavoitteet vuosille 2013–2017 ovat: • vapaa-ajankalastusmahdollisuuksien monipuolinen hyödyntäminen • vastuullisen vapaa-ajankalastuksen tukeminen • vapaa-ajankalastuksen sosio-ekonomisten hyötyjen esiin nostaminen. Tavoitteita pyritään edistämään 12 toimenpiteen avulla. Nämä ovat 1. vapaa-ajankalastuksen infrastruktuurin kehittäminen, 2. luvanmyynnin parantaminen, 3. erityiskohteiden lisääminen, 4. lisätään lähikalastuskohteita ja muita matalan kynnyksen kalapaikkoja, 5. ekologisesti kestävien säätelytoimien käyttöönotto, 6. saaliin valinta ja käsittely 7. kalastuskilpailujen kehittäminen vastuullisemmaksi, 8. vaelluskalojen elinkierron turvaaminen, 9. tiedottaminen, 10. alan tutkimuksen edistäminen, 11. yhteistyön lisääminen kuntien kanssa, 12. vapaa-ajankalastustoimijoiden keskinäisen tiedonkulun parantaminen.

Caracterização de sorotipos em linhagens do gênero Salmonella isoladas de diferentes afecções em animais domésticos

Foram caracterizados os sorotipos, o perfil de sensibilidade microbiana e os achados clínico-epidemiológicos em 53 linhagens do gênero Salmonella isoladas de 41 cães, nove equinos e três bovinos, acometidos por diferentes manifestações clínicas entre 1997 e 2007. Salmonella Typhimurium (45,3%), Salmonella enterica (22,6%), Salmonella Enteritidis (7,5%), Salmonella enterica subsp enterica 4,5,12i (5,7%), Salmonella Newport (5,7%), Salmonella Dublin (3,8%), Salmonella Agona (3,8%), Salmonella Glostrup (3,8%), Salmonella Saintpaul (1,8%) foram os sorotipos encontrados. Ciprofloxacina (100,0%), norfloxacina (100,0%) e gentamicina (100,0%) foram os antimicrobianos mais efetivos, enquanto a maior resistência das linhagens foi observada para ceftiofur (28,5%) e florfenicol (7,0%). As linhagens foram isoladas de animais com enterite, infecção do trato urinário, septicemia, piometra, pneumonia e conjuntivite. Ressalta-se para o predomínio do sorovar Typhimurium nas diferentes manifestações da salmonelose nos animais. Destaca-se, também, a identificação de sorotipos nos animais que também são observados em casos de salmonelose em humanos

Records of performance and sanitary status from a dairy cattle herd in southern Brazil

Over the last decades, the emphasis on the health of dairy cows has changed from an individual to a herd level. In this scenario, the role played by the recording system and its interpretation by veterinarians has gained primordial importance. The records of productive and reproductive performance and of sanitary status from a southern Brazilian dairy cattle herd have been presented and discussed. The period of study was 2000-2009. Mean values per lactation period were 349D 8436M 290F 275P 201SCS (D: days in lactation, M: kg of milk yield, F: kg of fat, P: kg of protein and SCS: somatic cell score in 1000 cells/ml of milk). Major indexes of reproductive efficiency included age at first calving (31 months), services per conception (2.1), intercalving interval (428 days), calving to conception interval (146 days), mean annual rates of parturitions (76.2%), fetal losses (9.8-19.0%), and stillbirths (3.6%), apart of voluntary waiting period (94 days). Main information on sanitary status of the herd was associated with the mean prevalence of common disorders of dairy cattle such as anaplasmosis (29.8%), mastitis (27.8%), digital diseases (26.3%), ovarian cysts (21.3%), placental retention (19.7%), postpartum uterine infections (10.6%), and calf diarrhea (23.7%) and pneumonia (16.8%), among others. In addition, culling reasons (low reproductive performance [56.3%] and udder/mastitis problems [33.6%]), causes of cattle deaths (anaplasmosis [16.4%] and leukosis [11.4]), and the impact of cattle diseases such as tuberculosis, leukosis, and neosporosis on the herd have also been presented and succinctly discussed. Numbers between brackets represent rates accumulated in the 10-year period.

Normal values of b-wave responses of full-field electroretinogram in Lhasa Apso dogs with cataracts according to age

Lhasa Apso dogs with immature, mature or hypermature cataracts were divided into four groups according to their age (G1: 1 to 3 years old, G2: 4 to 7 years old, G3: 8 to 11 years old, G4: more than 12 years old). All animals were evaluated under the same sedation protocol to allow the performance of the electroretinogram (ERG) exam to determine normal value of b-wave response of the full-field ERG according to age. Three ERG responses were recorded: rod, maximal and cone responses. The amplitude values and b-wave implicit time of the responses of all groups were compared and analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (variance analysis for non-repeated measures), followed by the Dunn post-test (when p<0,05). A significant decrease was observed in maximal responses' amplitude, when comparing the G4 group with G1 and G2. No statistically relevant differences were observed in the b-wave implicit time values between groups. The ERG values are directly influenced by the animal's age. Older patients presented a decrease in the amplitude of the maximal response. The study determined the normal parameters of ERG b-waves for Lhasa Apso dogs with cataract according to their age group.

Parâmetros reprodutivos e produtivos em vacas leiteiras de manejo free stall

Resumo Avaliou-se parâmetros reprodutivos e produtivos em vacas da raça Holandês-PB no pós-parto imediato, manejadas em free stall . Utilizou-se 51 vacas entre primíparas e pluríparas. Os valores obtidos foram: escore de condição corporal ao parto 3,47±0,4; intervalos do parto à primeira ovulação 5,89±3,4 semanas; ao primeiro serviço 112,5±57,0 dias; a taxa de gestação ao primeiro serviço foi 43,6% e no período experimental 76,4%, não sendo observada diferença para ordens de parto (P>0,05). A produção de leite acumulada à concepção, produção diária leite até a concepção e produção de leite ajustado para 305 foi respectivamente, 3.335,6±1.488,4; 25,8±5,4 e 7.424,0±1.877,8 litros. Conclui-se que no manejo de Free stall , a detecção de estro, foi o principal fator limitante para alcançar melhor eficiência reprodutiva.

Control de Commelina erecta L. con herbicidas postemergentes con el objetivo de su uso en cultivos de soja transgénica

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia dos herbicidas aplicados em pósemergência em plantas de soja, para o controle de Commelina erecta L. O experimento foi conduzido sob condições de casa-de-vegetação. A aplicação foi realizada quando as plantas encontravam-se no estádio de seis folhas. Foram feitas 6 repetições com os seguintes tratamentos, com as doses em i.a./ha: 1) glyphosate (1494 g), 2) tifensulfuron methyl (6 g), 3) chlorimuron ethyl (10 g), 4) benazolin (300 g), 5) flumiclorac pentil (30 g), 6) bentazon (480 g), 7) lactofen (156 g), 8) fomesafen ( 200 g), 9) oxifluorfen (480 g), 10) imazethapyr (80 g), 11) fluoroglicofen (48 g) e testemunha sem aplicação. Foram feitas avaliações visuais e medições da altura das plantas aos 7 e aos 14 dias e, avaliação de matéria seca aos 28 dias após da aplicação. Os dados avaliados foram analisados através do ANOVA. Todos os tratamentos diferiram significativamente em relação à testemunha, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade (Teste LSD). Os herbicidas glyphosate (100% de mortalidade) e imazethapyr (67% de mortalidade de plantas) diferiram com os demais tratamentos. Chlorimuron ethyl, bentazon e lactofen também mostraram ser eficientes causando reduções maiores de 80% do peso de massa seca das plantas daninhas. Benazolin e flumiclorac pentil foram os de menor eficácia até quando causaram reduções de 50 e 60% de matéria seca da planta daninha.

Charte von dem Europäischen Russland / berichtiget im Jahre 1817.

1 kartta : käsinvär. ; 40,7 x 29,7 cm, lehti 48,8 x 38,7 cm.

Behavioral effects of "vehicle" microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal grey of rats tested in the elevated plus maze

To investigate the behavioral effects of different vehicles microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal grey (DPAG) of male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 g, tested in the elevated plus maze, animals were implanted with cannulas aimed at this structure. One week after surgery the animals received microinjections into the DPAG of 0.9% (w/v) saline, 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2% (v/v) Tween-80, 10% (v/v) propylene glycol, or synthetic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Ten min after the injection (0.5 &micro;l) the animals (N = 8-13/group) were submitted to the elevated plus maze test. DMSO significantly increased the number of entries into both the open and enclosed arms when compared to 0.9% saline (2.7 &plusmn; 0.8 and 8.7 &plusmn; 1.3 vs 0.8 &plusmn; 0.3 and 5.1 &plusmn; 0.9, respectively, Duncan test, P<0.05), and tended to increase enclosed arm entries as compared to 2% Tween-80 (8.7 &plusmn; 1.3 vs 5.7 &plusmn; 0.9, Duncan test, P<0.10). In a second experiment no difference in plus maze exploration was found between 0.9% saline- or sham-injected animals (N = 11-13/group). These results indicate that intra-DPAG injection of some commonly used vehicles such as DMSO, saline or Tween-80 affects the exploratory activity of rats exposed to the elevated plus maze in statistically different manners

Pour les recherches sur les côtes occidentales de l'Afrique de Ptolemée et sur les isles connues par les ancien dans l'Océan Atlantique ; Côtes occidentales de l'Afrique selon Ptolemée

Julkaisussa: Recherches sur la géographie systématique et positive des anciens pour servir de base à l'histoire de la géographie ancienne. Vol I

Respiratory mechanics and morphometric changes during anesthesia with ketamine in normal rats

Ketamine is believed to reduce airway and pulmonary tissue resistance. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of ketamine on the resistive, elastic and viscoelastic/inhomogeneous mechanical properties of the respiratory system, lungs and chest wall, and to relate the mechanical data to findings from histological lung analysis in normal animals. Fifteen adult male Wistar rats were assigned randomly to two groups: control (N = 7) and ketamine (N = 8). All animals were sedated (diazepam, 5 mg, ip) and anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (20 mg/kg, ip) or ketamine (30 mg/kg, ip). The rats were paralyzed and ventilated mechanically. Ketamine increased lung viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressure (26%) compared to the control group. Dynamic and static elastances were similar in both groups, but the difference was greater in the ketamine than in the control group. Lung morphometry demonstrated dilation of alveolar ducts and increased areas of alveolar collapse in the ketamine group. In conclusion, ketamine did not act at the airway level but acted at the lung periphery increasing mechanical inhomogeneities possibly resulting from dilation of distal airways and alveolar collapse.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of a new series of 1,4-naphthoquinones

The antibacterial activity of a series of 1,4-naphthoquinones was demonstrated. Disk diffusion tests were carried out against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The compound 5-amino-8-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone was the most effective, presenting inhibition zones measuring 20 mm against staphylococci, streptococci and bacilli at 50 µg/ml. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and several clinical isolates of this bacterium were also inhibited. Naphthazarin, 5-acetamido-8-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, and 2,3-diamino-1,4-naphthoquinone were the next most active compounds. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the active compounds was determined against S. aureus, ranging from 30 to 125 µg/ml. All compounds presented a minimal bactericidal concentration higher than 500 µg/ml, indicating that their effect was bacteriostatic. The EC50, defined as the drug concentration that produces 50% of maximal effect, was 8 µg/ml for 5-amino-8-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone against S. aureus, S. intermedius, and S. epidermidis. These results indicate an effective in vitro activity of 5-amino-8-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and encourage further studies for its application in antibiotic therapy.

Nurse Competence of Graduating Nursing Students

The competence of graduating nursing students is an important issue in health care as it is related to professional standards, patient safety and the quality of nursing care. Many changes in health care lead to increased demand with respect to nurses’ competence as well the number of nurses. The purpose of this empirical study was to i) describe the nurse competence areas of nursing students in Europe, ii) evaluate the nurse competence of graduating nursing students, iii) identify factors related to the nurse competence, and to iv) assess the congruence between graduating nursing students’ self-assessments and their mentors’ assessments of students’ nurse competence. The study was carried out in two phases: descriptive phase and evaluation phase. The descriptive phase focused on describing the nurse competence areas of nursing students in Europe with the help of a literature review (n=10 empirical studies and n=4 additional documents). Thematic analysis was used as the analysis method. In the evaluation phase, the nurse competence with particular focus on nursing skills of graduating nursing students (n=154) was assessed. In addition, factors related to the nurse competence were examined. Also, the congruence between graduating nursing students’ self-assessments and their mentors’ assessments of students’ nurse competence was evaluated by comparing graduating nursing students’ self-assessments with the assessments by their mentors (n=42) in the final clinical placement in four university hospitals. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Based on the results, the nurse competence of nursing students in Europe consists of nine main competence areas: (1) professional/ethical values and practice, (2) nursing skills and interventions, (3) communication and interpersonal skills, (4) knowledge and cognitive ability, (5) assessment and improving quality in nursing, (6) professional development, (7) leadership, management and teamwork, (8) teaching and supervision, and (9) research utilization. Graduating nursing students self-assessed their nurse competence as good. However, when graduating nursing students’ nurse competence was assessed by their mentors, the results were poorer. Readiness for practice based on nurse education, pedagogical atmosphere on the ward, supervisory relationship between student and mentor and being in paid work in health care at the moment of the study were the most significant factors related to the nurse competence. Conclusions: Nurse competence can be evaluated with a scale based on self-assessment, but other evaluation methods could be used alongside to ensure that nurse competence can be completed and evaluated critically. Practical implications are presented for nurse education and nursing practice. In future, longitudinal research is needed in order to understand the development of nurse competence during nurse education and the transition process from a nursing student to a professional nurse.

Loss of resting bradycardia with detraining is associated with intrinsic heart rate changes

The mechanisms underlying the loss of resting bradycardia with detraining were studied in rats. The relative contribution of autonomic and non-autonomic mechanisms was studied in 26 male Wistar rats (180-220 g) randomly assigned to four groups: sedentary (S, N = 6), trained (T, N = 8), detrained for 1 week (D1, N = 6), and detrained for 2 weeks (D2, N = 6). T, D1 and D2 were treadmill trained 5 days/week for 60 min with a gradual increase towards 50% peak VO2. After the last training session, D1 and D2 were detrained for 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. The effect of the autonomic nervous system in causing training-induced resting bradycardia and in restoring heart rate (HR) to pre-exercise training level (PET) with detraining was examined indirectly after cardiac muscarinic and adrenergic receptor blockade. T rats significantly increased peak VO2 by 15 or 23.5% when compared to PET and S rats, respectively. Detraining reduced peak VO2 in both D1 and D2 rats by 22% compared to T rats, indicating loss of aerobic capacity. Resting HR was significantly lower in T and D1 rats than in S rats (313 ± 6.67 and 321 ± 6.01 vs 342 ± 12.2 bpm) and was associated with a significantly decreased intrinsic HR (368 ± 6.1 and 362 ± 7.3 vs 390 ± 8 bpm). Two weeks of detraining reversed the resting HR near PET (335 ± 6.01 bpm) due to an increased intrinsic HR in D2 rats compared with T and D1 rats (376 ± 8.8 bpm). The present study provides the first evidence of intrinsic HR-mediated loss of resting bradycardia with detraining in rats.