Vedyn käytön tarkastelu Kemira Chemicals Oy:n Joutsenon tehtailla

Kemira Chemicals Oy:n Joutsenon tehtailla valmistetaan lipeää, suolahappoa, natriumhypokloriittia sekä natriumkloraattia. Lipeää, suolahappoa ja natriumhypokloriittia valmistetaan lipeätehtaassa. Natriumkloraattia valmistetaan kloraattitehtaassa. Kloraatti- ja lipeätehtaan tuotteet valmistetaan elektrolyysimenetelmällä. Elektrolyysien sivutuotteena syntyy vetykaasua, joka voidaan käyttää suolahapon valmistukseen, vetyvoimalaitoksen polttoaineena tai myydä asiakkaalle. Työn tavoitteena oli tarkastella vedyn käyttöä Joutsenon tehtailla. Tarkastelun tavoitteena oli löytää mahdollisia kehitys- tai jatkotutkimuskohteita vety- ja höyryjärjestelmästä. Koska vetyä käytetään myös vetyvoimalaitoksen polttoaineena, joka tuottaa tehtailla tarvittavan prosessihöyryn, tarkasteltiin työssä myös höyryn käyttöä tehtailla. Tarkastelua varten tehtiin Microsoft Excel-pohjainen taselaskentamalli, jolla simuloitiin vedyn ja höyryn käyttöä tehtailla. Työn tuloksena saatiin Excel-pohjainen simulointimalli, jolla pystyttiin tutkimaan vedyn ja höyryn käyttöä. Vedyn ja höyryn käyttöä tutkittiin viidessä eri skenaariossa. Skenaariossa yksi määritettiin pienimmät mahdolliset elektrolyysiin syötettävät sähkövirran arvot, joilla tehtaita on turvallista käyttää. Skenaariossa kaksi määritettiin pienimmät mahdolliset elektrolyysiin syötettävät sähkövirran arvot, joilla voimalaitoksen turbiini pysyisi ajossa. Skenaariossa kolme määritettiin tehtaiden tämän hetkinen maksimi kapasiteetti. Skenaarioissa neljä ja viisi tutkittiin, miten mahdollinen tehtaiden tuotantojen kasvattaminen vaikuttaisi vety- ja höyryjärjestelmään. Työn tuloksien perusteella kehitys- ja jatkotutkimuskohteita olisivat lipeän haihdutuksen höyryn kulutuksen pienentäminen, turbiinin käyttöajan kasvattaminen sekä eri lähteistä saatavan hukkalämmön parempi hyödyntäminen kaukolämmön tuotannossa. Tehtaiden tuotantoja kasvatettaessa on syytä kiinnittää huomioita myös voimalaitoksen pääkattilan ja turbiinin kapasiteettiin.

Litiumin erotus väkevistä kloridiliuoksista ioninvaihdolla

Litiumioniakkujen kehityksen myötä litiumin tarve ja kysyntä ovat kasvaneet viime vuodet tasaisesti noin 10 % vuosivauhdilla. Kasvun on myös ennustettu jatkuvan samanlaisena tulevaisuudessa, jonka takia erilaiset litiumin erotusprosessit ovat nousseet tutkimuksen kohteeksi. Tärkeimmät litiumlähteet sijaitsevat suola-aavikoilla ja -järvillä, joihin litiumia on kerääntynyt suuria määriä maanpinnan läheisyyteen. Litiumia erotetaan suolatasangoilla aikaa vievissä haihdutus- ja saostusvaiheissa. Suolaliuokset sisältävät litiumin lisäksi muita metalleja, kuten magnesiumia, kalsiumia ja natriumia, joista etenkin magnesium häiritsee litiumin erotusta. Aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa ei ole löydetty litiumille riittävän selektiivistä ioninvaihtohartsia. Tehdyissä tutkimuksissa muut metallit on usein erotettu selektiivisesti ennen litiumia ja litium on erotettu lopuksi. Litiumin erotusta voitaisiin parantaa, mikäli se onnistuisi selektiivisesti suoraan suolaliuoksesta. Tässä työssä tutkittiin litiumin selektiivistä erotusta magnesium- ja kalsiumpitoisesta väkevästä kloridiliuoksesta ioninvaihtohartseilla sekä molekyyliseulalla. Käytetyt neljä ioninvaihtohartsia olivat kaupallisia Puroliten hartseja: MN200, S940, CT151 ja A170. Molekyyliseula oli Sigman huokoskoon 4 Å zeoliittia. Kromatografisilla kolonnikokeilla saadut näytteet analysoitiin ICP-AES:lla. Tulosten perusteella ei yksikään tutkituista hartseista ja molekyyliseulasta ollut selektiivinen litiumille.

Kartoitus kloori-alkalitehtaan tuotantokapasiteetin kasvattamisesta / Kemira Chemicals Oy Joutseno

Kemira Chemicals Oy:n Joutsenon kloori-alkalitehtaalla valmistetaan elektrolyysin avulla lipeää, suolahappoa, natriumhypokloriittia ja vetyä. Tämän työn tavoitteena on kartoittaa kloori-alkalitehtaan tuotantokapasiteetin kasvatuksen yhteydessä esiin tulevat pullonkaulat, lähitulevaisuuden kunnossapitotarpeet sekä parhaat käytettävissä olevat teknologiavaihtoehdot kloori-alkalitehtaan osa-alueille, joihin tuotantokapasiteetin kasvatuspaineet kohdistuvat: elektrolyysi, lipeän haihdutus ja suolahappopolttimet. Pullonkaulojen kartoittaminen toteutettiin rakentamalla taulukkolaskentamalli kloori-alkalitehtaan prosesseista. Mallin avulla simuloitiin elektrolyysin kloorin tuotantoa, jota kasvatettiin asteittain 54 kt:sta/a aina 100 kt:iin/a asti ja tutkittiin prosessien käyttäytymistä. Tarkastelun pohjalta havaittiin, että kloorin tuotantoa kasvattaessa, tulee lisätä myös tuotantokapasiteettia suolahapon valmistukseen, elektrolyysiin, demineralisoidun veden valmistukseen ja lipeän haihdutuslaitokseen sekä suolahapon ja lipeän varastointikapasiteetteihin. Vaihtoehtoiset teknologiat määritettiin kirjallisuudesta ja laitetoimittajien esitteistä. Lähivuosien kunnossapitotarpeet kartoitettiin haastattelemalla tehtaan henkilökuntaa. Työstä eskaloitui useita jatkotutkimuskohteita, joita ovat bipolaari-teknologian soveltuvuus Joutsenon kloori-alkalitehtaalle, uusien HCl-polttimien esisuunnittelu, höyryn käytön tehostaminen nykyisessä lipeän haihdutuslaitoksessa sekä uusien haihdutusteknologioiden soveltuvuus Joutsenon kloori-alkalitehtaalle, höyry- ja jäähdytysverkostojen kartoitukset sekä demineralisoidun veden valmistuskapasiteetin kasvattaminen.

Ohuiden päällystyskerrosten applikointi puukuitupohjaisille materiaaleille

Työn aiheena oli tutkia vaahdon soveltuvuutta ohuiden päällystyskerrosten applikointiin paperin tai kartongin pinnalle. Paperia ja kartonkia päällystetään teollisessa mittakaavassa eri menetelmillä, mutta niille kaikille yhteistä on päällystyspastan laimentaminen vedellä ennen applikointia ja laimennusveden haihduttaminen applikoinnin jälkeen päällysteen asettamiseksi. Laimennus on tärkeää pastan komponenttien tasaisen levittämisen vuoksi, mutta veden haihduttaminen kuluttaa valtavasti energiaa. Tekstiiliteollisuudessa on saavutettu merkittäviä säästöjä kuivausenergiassa korvaamalla laajalti vedellä laimentaminen vaahdottamisella. Diplomityön kirjallisessa osassa käytiin läpi vaahdon kemiallisia ja fysikaalisia ominaisuuksia sekä selvitettiin mitä kemikaaleja ja laitteita vaahdotukseen käytetään. Lisäksi luotiin katsaus vaahtoprosessien käyttöön tekstiiliteollisuudessa ja muilla aloilla. Kokeellinen osa koostui esikokeista, joissa selvitettiin pastan koostumuksen vaikutuksia vaahtoamiseen, ja pilot-mittakaavan koeajoista, joissa esikokeiden tuloksia hyödynnettiin. Esikokeissa huomiota kiinnitettiin varsinkin eri polyvinyylialkoholien (PVA) seosten erinomaiseen vaahtoavuuteen. Pilot-koeajoissa vaahtopäällystys vaikutti lupaavalta menetelmältä, joskaan täysin tyydyttävää päällystystulosta ei saavutettu. Suurimpana ongelmana esiintyi ilman pääseminen pohjapaperin ja päällysteen väliin ja siitä seuraava huono päällystejälki. Toisen ongelmakokonaisuuden muodostivat päällysteeseen jäävät reiät. Vaahtopäällystys vaikuttaa lupaavalta tekniikalta ohuiden päällystekerrosten applikointiin, mutta pastareseptejä tulee optimoida ja ratkaista päällysteen alle pääsevän ilman ongelma.

Geochemistry and water quality of Lake Qarun, Egypt

Water geochemistry is a very important tool for studying the water quality in a given area. Geology and climate are the major natural factors controlling the chemistry of most natural waters. Anthropogenic impacts are the secondary sources of contamination in natural waters. This study presents the first integrative approach to the geochemistry and water quality of surface waters and Lake Qarun in the Fayoum catchment, Egypt. Moreover, geochemical modeling of Lake Qarun was firstly presented. The Nile River is the main source of water to the Fayoum watershed. To investigate the quality and geochemistry of this water, water samples from irrigation canals, drains and Lake Qarun were collected during the period 2010‒2013 from the whole Fayoum drainage basin to address the major processes and factors governing the evolution of water chemistry in the investigation area. About 34 physicochemical quality parameters, including major ions, oxygen isotopes, trace elements, nutrients and microbiological parameters were investigated in the water samples. Multivariable statistical analysis was used to interpret the interrelationship between the different studied parameters. Geochemical modeling of Lake Qarun was carried out using Hardie and Eugster’s evolutionary model and a model simulated by PHREEQC software. The crystallization sequence during evaporation of Lake Qarun brine was also studied using a Jänecke phase diagram involving the system Na‒K‒Mg‒ Cl‒SO4‒H2O. The results show that the chemistry of surface water in the Fayoum catchment evolves from Ca- Mg-HCO3 at the head waters to Ca‒Mg‒Cl‒SO4 and eventually to Na‒Cl downstream and at Lake Qarun. The main processes behind the high levels of Na, SO4 and Cl in downstream waters and in Lake Qarun are dissolution of evaporites from Fayoum soils followed by evapoconcentration. This was confirmed by binary plots between the different ions, Piper plot, Gibb’s plot and δ18O results. The modeled data proved that Lake Qarun brine evolves from drainage waters via an evaporation‒crystallization process. Through the precipitation of calcite and gypsum, the solution should reach the final composition "Na–Mg–SO4–Cl". As simulated by PHREEQC, further evaporation of lake brine can drive halite to precipitate in the final stages of evaporation. Significantly, the crystallization sequence during evaporation of the lake brine at the concentration ponds of the Egyptian Salts and Minerals Company (EMISAL) reflected the findings from both Hardie and Eugster’s evolutionary model and the PHREEQC simulated model. After crystallization of halite at the EMISAL ponds, the crystallization sequence during evaporation of the residual brine (bittern) was investigated using a Jänecke phase diagram at 35 °C. This diagram was more useful than PHREEQC for predicting the evaporation path especially in the case of this highly concentrated brine (bittern). The predicted crystallization path using a Jänecke phase diagram at 35 °C showed that halite, hexahydrite, kainite and kieserite should appear during bittern evaporation. Yet the actual crystallized mineral salts were only halite and hexahydrite. The absence of kainite was due to its metastability while the absence of kieserite was due to opposed relative humidity. The presence of a specific MgSO4.nH2O phase in ancient evaporite deposits can be used as a paleoclimatic indicator. Evaluation of surface water quality for agricultural purposes shows that some irrigation waters and all drainage waters have high salinities and therefore cannot be used for irrigation. Waters from irrigation canals used as a drinking water supply show higher concentrations of Al and suffer from high levels of total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS). These waters cannot be used for drinking or agricultural purposes without treatment, because of their high health risk. Therefore it is crucial that environmental protection agencies and the media increase public awareness of this issue, especially in rural areas.

Hypertension is associated with greater heat exchange during exercise recovery in a hot environment

Individuals with systemic arterial hypertension have a higher risk of heat-related complications. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the thermoregulatory responses of hypertensive subjects during recovery from moderate-intensity exercise performed in the heat. A total of eight essential hypertensive (H) and eight normotensive (N) male subjects (age=46.5±1.3 and 45.6±1.4 years, body mass index=25.8±0.8 and 25.6±0.6 kg/m2, mean arterial pressure=98.0±2.8 and 86.0±2.3 mmHg, respectively) rested for 30 min, performed 1 h of treadmill exercise at 50% of maximal oxygen consumption, and rested for 1 h after exercise in an environmental chamber at 38°C and 60% relative humidity. Skin and core temperatures were measured to calculate heat exchange parameters. Mean arterial pressure was higher in the hypertensive than in the normotensive subjects throughout the experiment (P<0.05, unpaired t-test). The hypertensive subjects stored less heat (H=-24.23±3.99 W·m−2vs N=-13.63±2.24 W·m−2, P=0.03, unpaired t-test), experienced greater variations in body temperature (H=-0.62±0.05°C vsN=-0.35±0.12°C, P=0.03, unpaired t-test), and had more evaporated sweat (H=-106.1±4.59 W·m−2vs N=-91.15±3.24 W·m−2, P=0.01, unpaired t-test) than the normotensive subjects during the period of recovery from exercise. In conclusion, essential hypertensive subjects showed greater sweat evaporation and increased heat dissipation and body cooling relative to normotensive subjects during recovery from moderate-intensity exercise performed in hot conditions.

STATISTICAL ANALYSYS OF THE SCFE OF A BRAZILAN MINERAL COAL

The influence of some process variables on the productivity of the fractions (liquid yield times fraction percent) obtained from SCFE of a Brazilian mineral coal using isopropanol and ethanol as primary solvents is analyzed using statistical techniques. A full factorial 23 experimental design was adopted to investigate the effects of process variables (temperature, pressure and cosolvent concentration) on the extraction products. The extracts were analyzed by the Preparative Liquid Chromatography-8 fractions method (PLC-8), a reliable, non destructive solvent fractionation method, especially developed for coal-derived liquids. Empirical statistical modeling was carried out in order to reproduce the experimental data. Correlations obtained were always greater than 0.98. Four specific process criteria were used to allow process optimization. Results obtained show that it is not possible to maximize both extract productivity and purity (through the minimization of heavy fraction content) simultaneously by manipulating the mentioned process variables.

Teores de retinol, beta-caroteno e alfa-tocoferol em leites bovinos comercializados na cidade de São Paulo

Os teores de retinol, beta-caroteno e alfa-tocoferol foram determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em leites em pó, pasteurizados e esterilizados, comercializados na Cidade de São Paulo. Após a saponificação e extração, os compostos foram determinados simultaneamente utilizando-se coluna de sílica, fase móvel constituída por hexano:isopropanol (99:1) e fluxo de 2,0mL/min. O retinol e o beta-caroteno foram determinados no detector UV/visível e o alfa-tocoferol no detector de fluorescência, ligado em série com o anterior. Os valores de vitamina A dos leites foram calculados com e sem a consideração do beta-caroteno. A maior contribuição deste nutriente no valor de vitamina A esteve entre os leites em pó, cerca de 17% em uma das marcas. Os altos teores das vitamina A e E encontrados em alguns leites, indicam que os mesmos provavelmente receberam adição destas vitaminas, não trazendo, entretanto, tal informação no rótulo. A análise de vitaminas nestes produtos indica a necessidade de maior controle de qualidade dos mesmos.

Haihdutusnopeuksien määritys glysiinin alipainekiteytyksessä

Alipainekiteytyksessä tasalaatuisen lopputuotteen valmistamiseksi kiteytysolosuhteiden vaikutus liuottimen haihtumisvuohon ja kiteiden ominaisuuksiin on huomioitava. Kandidaatin työn tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten glysiinin alipainekiteytyksessä vesiliuoksesta kiteytysolosuhteet (lämpötila ja paine) vaikuttavat liuottimen haihtumisvuohon ja syntyvien kiteiden polymorfiaan. Haihdutuskokeet suoritettiin puhtaalle vedelle ja alipainekiteytyskokeet glysiinin 95 % kylläiselle vesiliuokselle lämpötiloissa 40 °C, 50 °C ja 60 °C ja paineissa 40 mbar, 60 mbar ja 80 mbar. Kiteyttimenä käytettiin suljettua, virtaushaitoilla, sekoittimella ja ohjausputkella varustettua reaktoria johon oli kytketty alipainepumppu ja termostaatti paineen ja lämpötilan ohjaamiseksi. Nesteen määrä haihdutuskokeissa oli 2 kg ja alipainekiteytyskokeissa 1,2 kg. Osa alipainekiteytyskokeista saaduista kiteistä analysoitiin jauheröntgendiffraktioanalysaattorin (PXRD, engl. powder x-ray diffraction) avulla. Kaikki PXRD-laitteella analysoidut alipainekiteytyskokeissa saadut kiteet osoittautuivat glysiinin γ-polymorfiksi. Kiteytysolosuhteilla oli selkeä vaikutus haihtumisvuohon, mutta vaikutusta glysiinikiteiden polymorfiaan ei havaittu koealueella.

Processing of spent nickelcatalyst for fat recovery

Spent nickel catalyst (SNC) has the potential of insulting the quality of the environment in a number of ways. Its disposal has a pollution effect. Optimum recovery of fat from SNC, could save the environment and reduce the oil loss. Hexane has been the solvent of choice for oil extraction. Alternative solvents considered to have been safer have been evaluated. Hexane, isopropanol, ethanol and heptane were examined using soxhlet extraction. While hexane is more efficient in oil recovery from SNC, isopropanol proved to be very good in clear separation of oil from waste material and also provides high solvent recovery compared to other solvents. Isopropanol extraction with chill separation of miscella into lower oil-rich phase, and an upper, solvent-rich recyclable phase save mush energy of vaporization for distilling. An aqueous extraction process with immiscible solvent assisted was tested. Solvent like hexane added to SNC, and water added later with continuous stirring. The mixture was stirred for about 30 minutes, prior to centrifugation. Aqueous process extracted less amount of oil compared to solvent extraction.

Validação da metodologia para determinação simultânea, por CLAE, de colesterol e óxidos de colesterol em produtos cárneos processados

No presente trabalho foi validado um método para a determinação simultânea de colesterol e óxidos de colesterol em produtos cárneos processados, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), utilizando detectores por conjunto de diodos e índice de refração. Inicialmente foram testados cinco métodos e oito condições cromatográficas. O método selecionado foi de acordo com SANDER et al. [25], o qual apresenta as seguintes etapas: extração dos lipídios, saponificação a frio e extração da matéria insaponificável. As condições cromatográficas estabelecidas foram: coluna Nova Pak CN HP (300 x 3,9mm, 4µm); temperatura da coluna 32ºC; fase móvel de hexano/isopropanol (96+4) com vazão de 1,0mL/min, detectores por conjunto de diodos fixado a 210nm e índice de refração. O método foi validado através da recuperação, repetibilidade, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação e comparação dos resultados obtidos pelos dois detectores. A identificação do colesterol e dos óxidos de colesterol foi feita por comparação do tempo de retenção do padrão e o da amostra, espectros de absorvância e co-cromatografia, e a confirmação por espectrometria de massas. Nas condições cromatográficas utilizadas, foram separados o colesterol e os seguintes óxidos de colesterol: colesta-4,6-dien-3-ona, 20alfa-hidroxicolesterol, 25-hidroxicolesterol, 5,6alfa-epoxicolesterol, 5,6beta-epoxicolesterol, 7alfa-hidroxicolesterol, 7beta-hidroxicolesterol e 7-cetocolesterol. Sendo identificados e confirmados nas amostras analisadas o colesterol, o 7-cetocolesterol e o 5,6beta-epoxicolesterol. O colesterol e o 5,6beta-epoxicolesterol foram quantificados pelo detector por índice de refração e o 7-cetocolesterol pelo detector por conjunto de diodos.

Avaliação comparativa entre dois métodos para determinação do colesterol em carnes e leite

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar duas metodologias, enzimática e por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), na determinação dos teores de colesterol em amostras de carne bovina e leite. No método por CLAE utilizou-se coluna C18, 100 x 4,6mm x 4µm (Chromolith, Merck), fase móvel acetonitrila:isopropanol (85:15 para as amostras de carne e 95:05 para amostras de leite) e detector UV-Visível fixado a 210nm. No método enzimático, a absorbância das amostras foi lida em espectrofotômetro a 499nm, 90 minutos após a reação. Foram realizadas 10 análises de cada produto para as duas metodologias avaliadas, sendo que os resultados obtidos mostraram-se semelhantes (p>0,01). Obteve-se recuperação de 95% para as amostras de carne e 97% para as amostras de leite em ambos os métodos. Os resultados obtidos com o material de referência certificado de carne (SRM 1546, NIST) apresentaram-se semelhantes ao declarado no certificado. O coeficiente de variação nas amostras de leite foi de 0,81 e 0,82%, e nas amostras de carne 2,3 e 2,9% para as metodologias cromatográfica e enzimática, respectivamente. O método enzimático mostrou-se sensível e preciso, entretanto, ao contrário da metodologia cromatográfica, necessita de controle rigoroso das condições de análise.

Influence of multi-phase phenomena on semibatch crystallization processes of aqueous solutions

Crystal properties, product quality and particle size are determined by the operating conditions in the crystallization process. Thus, in order to obtain desired end-products, the crystallization process should be effectively controlled based on reliable kinetic information, which can be provided by powerful analytical tools such as Raman spectrometry and thermal analysis. The present research work studied various crystallization processes such as reactive crystallization, precipitation with anti-solvent and evaporation crystallization. The goal of the work was to understand more comprehensively the fundamentals, phenomena and utilizations of crystallization, and establish proper methods to control particle size distribution, especially for three phase gas-liquid-solid crystallization systems. As a part of the solid-liquid equilibrium studies in this work, prediction of KCl solubility in a MgCl2-KCl-H2O system was studied theoretically. Additionally, a solubility prediction model by Pitzer thermodynamic model was investigated based on solubility measurements of potassium dihydrogen phosphate with the presence of non-electronic organic substances in aqueous solutions. The prediction model helps to extend literature data and offers an easy and economical way to choose solvent for anti-solvent precipitation. Using experimental and modern analytical methods, precipitation kinetics and mass transfer in reactive crystallization of magnesium carbonate hydrates with magnesium hydroxide slurry and CO2 gas were systematically investigated. The obtained results gave deeper insight into gas-liquid-solid interactions and the mechanisms of this heterogeneous crystallization process. The research approach developed can provide theoretical guidance and act as a useful reference to promote development of gas-liquid reactive crystallization. Gas-liquid mass transfer of absorption in the presence of solid particles in a stirred tank was investigated in order to gain understanding of how different-sized particles interact with gas bubbles. Based on obtained volumetric mass transfer coefficient values, it was found that the influence of the presence of small particles on gas-liquid mass transfer cannot be ignored since there are interactions between bubbles and particles. Raman spectrometry was successfully applied for liquid and solids analysis in semi-batch anti-solvent precipitation and evaporation crystallization. Real-time information such as supersaturation, formation of precipitates and identification of crystal polymorphs could be obtained by Raman spectrometry. The solubility prediction models, monitoring methods for precipitation and empirical model for absorption developed in this study together with the methodologies used gives valuable information for aspects of industrial crystallization. Furthermore, Raman analysis was seen to be a potential controlling method for various crystallization processes.

Feasibility of industrial implementation of laser cutting into paper making machine

Laser cutting implementation possibilities into paper making machine was studied as the main objective of the work. Laser cutting technology application was considered as a replacement tool for conventional cutting methods used in paper making machines for longitudinal cutting such as edge trimming at different paper making process and tambour roll slitting. Laser cutting of paper was tested in 70’s for the first time. Since then, laser cutting and processing has been applied for paper materials with different level of success in industry. Laser cutting can be employed for longitudinal cutting of paper web in machine direction. The most common conventional cutting methods include water jet cutting and rotating slitting blades applied in paper making machines. Cutting with CO2 laser fulfils basic requirements for cutting quality, applicability to material and cutting speeds in all locations where longitudinal cutting is needed. Literature review provided description of advantages, disadvantages and challenges of laser technology when it was applied for cutting of paper material with particular attention to cutting of moving paper web. Based on studied laser cutting capabilities and problem definition of conventional cutting technologies, preliminary selection of the most promising application area was carried out. Laser cutting (trimming) of paper web edges in wet end was estimated to be the most promising area where it can be implemented. This assumption was made on the basis of rate of web breaks occurrence. It was found that up to 64 % of total number of web breaks occurred in wet end, particularly in location of so called open draws where paper web was transferred unsupported by wire or felt. Distribution of web breaks in machine cross direction revealed that defects of paper web edge was the main reason of tearing initiation and consequent web break. The assumption was made that laser cutting was capable of improvement of laser cut edge tensile strength due to high cutting quality and sealing effect of the edge after laser cutting. Studies of laser ablation of cellulose supported this claim. Linear energy needed for cutting was calculated with regard to paper web properties in intended laser cutting location. Calculated linear cutting energy was verified with series of laser cutting. Practically obtained laser energy needed for cutting deviated from calculated values. This could be explained by difference in heat transfer via radiation in laser cutting and different absorption characteristics of dry and moist paper material. Laser cut samples (both dry and moist (dry matter content about 25-40%)) were tested for strength properties. It was shown that tensile strength and strain break of laser cut samples are similar to corresponding values of non-laser cut samples. Chosen method, however, did not address tensile strength of laser cut edge in particular. Thus, the assumption of improving strength properties with laser cutting was not fully proved. Laser cutting effect on possible pollution of mill broke (recycling of trimmed edge) was carried out. Laser cut samples (both dry and moist) were tested on the content of dirt particles. The tests revealed that accumulation of dust particles on the surface of moist samples can take place. This has to be taken into account to prevent contamination of pulp suspension when trim waste is recycled. Material loss due to evaporation during laser cutting and amount of solid residues after cutting were evaluated. Edge trimming with laser would result in 0.25 kg/h of solid residues and 2.5 kg/h of lost material due to evaporation. Schemes of laser cutting implementation and needed laser equipment were discussed. Generally, laser cutting system would require two laser sources (one laser source for each cutting zone), set of beam transfer and focusing optics and cutting heads. In order to increase reliability of system, it was suggested that each laser source would have double capacity. That would allow to perform cutting employing one laser source working at full capacity for both cutting zones. Laser technology is in required level at the moment and do not require additional development. Moreover, capacity of speed increase is high due to availability high power laser sources what can support the tendency of speed increase of paper making machines. Laser cutting system would require special roll to maintain cutting. The scheme of such roll was proposed as well as roll integration into paper making machine. Laser cutting can be done in location of central roll in press section, before so-called open draw where many web breaks occur, where it has potential to improve runability of a paper making machine. Economic performance of laser cutting was done as comparison of laser cutting system and water jet cutting working in the same conditions. It was revealed that laser cutting would still be about two times more expensive compared to water jet cutting. This is mainly due to high investment cost of laser equipment and poor energy efficiency of CO2 lasers. Another factor is that laser cutting causes material loss due to evaporation whereas water jet cutting almost does not cause material loss. Despite difficulties of laser cutting implementation in paper making machine, its implementation can be beneficial. The crucial role in that is possibility to improve cut edge strength properties and consequently reduce number of web breaks. Capacity of laser cutting to maintain cutting speeds which exceed current speeds of paper making machines what is another argument to consider laser cutting technology in design of new high speed paper making machines.

Perfil lipídico de ovos desidratados com ênfase no seu teor de gorduras trans

O presente trabalho objetivou a determinação do perfil lipídico de ovos integrais desidratados, bem como de gemas desidratadas, a fim de enfatizar seu conteúdo de ácidos graxos de configuração trans. A fração lipídica das amostras foi extraída com hexano/isopropanol e, a seguir, metilada. Os ácidos graxos foram identificados via cromatografia gasosa. Constatou-se que a natureza lipídica dos ovos tem caráter predominantemente insaturado: 63,65% dos lipídios totais nos ovos integrais e 62,63% nas gemas. Além disso, foram identificados apenas traços de gorduras trans (0,24% nos ovos integrais e 0,27% nas gemas).