Economics IGCSE. Revision guide.

Diseñado para seguir el plan de estudios más reciente de Economía del International General Certificate of Secundary Education ( IGCSE) de Cambridge International Education (CIE), proporciona material de revisión para estudiantes internacionales de catorce a dieciséis años. El texto puede ser utilizado para el estudio durante todo el año, pero fundamentalmente están orientado para una revisión del estudiante. Proporciona una gran cantidad de prácticas de examen. Ofrece todo lo necesario para garantizar el éxito de la prueba con preguntas y respuestas, revisión y asesoramiento de evaluación. Se incluyen actividades basadas en el vocabulario, para apoyar a los estudiantes con inglés como segundo idioma.

Economics : Cambridge International AS and A Level.

Manual diseñado para ayudar al alumno a obtener el máximo provecho y garantizar que se cumplan los objetivos necesarios de As y A Level de Economía de los exámenes de la Universidad de Cambridge. Al final del libro hay unos pocos consejos sobre como estudiar efectivamente, tres tipos principales de preguntas de examen y una parte dedicada a errores comunes cometidos en exámenes de económicas. Algunos temas tratados en el libro son: teoría de la macroeconomía, problemas y políticas de la macroeconomía, intervención del gobierno en el sistema de precios, ideas básicas de economía.

Insuring cleaner oceans: the economics of oil pollution prevention

The current system of controlling oil spills involves a complex relationship of international, federal and state law, which has not proven to be very effective. The multiple layers of regulation often leave shipowners unsure of the laws facing them. Furthemore, nations have had difficulty enforcing these legal requirements. This thesis deals with the role marine insurance can play within the existing system of legislation to provide a strong preventative influence that is simple and cost-effective to enforce. In principle, insurance has two ways of enforcing higher safety standards and limiting the risk of an accident occurring. The first is through the use of insurance premiums that are based on the level of care taken by the insured. This means that a person engaging in riskier behavior faces a higher insurance premium, because their actions increase the probability of an accident occurring. The second method, available to the insurer, is collectively known as cancellation provisions or underwriting clauses. These are clauses written into an insurance contract that invalidates the agreement when certain conditions are not met by the insured The problem has been that obtaining information about the behavior of an insured party requires monitoring and that incurs a cost to the insurer. The application of these principles proves to be a more complicated matter. The modern marine insurance industry is a complicated system of multiple contracts, through different insurers, that covers the many facets of oil transportation. Their business practices have resulted in policy packages that cross the neat bounds of individual, specific insurance coverage. This paper shows that insurance can improve safety standards in three general areas -crew training, hull and equipment construction and maintenance, and routing schemes and exclusionary zones. With crew, hull and equipment, underwriting clauses can be used to ensure that minimum standards are met by the insured. Premiums can then be structured to reflect the additional care taken by the insured above and beyond these minimum standards. Routing schemes are traffic flow systems applied to congested waterways, such as the entrance to New York harbor. Using natural obstacles or manmade dividers, ships are separated into two lanes of opposing traffic, similar to a road. Exclusionary zones are marine areas designated off limits to tanker traffic either because of a sensitive ecosystem or because local knowledge is required of the region to ensure safe navigation. Underwriting clauses can be used to nullify an insurance contract when a tanker is not in compliance with established exclusionary zones or routing schemes.

Economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean: summary 2009

Includes bibliography

Strategy proposal, from the perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean, for advancing towards an international convention on the human rights of older persons

The Brasilia Declaration, adopted in 2007 at the second Regional Intergovernmental Conference on Ageing in Latin America and the Caribbean: towards a society for all ages and rights-based social protection and ratified in ECLAC resolution 644(XXXII) of 2008, called on participating governments to work towards adopting a international convention regarding the rights of older persons (Article 24). It also established a mandate for a Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur who would be responsible for promoting and protecting the rights of older persons (Article 25).Three meetings were held during the past biennium pursuant to that commitment. The first and second meetings took place, respectively, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2008) and in Buenos Aires, Argentina (2009). At the third meeting, held in Santiago (Chile), on 5-6 October 2009, participating countries requested the Secretariat of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC) to prepare "a proposal for a strategy on how to follow up article 24 and 25 of the Brasilia Declaration." This proposal should include the "minimum content necessary in an international convention on the rights of older persons from the Latin American and Caribbean perspective."In response to this request, this document first presents a general overview of existing human rights standards, both at the international and at the regional levels, that are relevant to the promotion and the protection of the rights of older persons. It then provides the arguments that, from a Latin American and Caribbean perspective, justify the adoption of an international convention regarding the rights of older persons, as well as the minimum contents that this convention should include. The document finally presents a proposed strategy to move towards the adoption of an international convention in this realm from a Latin American and Caribbean perspective.

Lista de las principales resoluciones relacionadas con la Estrategia Internacional del Desarrollo y el Programa de Acción Regional aprobadas por la Asamblea General y el Consejo Económico y Social de las NU, la CEPAL y el CDCC = List of main resolutions adopted with regard to the International Development Strategy and the Regional Programme of Action by the General Assembly, United Nations Economic and Social Council, ECLA and CDCC

Contiene el título de las resoluciones y su número.

Recopilación de resoluciones relacionadas con la Estrategia Internacional del Desarrollo y el Nuevo Orden Económico Internacional aprobadas por la Asamblea General y el Consejo Económico y Social de las NU, CEPAL y CDCC = Collected resolutions on the International Development Strategy and the New International Economic Order adopted by the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council, the CEPAL and the CDCC

Incluye Bibliografía

Estrategia Internacional del Desarrollo: programa de acción de la Asamblea General para el Segundo Decenio de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo = International Development Strategy: action programme of the General Assembly for the Second United Nations Development Decade

Incluye Bibliografía

Algunas reflexiones acerca del período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General y de la Estrategia Internacional del Desarrollo = Some reflections on the special session of the General Assembly and the International Development Strategy

Incluye Bibliografía