Urban growth dilemmas and solutions in China: Looking forward to 2030

China’s urbanization and industrialization are occupying farmland in large amounts, which is strongly driven by land finance regime. This is due to the intensified regional/local competition for manufacturing investment opportunities that push local governments to expropriate farmland at low prices while lease land at high market value to property developers. The additional revenue obtained in this way, termed financial increment in land values, can drive local economic growth, and provide associated infrastructure and other public services. At the same time, however, a floating population of large numbers of inadequately compensated land-lost farmers, although unable to become citizens, have to migrate into the urban areas for work, causing overheated employment and housing markets, with rocketing unaffordable housing prices. This, together with various micro factors relating to the party/state’s promotion/evaluation system play an essential role leading to some serious economic, environment and social consequences, e.g., on migrant welfare, the displacement of peasants and the loss of land resources that requires immediate attention. Our question is: whether such type of urbanization is sustainable? What are the mechanisms behind such a phenomenal urbanization process? From the perspective of institutionalism, this paper aims to investigate the institutional background of the urban growth dilemma and solutions in urban China and to introduce further an inter-regional game theoretical framework to indicate why the present urbanization pattern is unsustainable. Looking forward to 2030, paradigm policy changes are made from the triple consideration of floating population, social security and urban environmental pressures. This involves: (1) changing land increment based finance regime into land stock finance system; (2) the citizenization of migrant workers with affordable housing, and; (3) creating a more enlightened local government officer appraisal system to better take into account societal issues such as welfare and beyond.

Existence of multiple positive solutions for N-laplacian in a bounded domain in R-N

Let Ohm be a bounded domain in IRN, N greater than or equal to 2, lambda > 0, q is an element of (0, N - 1) and alpha is an element of (1, N/N-1 In this article we show the existence of at least two positive solutions for the following quasilinear elliptic problem with an exponential type nonlinearity:

Phase behavior of concentrated aqueous solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium hydroxy naphthoate (SHN)

We have characterized the phase behavior of mixtures of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the organic salt 3-sodium-2-hydroxy naphthoate (SHN) over a wide range of surfactant concentrations using polarizing optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. A variety of liquid crystalline phases, such as hexagonal, lamellar with and without curvature defects, and nematic, are observed in these mixtures. At high temperatures the curvature defects in the lamellar phase are annealed gradually on decreasing the water content. However, at lower temperatures these two lamellar structures are separated by an intermediate phase, where the bilayer defects appear to order into a lattice. The ternary phase diagram shows a high degree of symmetry about the line corresponding to equimolar CTAB/SHN composition, as in the case of mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants.

Pareto-optimal solutions for multi-objective optimization of fed-batch bioreactors using nondominated sorting genetic algorithm

Many optimal control problems are characterized by their multiple performance measures that are often noncommensurable and competing with each other. The presence of multiple objectives in a problem usually give rise to a set of optimal solutions, largely known as Pareto-optimal solutions. Evolutionary algorithms have been recognized to be well suited for multi-objective optimization because of their capability to evolve a set of nondominated solutions distributed along the Pareto front. This has led to the development of many evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms among which Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA and its enhanced version NSGA-II) has been found effective in solving a wide variety of problems. Recently, we reported a genetic algorithm based technique for solving dynamic single-objective optimization problems, with single as well as multiple control variables, that appear in fed-batch bioreactor applications. The purpose of this study is to extend this methodology for solution of multi-objective optimal control problems under the framework of NSGA-II. The applicability of the technique is illustrated by solving two optimal control problems, taken from literature, which have usually been solved by several methods as single-objective dynamic optimization problems. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Approximate solutions for the structure of shock waves

Approximate solutions of the B-G-K model equation are obtained for the structure of a plane shock, using various moment methods and a least squares technique. Comparison with available exact solution shows that while none of the methods is uniformly satisfactory, some of them can provide accurate values for the density slope shock thickness delta n . A detailed error analysis provides explanations for this result. An asymptotic analysis of delta n for largeMach numbers shows that it scales with theMaxwell mean free path on the hot side of the shock, and that their ratio is relatively insensitive to the viscosity law for the gas.

Composition of aqueous solutions in equilibrium with sulfides and oxides of iron at 3500°C

Solutions of potassium chloride (pH-buffered and 1-molat) equilibrated at 350°C with pyrrhotite, pyrite, and magnetite contained approximately 1 millimole of reduced sulfur and less than 0.1 millimole of oxidized sulfur per kilogram. Similar solutions equilibrated with pyrite, magnetite, and hematite contained approximately 1 millimole of reduced sulfur, but 3 to 6 millimoles of oxidized sulfur per kilogram. Both types of solutions contained less than 0.1 millimole of iron per kilogram at pH ≥ 6 and approximately 100 millimoles per kilogram at pH 2.

Selective Homonuclear Decoupling in H-1 NMR: Application to Visualization of Enantiomers in Chiral Aligning Medium and Simplified Analyses of Spectra in Isotropic Solutions

The proton NMR spectral complexity arising due to severe overlap of peaks hampers their analyses in diverse situations, even by the application of two-dimensional experiments. The selective or complete removal of the couplings and retention of only the chemical shift interactions in indirect dimension aids in the simplification of the spectrum to a large extent with little investment of the instrument time. The present study provides precise enantiodiscrimination employing more anisotropic NMR parameters in the chiral liquid crystalline medium and differentiates the overlapped peaks of many organic molecules and peptides dissolved in isotropic solvents.

A novel fibre-coated sorbent for rapid removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Sorption of Zinc(II) from dilute aqueous solutions in the presence of high concentrations of common salts

The commercial acrylic fibre "Cashmilon" was partially hydrolyzed to convert a fraction of its nitrile (-CN) groups to carboxylic acid (-COOH) groups and then coated with polyethylenimine (PEI) resin and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to produce a novel gel-coated fibrous sorbent with multiple functionalities of cationic, anionic and chelating types, and significantly faster sorption kinetics than bead-form sorbents. The sorption properties of the fibrous sorbent were measured using Zn(II) in aqueous solution as the sorbate to determine the effects of pH and the presence of common ions in the solution on the sorption capacity. The rate of sorption on the gel-coated fibre was measured in comparison with that on Amberlite IRA-68 weak-base resin beads, to demonstrate the marked difference between fibre and bead-form sorbents in their kinetic behaviour.

Coherent quasiparticle approximation cQPA and nonlocal coherence

We show that the dynamical Wigner functions for noninteracting fermions and bosons can have complex singularity structures with a number of new solutions accompanying the usual mass-shell dispersion relations. These new shell solutions are shown to encode the information of the quantum coherence between particles and antiparticles, left and right moving chiral states and/or between different flavour states. Analogously to the usual derivation of the Boltzmann equation, we impose this extended phase space structure on the full interacting theory. This extension of the quasiparticle approximation gives rise to a self-consistent equation of motion for a density matrix that combines the quantum mechanical coherence evolution with a well defined collision integral giving rise to decoherence. Several applications of the method are given, for example to the coherent particle production, electroweak baryogenesis and study of decoherence and thermalization.

Reactions with disulphur monoxide solutions obtained by the reduction of cupric oxide by elemental sulphur

When the products of reaction between elemental sulphur and copper oxide at elevated temperature in vacuum are bubbled through chilled inert organic solvents like carbontetrachloride, orange-yellow solutions were obtained indicating the presence of lower oxide of sulphur. This lower oxide has been found to be disulphur monoxide as shown by three different types of reactions; (1) Mercury decomposition, (2) Reaction with hydrogen iodide and hydrolytic reaction in an alkaline homogeneous medium.

Compressibilities of some electrolyte solutions in relation to their stepwise dissociation

The compressibilities of some electrolytic solutions at low concentrations have been determined by employing Carstensen's phase-comparison pulse method for measuring the ultrasonic velocity differences and by simultaneously measuring their densities with a Weld-type pyknometer. The apparent molal compressibilities φ(χ̄2) of NaHSO4, KHSO 4, NaP2PO4 and Na-HPO4 have been plotted against the square root of the molarities c. The observations are explained in terms of incomplete dissociation.

Compressibility of dilute solutions of sulphuric acid

By employing Carstensen's phase-comparison pulse method for measuring ultrasonic velocity-differences, the compressibility of sulphuric acid has been studied anew, the special interest being in the low concentration region. Sulphuric acid is found to show at first a decrease in velocity with increasing concentration and then an increase. The curve representing the apparent molal compressibility Φ(κ̄2) against the square root of the molar concentration c, shows a maximum and a minimum. This anomalous behaviour is interesting in view of the extreme anomalies in other colligative properties of sulphuric acid. A qualitative explanation of the observed maximum and minimum has been suggested.

On some integral properties of hypergeometric functions

In this note certain integrals involving hypergeometric functions have been evaluated in convenient and elegant forms. © 1971 Indian Academy of Sciences.