Un percorso fra natura e storia. Il museo della citta' di Cesena lungo il fiume Savio

“Il museo sta cambiando. In passato, era un luogo di certezze assolute, fonte di definizioni, di valori e di dottrina in materia d'arte, a tutto campo; era il luogo in cui non ci si ponevano interrogativi ma si davano autorevoli risposte.[...]“ 1 Il collezionismo d'arte comincia con il Rinascimento italiano, che sviluppa un particolare senso della storia, un entusiasmo per i prodotti dell'Antichità classica e per tutti i generi dell'arte contemporanea, pensati per la residenza privata, e in realtà, per esse fabbricati: dipinti di soggetto mitologico, quadri di artisti fiamminghi, piccoli bronzi e, al nord arte grafica. Il collezionismo in senso stretto fu agli inizi del secolo connesso solo con le antichità. Verso la fine del Cinquecento, vanno manifestandosi parecchie innovazioni. Per la prima volta compare la parola museo, che era già stata adottata in Alessandria durante il periodo Ellenistico per designare tutto l'ambito degli edifici per la cultura in cui era compresa la biblioteca. Inizialmente tutte le collezioni erano private, ma potevano essere visitate dalle élite sociali. L‟istituzione del museo che noi oggi conosciamo, nasce dall‟ Europa illuminista del XVIII secolo: infatti in questo periodo fu deliberatamente progettato uno spazio architettonico appropriato che desse forma universalmente riconoscibile all‟idea di museo. Poniamo gli esempi del Museo di Villa Albani nel 1746 e il Museo Pio Clementino in Vaticano nel 1775, che per primi si pongono il problema della progettazione architettonica, dell‟allestimento e ordinamento adeguati a un museo aperto al pubblico. Mentre per Villa Albani si trattava pur sempre di una raccolta privata visitabile, il museo voluto dai papi Clemente XIV e Pio VI per le collezioni archeologiche era già pensato come un‟istituzione di interesse pubblico. Gli ultimi tre secoli del secondo millennio hanno visto la crescita dell‟istituzione del museo, diventata esponenziale negli ultimi decenni del XX secolo. I tempi hanno coinciso con la nascita, l‟affermazione rivoluzionaria, il trionfo e il consolidamento della cultura nell‟età della borghesia. 2 “Mentre prima il museo non era che un luogo pieno di oggetti, oggi è diventato un luogo pieno di idee, che vengono suggerite dalle indicazioni e dalle descrizioni accompagnanti gli oggetti esposti, dato che il museo è come un libro aperto che si offre allo studioso e a chi desidera formarsi una coltura.[...]3 1 Karsten Schubert, Museo. Storia di un'idea - dalla Rivoluzione francese ad oggi, il Saggiatore, Milano 2004, p.17. 2 Alessandra Mottola Molfino, Il libro dei musei, Umberto Alemandi & C., Torino 1991, pp. 11-22 3 Daniele Donghi, Manuale dell'architetto Volume II, Unione Tipografico Editrice Torinese, Torino 1935, p. 11. 8 Un museo non è definito solo in base all'importanza e alla qualità delle sue raccolte, ma soprattutto da come vengono recepite da chi le esamina, sia per motivi di studio che per interesse personale. Per questo motivo si deve mettere in grado le diverse categorie di fruitori, di accedere al museo con il minor spreco di tempo possibile e con il maggior profitto. L'effetto che si vuole ottenere deriva sia dal metodo di esposizione degli oggetti, sia da una buona soluzione tecnica relativa alle dimensioni, alla forma, alla distribuzione, riscaldamento e ventilazione dei locali, all'illuminazione degli oggetti e ai mezzi di loro conservazione e sicurezza. Il museo moderno dovrà coniugare al suo interno museografia e museologia. Dove“[...]per museografia si intende l'insieme delle azioni progettuali, scientifiche e tecniche, tendenti alla sistemazione organizzativa del museo (distributiva, impiantistica, tecnica, architettonica, allestitiva, informatica); appartiene in genere all'opera dell'architetto, con la collaborazione di strutturisti, impiantisti e informatici. Al contrario per museologia si intende l'insieme delle azioni di ricerca storica, filologica, di comparazione critica che presiede all'ordinamento dell'esposizione delle opere; generalmente appartiene allo storico dell'arte, allo storico della scienza, all'archeologo, all'antropologo [...].”4 Confrontando progetti museografici e museali dei primi musei con esempi moderni e contemporanei, si intendono ricavare i caratteri fondamentali che permettano di presentare un progetto per museo coerente all'area di studio, e che riesca a rivelare la vera natura degli oggetti che andrà a ospitare attraverso uno studio specifico dei percorsi e degli allestimenti.

Design and Performance Evaluation of Network-on-Chip Communication Protocols and Architectures

The scale down of transistor technology allows microelectronics manufacturers such as Intel and IBM to build always more sophisticated systems on a single microchip. The classical interconnection solutions based on shared buses or direct connections between the modules of the chip are becoming obsolete as they struggle to sustain the increasing tight bandwidth and latency constraints that these systems demand. The most promising solution for the future chip interconnects are the Networks on Chip (NoC). NoCs are network composed by routers and channels used to inter- connect the different components installed on the single microchip. Examples of advanced processors based on NoC interconnects are the IBM Cell processor, composed by eight CPUs that is installed on the Sony Playstation III and the Intel Teraflops pro ject composed by 80 independent (simple) microprocessors. On chip integration is becoming popular not only in the Chip Multi Processor (CMP) research area but also in the wider and more heterogeneous world of Systems on Chip (SoC). SoC comprehend all the electronic devices that surround us such as cell-phones, smart-phones, house embedded systems, automotive systems, set-top boxes etc... SoC manufacturers such as ST Microelectronics , Samsung, Philips and also Universities such as Bologna University, M.I.T., Berkeley and more are all proposing proprietary frameworks based on NoC interconnects. These frameworks help engineers in the switch of design methodology and speed up the development of new NoC-based systems on chip. In this Thesis we propose an introduction of CMP and SoC interconnection networks. Then focusing on SoC systems we propose: • a detailed analysis based on simulation of the Spidergon NoC, a ST Microelectronics solution for SoC interconnects. The Spidergon NoC differs from many classical solutions inherited from the parallel computing world. Here we propose a detailed analysis of this NoC topology and routing algorithms. Furthermore we propose aEqualized a new routing algorithm designed to optimize the use of the resources of the network while also increasing its performance; • a methodology flow based on modified publicly available tools that combined can be used to design, model and analyze any kind of System on Chip; • a detailed analysis of a ST Microelectronics-proprietary transport-level protocol that the author of this Thesis helped developing; • a simulation-based comprehensive comparison of different network interface designs proposed by the author and the researchers at AST lab, in order to integrate shared-memory and message-passing based components on a single System on Chip; • a powerful and flexible solution to address the time closure exception issue in the design of synchronous Networks on Chip. Our solution is based on relay stations repeaters and allows to reduce the power and area demands of NoC interconnects while also reducing its buffer needs; • a solution to simplify the design of the NoC by also increasing their performance and reducing their power and area consumption. We propose to replace complex and slow virtual channel-based routers with multiple and flexible small Multi Plane ones. This solution allows us to reduce the area and power dissipation of any NoC while also increasing its performance especially when the resources are reduced. This Thesis has been written in collaboration with the Advanced System Technology laboratory in Grenoble France, and the Computer Science Department at Columbia University in the city of New York.

Self-Organizing Mechanisms for Task Allocation in a Knowledge-Based Economy

A prevalent claim is that we are in knowledge economy. When we talk about knowledge economy, we generally mean the concept of “Knowledge-based economy” indicating the use of knowledge and technologies to produce economic benefits. Hence knowledge is both tool and raw material (people’s skill) for producing some kind of product or service. In this kind of environment economic organization is undergoing several changes. For example authority relations are less important, legal and ownership-based definitions of the boundaries of the firm are becoming irrelevant and there are only few constraints on the set of coordination mechanisms. Hence what characterises a knowledge economy is the growing importance of human capital in productive processes (Foss, 2005) and the increasing knowledge intensity of jobs (Hodgson, 1999). Economic processes are also highly intertwined with social processes: they are likely to be informal and reciprocal rather than formal and negotiated. Another important point is also the problem of the division of labor: as economic activity becomes mainly intellectual and requires the integration of specific and idiosyncratic skills, the task of dividing the job and assigning it to the most appropriate individuals becomes arduous, a “supervisory problem” (Hogdson, 1999) emerges and traditional hierarchical control may result increasingly ineffective. Not only specificity of know how makes it awkward to monitor the execution of tasks, more importantly, top-down integration of skills may be difficult because ‘the nominal supervisors will not know the best way of doing the job – or even the precise purpose of the specialist job itself – and the worker will know better’ (Hogdson,1999). We, therefore, expect that the organization of the economic activity of specialists should be, at least partially, self-organized. The aim of this thesis is to bridge studies from computer science and in particular from Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P) to organization theories. We think that the P2P paradigm well fits with organization problems related to all those situation in which a central authority is not possible. We believe that P2P Networks show a number of characteristics similar to firms working in a knowledge-based economy and hence that the methodology used for studying P2P Networks can be applied to organization studies. Three are the main characteristics we think P2P have in common with firms involved in knowledge economy: - Decentralization: in a pure P2P system every peer is an equal participant, there is no central authority governing the actions of the single peers; - Cost of ownership: P2P computing implies shared ownership reducing the cost of owing the systems and the content, and the cost of maintaining them; - Self-Organization: it refers to the process in a system leading to the emergence of global order within the system without the presence of another system dictating this order. These characteristics are present also in the kind of firm that we try to address and that’ why we have shifted the techniques we adopted for studies in computer science (Marcozzi et al., 2005; Hales et al., 2007 [39]) to management science.

EXAM-S: an Analysis tool for Multi-Domain Policy Sets

As distributed collaborative applications and architectures are adopting policy based management for tasks such as access control, network security and data privacy, the management and consolidation of a large number of policies is becoming a crucial component of such policy based systems. In large-scale distributed collaborative applications like web services, there is the need of analyzing policy interactions and integrating policies. In this thesis, we propose and implement EXAM-S, a comprehensive environment for policy analysis and management, which can be used to perform a variety of functions such as policy property analyses, policy similarity analysis, policy integration etc. As part of this environment, we have proposed and implemented new techniques for the analysis of policies that rely on a deep study of state of the art techniques. Moreover, we propose an approach for solving heterogeneity problems that usually arise when considering the analysis of policies belonging to different domains. Our work focuses on analysis of access control policies written in the dialect of XACML (Extensible Access Control Markup Language). We consider XACML policies because XACML is a rich language which can represent many policies of interest to real world applications and is gaining widespread adoption in the industry.

Multihoming su Symbian per VoIP

Sviluppata di un'applicazione che consente di ottimizzare il traffico VoIP SIP sfruttando contemporaneamente tutte le interfacce a disposizione dei dispositivi mobili.