The Bangladesh gender gap in education : biased intra-household educational expenditures

By investigating the educational expenditure of children over the ten years (2000 to 2010), we evaluate whether there exists any gender specific discrepancy at the household level and the trend of such discrepancy over the years. Using three rounds of nationally representative Household Income & Expenditure Surveys this study reveals that households spend less on education for their school-going girls compared to boys. By disaggregating the total expenditure into fixed and variable components, we find persistent gender imbalance in educational expenditure where households provide better quality of education for boys. Moreover, we find that gender based discrepancy has a very persistent trend and does not show any significant sign of narrowing the gap over the years. Cohort wise difference-in-difference estimation also reveals that the gap has initially widened and later converged but has not diminished beyond the initial level of discrepancy, which may warrant targeted policy intervention.

Measuring the effect of agricultural cooperatives on household income using PSM-DID : a case study of a rice-producing cooperative in China

Agricultural cooperatives in China, known as Farmers' Professional Cooperatives (FPCs), are becoming popular and have been intensely promoted by the Chinese government to improve the economic welfare of small farmers. However, very few studies on Chinese agricultural cooperatives have measured the benefits to farmers who participate in FPCs after controlling for time-invariant attributes of farmers. This paper investigates the treatment effect of participation in a rice-producing cooperative in suburban China using propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences (DID) method. Estimated results show that no significant difference is observed between participants and non-participants of the cooperative in terms of net income from rice production when controlling for the difference in farmers' rice incomes before the treatment. In addition, there is no significant heterogeneity of the treatment effects between large and small farmers, although the probability of participation in the cooperative is significantly higher when the size of cultivated rice farmland is greater. These results indicate that the benefits of the cooperative appear to be overestimated considering the vigorous policy supports for FPCs from the Chinese government.

Perception of employers and employees regarding the attitude of businesses toward the environment: a qualitative analysis

Commitment and involvement from the different members of an organization are two key elements for an organization to achieve its environmental excellence. Firstly, businesses are aware of the close relationship between their activities and the environment, for they are not only polluting agents but also agents with the capacity to reduce adverse environmental impacts. Secondly, the fact that employees can play a relevant role in terms of the socially responsible measures to be taken by organizations has started to become an irrefutably important issue. This piece of research is intended to help gain knowledge concerning the attitude of the two main actors in productive activity toward the environmental, that is, employers and employees; as well, this research intends to identify factors determining behaviour towards the environmental. For this, we have gathered the ideas and assessments contained in the discourse of a group of small and medium-sized businesses, large company owners and officers, employees, and work related risk prevention representatives. Qualitative work consisted of in-depth interviews and the creation of discussion groups.

University employees work schedule

The aim of this project is to create a website which is useful both employees and students of a university, so employees can add information, if they log in with username and password access, and students can view this information . Employees may modify and display information such as title, room, or their faculty (from a list defined by the administrator), and most importantly, their schedule, whether class, tutoring, free time, or any of tasks that the administrator define. There will be a manager, responsible for managing employees, the availables faculties and the types of tasks that employees can use on their schedule. Students may see the employees schedules and rooms on the homepage. They differentiate between differents tasks of employees, because these are in different colors. They can also filter information for faculty, employee or day. To achieve our goal, we decided to program in Java using Servlets, which we will use to generate response to requests coming from users from the website. We will also use JSP, allowing us to create different websites files. We use JSP files and not HTML, because we need that the pages are dynamic, since not only want to show specific information, we like that information can change depending on user requests. The JSP file allows us to generate HTML, but also using JAVA language, which is necessary for our purpose. As the information we store is not fixed. We want this information can be modified at any time by employees and admin, so we need a database, which can be accessed from anywhere. We decided SQLite databases because are integrated quite well in our application, and offer a quick response. To access the database from our program, we simply connect it to the database, and with very few lines of code, add, delete or modify entries in different tables that owns the database. To facilitate the initial creation of the database, and the first tables, we use a Mozilla Firefox browser plugin, called SQLite Manager, which allows us to do so from a more friendly interface. Finally, we need a server that supports and implements specifications Servlets and JSP. We decided on the TomCat server, which is a container Servlets, because is free, easy to use, and compatible with our program. We realized all the project with Eclipse environment, also free program that allows integrating database, server and program the JSP and Servlets. Once submitted all the tools we used, we must first organize the structure of the web, relating each Servlets with JSP files. Next, create the database and the different Servlets, and adjust the database accesses to make sure we do it right. From here simply is to build up the page step by step, showing in each place we need, and redirect to different pages. In this way, we can build a complex website, free, and without being an expert in the field. RESUMEN. El objetivo de este proyecto, es crear una página web que sirva tanto a empleados como a alumnos de una universidad, de tal manera que los empleados podrán añadir información, mediante el acceso con usuario y contraseña, y los alumnos podrán visualizar está información. Los empleados podrán modificar y mostrar información como su título, despacho, facultad a la que pertenecen (de entre una lista definida por el administrador), y lo más importante, sus horarios, ya sean de clase, tutorías, tiempo libre, o cualquiera de las tareas que el administrador defina. Habrá un administrador, encargado de gestionar los empleados existentes, las facultades disponibles y los tipos de tareas que podrán usar los empleados en su horario. Los alumnos, podrán visualizar los horarios y despacho de los empleados en la página principal. Diferenciarán entre las distintas tareas de los profesores, porque estas se encuentran en colores diferentes. Además, podrán filtrar la información, por facultad, empleado o día de la semana. Para conseguir nuestro objetivo, hemos decidido programar en Java, mediante el uso de Servlets, los cuales usaremos para generar respuesta antes las peticiones que llegan de los usuarios desde la página web. También usaremos archivos JSP, que nos permitirán crear las diferentes páginas webs. Usamos archivos JSP y no HTML, porque necesitamos que las diferentes páginas sean dinámicas, ya que no solo queremos mostrar una información concreta, si no que esta información puede variar en función de las peticiones de usuario. El archivo JSP nos permite generar HTML, pero a la vez usar lenguaje JAVA, algo necesario para nuestro cometido. Como la información que queremos almacenar no es fija, si no que en todo momento debe poder ser modificada por empleados y administrador, necesitamos una base de datos, a la que podamos acceder desde la web. Nos hemos decidido por bases SQLite, ya que se integran bastante bien en nuestra aplicación, y además ofrecen una rápida respuesta. Para acceder a la base de datos desde nuestro programa, simplemente debemos conectar el mismo a la base de datos, y con muy pocas líneas de código, añadir, eliminar o modificar entradas de las diferentes tablas que posee la base de datos. Para facilitar la creación inicial de la base de datos, y de las primeras tablas, usamos un complemento del navegador Mozilla Firefox, llamado SQLite Manager, que nos permite hacerlo desde una interfaz más amigable. Por último, necesitamos de un servidor que soporte e implemente las especificaciones de los Servlets y JSP. Nos decidimos por el servidor TomCat, que es un contenedor de Servlets gratuito, de fácil manejo, y compatible con nuestro programa. Todo el desarrollo del proyecto, lo realizamos desde el entorno Eclipse, programa también gratuito, que permite integrar la base de datos, el servidor y programar los JSP y Servlets. Una vez presentadas todas las herramientas que hemos utilizado, primero debemos organizar la estructura de la web, relacionando cada archivo JSP con los Servlets a los que debe acceder. A continuación creamos la base de datos y los diferentes Servlets, y ajustamos bien los accesos a la base de datos para comprobar que lo hacemos correctamente. A partir de aquí, simplemente es ir construyendo la página paso a paso, mostrando en cada lugar lo que necesitemos, y redirigiendo a las diferentes páginas. De esta manera, podremos construir una página web compleja, de manera gratuita, y sin ser un experto en la materia.

A Community Analysis of the Implementation for Household Curbside Recycling Programs: A Diversionary Method to Control Municipal Solid Waste

The Municipality of Anchorage (MOA) is required to better manage, operate and control municipal solid waste (MSW) after the Anchorage Assembly instituted a Zero Waste Policy. Two household curbside recycling programs (CRPs), pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) and single-stream, were compared and evaluated to determine an optimal municipal solid waste diversion method for households within the MOA. The analyses find: (1) a CRP must be designed from comprehensive analysis, models and data correlation that combine demographic and psychographic variables; and (2) CRPs can be easily adjusted towards community-specific goals using technology, such as Geographic Information System (GIS) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Combining resources of policy-makers, businesses, and other viable actors are necessary components to produce a sustainable, economically viable curbside recycling program.

Development of a Household Pharmaceutical Waste Collection Program for Atlanta, Georgia: An Analysis of Risk Factors and Public Awareness with a Comprehensive Collection Plan

Decades of mixed messages from three federal agencies left many Americans unaware of the hazards associated with the indiscriminate disposal of unwanted or expired medicines. For this Capstone project, a systematic review of state and federal regulations was undertaken to determine how these laws obstruct household pharmaceutical waste collection. In addition, a survey of 654 Atlanta residents was conducted to evaluate unwanted medicine disposal habits, awareness of pharmaceutical compounds being detected in drinking water, surface, and ground waters, and willingness to participate in a household pharmaceutical waste collection program. Survey responses were tabulated to provide overall results and by age group, gender, and race. A household pharmaceutical waste collection plan was developed for the city and included as an appendix.

Contributing Factors in Corporate America's Implementation of Policies and Procedures That Protect and Enhance the Work Experience for Gay, Lesbian, Bi-sexual and Transgender (GLBT) Employees: An Examination of Corporate GLBT Initiatives

Business organization executives today are routinely challenged to attract and retain key talent and employ innovative techniques to expand their consumer-base. Moreover, these executives have advanced their business initiatives to include workplace equality initiatives with a motivation to attract and retain key talent. In this research the author examined the contributing factors that lead executives in corporate America to implement Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender (GLBT) initiatives as business strategies. The case study methodology applied in this examination illustrated that the implementation of GLBT initiatives can increase a business organization's ability to attract and retain key talent, and increase employee work productivity while expanding the consumer base. Therefore, the business organization's competitive advantage in the marketplace is increased.

Consumer Driven Health Care: An Examination of the Disadvantages to Low Income Employees

As health care costs for companies continue to rise, more organizations are considering a consumer driven health plan option with the goal to engage employees so that they make better health care decisions. Although consumer driven health plan options present advantages to the employer and some employee groups, low income employees are negatively impacted by this option. Two major disadvantages include missed care and out of pocket obligations. This capstone reviews the current literature on consumer driven health care and discusses the disadvantages to low income employees. It also provides strategies and recommendations to employers who are considering a consumer driven health option plan to minimize the disadvantages to low income employees.

Effective Performance Evaluations For Generation X and Generation Y Employees

This Capstone focuses on the overview of generic performance evaluation process, characteristics of Generation X and Y employees in a workplace, first and second-hand research in the area of Effective Performance Evaluations for Generation X and Y employees, and recommends different approaches to performance evaluations for Generation X and Y employees to increase its effectiveness.

A Sound Investment for Employees and Their Employers: Retirement Planning, Reinvented

Offering competitive health and wellness benefit programs is ever challenging for companies, as industry leaders continually devise ways to innovate and deliver high-value programs to attract and retain employees. Financial stability is a form of wellness, and yet companies offer limited finance-related benefit offerings. Employees are commonly given access to retirement savings plans and college savings plans, and yet employers do not typically incorporate educational components into benefit programs. Research presented in this paper examines the financial issues impacting the lives of young workers in the United States and makes the case for a new recruitment and retention tool: a dynamic, practical benefit program designed to engage employees in their financial planning early and empower them to make informed decisions.

Motivation Employees in Work Organizations

With the onset of global integration and knowledge of economics, the value of human capital is improving and playing a leading role in enterprise. Motivating employees in the workplace becomes an eternal and challenging subject for today's enterprise. This capstone project identifies and illustrates what motivation is, what effectively motivates employees, and how to motivate employees in the workplace. This project not only talks about individuals' motivation but also motivation in groups and specific organizations. The global workforce, as a special group, is also discovered in this project. The project mainly is based on secondary research. The types of sources come from books, journal articles, blogs, periodicals, and other print materials through the Penrose Library and websites (such as Google Scholar). This project is written for the business leaders and human resources professionals, helping them to increase employees' satisfaction and maintaining the valuable employees in their organizations.

Invisible work, unseen hazards: the health of women immigrant household service workers in Spain

BACKGROUND: Household service work has been largely absent from occupational health studies. We examine the occupational hazards and health effects identified by immigrant women household service workers. METHODS: Exploratory, descriptive study of 46 documented and undocumented immigrant women in household services in Spain, using a phenomenological approach. Data were collected between September 2006 and May 2007 through focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews. Data were separated for analysis by documentation status and sorted using a mixed-generation process. In a second phase of analysis, data on psychosocial hazards were organized using the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire as a guide. RESULTS: Informants reported a number of environmental, ergonomic and psychosocial hazards and corresponding health effects. Psychosocial hazards were especially strongly present in data. Data on reported hazards were similar by documentation status and varied by several emerging categories: whether participants were primarily cleaners or carers and whether they lived in or outside of the homes of their employers. Documentation status was relevant in terms of empowerment and bargaining, but did not appear to influence work tasks or exposure to hazards directly. CONCLUSIONS: Female immigrant household service workers are exposed to a variety of health hazards that could be acted upon by improved legislation, enforcement, and preventive workplace measures, which are discussed.