Voice, appropriation and discourse representation in a student writing task

We investigate the practices by which bilingual university students in Hong Kong appropriate texts in producing utterances, particularly written texts. Following Wertsch and his colleagues we ask: • To what extent do our students appropriate texts in constructing their own discourses? • What linguistic means do they use to do this? • What can these processes tell us about what they now can do with discourse representation; and • What do we need to teach them? This research shows that our students' writing displays considerable intertextuality and interdiscursivity. Responses to this writing in tutorial sessions indicate that they are skilled at orchestrating the multiple voices within their own discourses. The commonly stated concern that our students do not know how to do quotation and citation correctly is somewhat misplaced and researchers need to move the focus away from the mechanisms of citation and attribution to the social practices of textual appropriation.

Selecting salient objects in real scenes: An oscillatory correlation model

Attention is a critical mechanism for visual scene analysis. By means of attention, it is possible to break down the analysis of a complex scene to the analysis of its parts through a selection process. Empirical studies demonstrate that attentional selection is conducted on visual objects as a whole. We present a neurocomputational model of object-based selection in the framework of oscillatory correlation. By segmenting an input scene and integrating the segments with their conspicuity obtained from a saliency map, the model selects salient objects rather than salient locations. The proposed system is composed of three modules: a saliency map providing saliency values of image locations, image segmentation for breaking the input scene into a set of objects, and object selection which allows one of the objects of the scene to be selected at a time. This object selection system has been applied to real gray-level and color images and the simulation results show the effectiveness of the system. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Association between particulate matter from biomass burning and respiratory diseases in the southern region of the Brazilian Amazon

Objective. To investigate the short-term effects of exposure to particulate matter from biomass burning in the Amazon on the daily demand for outpatient care due to respiratory diseases in children and the elderly. Methods. Epidemiologic study with ecologic time series design. Daily consultation records were obtained from the 14 primary health care clinics in the municipality of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, in the southern region of the Brazilian Amazon, between January 2004 and December 2005. Information on the daily levels of fine particulate matter was made available by the Brazilian National Institute for Spatial Research. To control for confounding factors ( situations in which a non-causal association between exposure and disease is observed due to a third variable), variables related to time trends, seasonality, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and calendar effects ( such as occurrence of holidays and weekends) were included in the model. Poisson regression with generalized additive models was used. Results. A 10 mu g/m(3) increase in the level of exposure to particulate matter was associated with increases of 2.9% and 2.6% in outpatient consultations due to respiratory diseases in children on the 6th and 7th days following exposure. Significant associations were not observed for elderly individuals. Conclusions. The results suggest that the levels of particulate matter from biomass burning in the Amazon are associated with adverse effects on the respiratory health of children.

Metal contamination in urban park soils of SA o pound Paulo

There has been little research on metal concentration levels in urban soils of SA o pound Paulo, a city with 19 million inhabitants with severe pollution problems. In the present study, the concentration of As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn, were determined by INAA and XRF in surface soil samples from 7 public parks located within SA o pound Paulo city. The results obtained showed that soils of SA o pound Paulo public parks present concentration levels of the studied elements higher than the reference values for soils in SA o pound Paulo State. Traffic related elements such as Cu, Pb and Zn presented high concentrations in parks located near avenues of highly dense traffic and may be associated to vehicular sources.

Teaching Intercultural Communication in Foreign Language Education through Video Conferencing

Since 1980s, Western linguists and specialists on second language acquisition have emphasized the importance of enhancing students’ intercultural communication competence in foreign language education. At the same time, the demand for intercultural communicative competence increased along with the advances of communication technology with its increasingly global reach and the process of globalization itself.In the field of distance language education, these changes have resulted in a shift of focus from the production and distribution of learning materials towards communication and learning as a social process, facilitated by various internet-based platforms. The current focus on learners interacting and communicating synchronously trough videoconferencing is known as the fourth generation of distance language education. Despite the fact that teaching of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) faces the same or even greater challenges as teaching other languages, the intercultural communication perspective is still quite a new trend in CFL and its implementation and evaluation are still under development. Moreover, the advocates of the new trends in CFL have so far focused almost exclusively on classroom-based courses, neglecting the distance mode of CFL and leaving it as an open field for others to explore. In this under-researched context, Dalarna University (Sweden), where I currently work, started to provide web-based courses of the Chinese language in 2007. Since 2010, the Chinese language courses have been available only in the distance form, using the same teaching materials as the previous campus-based courses. The textbooks used in both settings basically followed the functional nationalism approach. However, in order to catch up with the main trend of foreign-language education, we felt a need to implement the cross-cultural dimension into the distance courses as well. Therefore in 2010, a pilot study has been carried out to explore opportunities and challenges for implementing a cross-cultural perspective into existing courses and evaluating the effectiveness of this implementation based on the feedback of the students and on the experience of the teacher/researcher.

Role of Culture in the Acquisition of CSL – From the Perspective of Intercultural Communication Competence

In the past few decades, the demands for coping with the rapid development of information communication technology, internationalization and globalization worldwide have shifted the focus of Chinese as a second language (CSL) towards intercultural communication competence in which the role of culture in the acquisition of CSL and in the pragmatic use of the language is emphasized and promoted. However, most of the present research in this academic area still remains only on a theoretical level.   In order to explore the possibilities and limitations of integrating Chinese culture and implementing intercultural communication theory into CSL education, an action research has been conducted since the beginning of 2013 to review an actual course for beginners. This paper will present the findings of the research: 1) By applying the theoretical framework of intercultural communicative competence, the findings indicated that the existing CSL course provided limited information explaining the cultural elements that are reflected in the Chinese language. 2) The findings also suggested that the cultural skills acquired in the students’ first language do influence their acquisition of CSL. This is demonstrated in the students’ written tasks such as introducing themselves and presenting other people, etc. The findings can be examples and resources for further research in this academic field.     

Bandas de câmbio, expectativas de desvalorização, volatilidade crescimento econômico: uma análise comparativa entre o Brasil e outros países emergentes

O trabalho se propõe a, de acordo com os testes de credibilidade existentes, avaliar se a crise do México em 94 e a crise asiática, tendo como proxy os casos da Tailândia e Hong Kong poderiam ter sido previstas com os modelos existentes de credibilidade. Além disso, são feitas modificações nos testes de modo a tomá-los mais eficientes. Desta forma, pode-se comparar as conclusões a respeito baseadas apenas em modelos de previsão e conclusões construídas a partir da observação de outras variáveis econômicas. Os países analisados neste trabalho são Brasil, México (antes de 94), Venezuela, Rússia, Tailândia e Hong Kong.

Barreiras não-tarifárias às exportações de carne bovina do Rio Grande do Sul sob a ótica do Sistema Integrado Agronegocial (SIAN)

O comércio internacional da carne bovina apresenta-se protegido por medidas restritivas como as barreiras tarifárias e não-tarifárias. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo geral identificar as barreiras comerciais que afetam as exportações de carne bovina, sob a ótica dos frigoríficos do Rio Grande do Sul. Especificamente foi caracterizado o processo de exportação, identificados os mercados importadores e barreiras não-tarifárias que influenciam as exportações dos frigoríficos. Para subsidiar a análise, foram utilizados os conceitos de competitividade, barreiras comerciais, cadeia agroindustrial e o Modelo Integrado Agronegocial (SIAN). Para identificar e caracterizar as barreiras comerciais, os agentes, a cadeia agroindustrial exportadora de carne bovina, os mecanismos de atuação dos agentes exportadores e fatores de competitividade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória. Para identificar e classificar as barreiras comerciais foi utilizado um questionário com escala não comparativa de classificação por itens, graduada de sete pontos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os principais compradores da carne bovina gaúcha são Alemanha, Arábia Saudita, Argentina, Canadá, Chile, Coréia do Sul, Espanha, EUA, Hong Kong, Itália, Países Baixos, Porto Rico, Portugal, Reino Unido e Uruguai. Quanto às barreiras não-tarifárias, especificamente as barreiras técnicas são as que mais afetam as exportações, na percepção dos frigoríficos, sendo as principais: requisitos de inspeção, registro do estabelecimento exportador-SIF, inspeção prévia, sanitárias, requisitos de etiquetas, registro do produto, regulamentações técnicas e padronização, requisitos ambientais (ISO 14000), normas e impostos indiretos e trâmites aduaneiros excessivos. As barreiras tarifárias são importantes, porém mereceu menos atenção no contexto deste estudo. O processo de exportação de carne bovina envolve três operações básicas, que são as comerciais, financeiras e burocráticas, além de envolver Órgãos Gestores (Secretaria da Receita Federal, Banco Central, Secretaria de Comércio Exterior), Órgãos Anuentes (Ministério da Agricultura – SIF e outros) e Agentes Especializados (Despachante Aduaneiro, Transportadoras Marítimas e Rodoviárias, Bancos, Corretores de Câmbio, Trading Agent, Embalagens e Seguradoras, entre outros).

Ineficiências entre os mercados onshore e offshore de Renminbi

Autoridades chinesas tem buscado agir com rapidez, mas com costumeira cautela, para que sua moeda seja capaz de adquirir status de moeda internacional de reserva. Embora tal objetivo exija eliminação ou considerável relaxamento dos controles de capitais, estes ainda existem e geram significativas distorções entre os mercados de câmbio e juros em Renminbi onshore, na China Continental, e offshore, em Hong Kong. Este trabalho descreve algumas destas distorções através da análise de instrumentos financeiros operados nos mercados à vista de moeda (Renminbi spot), forward de moeda (NDF de Renminbi), e de dívida governamental e corporativa em Hong Kong (Dim Sum Bonds).

Mushroom-derived preparations in the prevention of H2O2-induced oxidative damage to cellular DNA

Aqueous extracts of the sporophores of eight mushroom species were assessed for their ability to prevent H2O2-induced oxidative damage to cellular DNA using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay. The highest genoprotective effects were obtained with cold (20°C) and hot (100°C) water extracts of Agaricus bisporus and Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies, respectively. No protective effects were observed with Mushroom Derived Preparations (MDPs) from Flammulina velutipes, Auricularia auricula, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus sajor-caju, and Volvariella volvacea. These findings indicate that some edible mushrooms represent a valuable source of biologically active compounds with potential for protecting cellular DNA from oxidative damage. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.