Women holding pro-choice signs at women's rights rally

Inscription: Verso: International women's day march, pro-abortion demonstrators women's march, New York.

Father carrying infant in carrier.

Inscription: Verso: Simon Thoreson, New York.

Pro-ERA Demonstration and Women '80 Demonstration.

Inscription: Verso: Women '80 demonstration, New York. Around the clock watch for the ERA.

Unidentified woman holding a sign reading "Men -our- masters," with a man smoking in the foreground, at an anti-women's rights demonstration.

Inscription: Verso: anti-women's rights demonstrators, New York.

Crowd at Bryant Park during women's rights march

Inscription: Verso: women's rights rally, Bryant Park, New York.

Robin Morgan reading "Lady of the Beasts" with Erika Duncan to her right

Inscription: Verso: The Woman's Salon, New York. Robin Morgan reading "Lady of the Beasts" (left). At right is writer Erika Duncan, one of the founders of the Women's Salon.

Women at work: telephone repairer

Inscription: Verso: Women at work: miscellaneous occupations. Ilene Goldstein, telephone repairer, New York Telephone Co.

Marchers at anti-pornography rally.

Inscription: Verso: Women Against Pornography march on Times Square, New York.

Women holding banner at women's rights rally

Inscription: Verso: women's rights demonstration, U.N. building, New York.

Woman with ERA shirt attending International Women's Day march.

Inscription: Verso: International Women's Day march and rally, New York.

Seven Photographs of Cerridwen Salon events

Inscription: Verso: Cerridwen Salon, New York. New Cycle Theatre performing at Cerridwen Salon.

Gloria Orenstein at the Woman's Salon

Inscription: Verso: The Woman's Salon, New York. Gloria Orenstein, founder.

Women's rights rally on Madison Avenue

Inscription: Verso: women's rights demonstration, Madison Avenue, New York.

The Multidirectional Memory of Charlie Hebdo

This article will discuss notions and concepts of remembering in the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo attacks. Much has been written about the immediate response to the attacks, both commending the collective spirit of unity that defined the ‘marche républicaine’ of 11 January 2015, and criticising the alleged hypocrisy and cynicism of, most notably, the political figures that took to the streets that day, hand in hand. I will consider a selection of the memory practices that have emerged since then, notably on the anniversary of the event. This demonstration of memory provides key insights into the form and manner of remembering within a particular cultural group, but also reflects how the present moment is integral to our understanding of memory. The purpose of this article is to consider how official and non-official remembering of Charlie Hebdo can intertwine as well as pull in separate directions. A focus on the politics, the language, the aesthetics and the geography of commemorative activities in this article will enable an appreciation of the multidirectional character of remembering Charlie Hebdo.

Postprandial serum endotoxin in healthy humans is modulated by dietary fat in a randomized, controlled, cross-over study

Background: High-fat diets may contribute to metabolic disease via postprandial changes in serum endotoxin and inflammation. It is unclear how dietary fat composition may alter these parameters. We hypothesized that a meal rich in n-3 (ω3) fatty acids would reduce endotoxemia and associated inflammation but a saturated or n-6 (ω6) fatty acid-rich meal would increase postprandial serum endotoxin concentrations and systemic inflammation in healthy adults. Methods: Healthy adults (n = 20; mean age 25 ± 3.2 S.D. years) were enrolled in this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study. Participants were randomized to treatment and reported to the laboratory, after an overnight fast, on four occasions separated by at least one week. Participants were blinded to treatment meal and consumed one of four isoenergetic meals that provided: 1) 20 % fat (control; olive oil) or 35 % fat provided from 2) n-3 (ω3) (DHA = 500 mg; fish oil); 3) n-6 (ω6) (7.4 g; grapeseed oil) or 4) saturated fat (16 g; coconut oil). Baseline and postprandial blood samples were collected. Primary outcome was defined as the effect of treatment meal on postprandial endotoxemia. Serum was analyzed for metabolites, inflammatory markers, and endotoxin. Data from all 20 participants were analyzed using repeated-measures ANCOVA. Results: Participant serum endotoxin concentration was increased during the postprandial period after the consumption of the saturated fat meal but decreased after the n-3 meal (p < 0.05). The n-6 meal did not effect a different outcome in participant postprandial serum endotoxin concentration from that of the control meal (p > 0.05). There was no treatment meal effect on participant postprandial serum biomarkers of inflammation. Postprandial serum triacylglycerols were significantly elevated following the n-6 meal compared to the n-3 meal. Non-esterified fatty acids were significantly increased after consumption of the saturated fat meal compared to other treatment meals. Conclusions: Meal fatty acid composition modulates postprandial serum endotoxin concentration in healthy adults. However, postprandial endotoxin was not associated with systemic inflammation in vivo. Trial registration: This study was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02521779 on July 28, 2015.