The synergistic effects of ocean acidification and organic metabolism on calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dissolution in coral reef sediments

Ocean acidification (OA) is expected to reduce the net ecosystem calcification (NEC) rates and overall accretion of coral reef ecosystems. However, despite the fact that sediments are the most abundant form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in coral reef ecosystems and their dissolution may be more sensitive to OA than biogenic calcification, the impacts of OA induced sediment dissolution on coral reef NEC rates and CaCO3 accretion are poorly constrained. Carbon dioxide addition and light attenuation experiments were performed at Heron Island, Australia in an attempt to tease apart the influence of OA and organic metabolism (e.g. respiratory CO2 production) on CaCO3 dissolution. Overall, CaCO3 dissolution rates were an order of magnitude more sensitive to elevated CO2 and decreasing seawater aragonite saturation state (Omega Ar; 300-420% increase in dissolution per unit decrease in Omega Ar) than published reductions in biologically mediated calcification due to OA. Light attenuation experiments led to a 70% reduction in net primary production (NPP), which subsequently induced an increase in daytime (115%) and net diel (375%) CaCO3 dissolution rates. High CO2 and low light acted in synergy to drive a 575% increase in net diel dissolution rates. Importantly, disruptions to the balance of photosynthesis and respiration (P/R) had a significant effect on daytime CaCO3 dissolution, while average water column ?Ar was the main driver of nighttime dissolution rates. A simple model of platform-integrated dissolution rates was developed demonstrating that seasonal changes in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) can have an important effect on platform integrated CaCO3 sediment dissolution rates. The considerable response of CaCO3 sediment dissolution to elevated CO2 means that much of the response of coral reef communities and ecosystems to OA could be due to increases in CaCO3 sediment and framework dissolution, and not decreases in biogenic calcification.

Посланието на патриарх Фотий до българския княз Борис-Михаил и неговият славянски превод

Статията разглежда славянския превод на Посланието на патриарх Фотий до българския княз Борис- Михаил, запазен само в руски преписи от началото на XVI до началото на XX в. Специално внимание се отделя на езика на славянския превод (правопис, морфосинтаксис, лексика и словообразуване), чрез който става възможно датирането на превода, тъй като липсват всякакви други (литературни, исторически, палеографски, кодикологични) сведения за това. Изследването на езика позволява пре- водът да се отнесе към книжовната продукция на XIV в. и по-точно към школата на Евтимий Търновски. Причината за появата на славянския превод на Фотиевия трактат трябва да се търси в основното послание на съчинението – запазване устоите на християнската вяра и въплъщаването й в държавното управление.

Behaviour change techniques in home-based cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programmes offering secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease (CVD) advise healthy lifestyle behaviours, with the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) of goals and planning, feedback and monitoring, and social support recommended. More information is needed about BCT use in home-based CR to support these programmes in practice.

AIM: To identify and describe the use of BCTs in home-based CR programmes.

DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomised controlled trials of home-based CR between 2005 and 2015 were identified by searching MEDLINE(®), Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database.

METHOD: Reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for eligibility. Relevant data, including BCTs, were extracted from included studies. A meta-analysis studied risk factor change in home-based and comparator programmes.

RESULTS: From 2448 studies identified, 11 of good methodological quality (10 on post-myocardial infarction, one on heart failure, 1907 patients) were included. These reported the use of 20 different BCTs. Social support (unspecified) was used in all studies and goal setting (behaviour) in 10. Of the 11 studies, 10 reported effectiveness in reducing CVD risk factors, but one study showed no improvement compared to usual care. This study differed from effective programmes in that it didn't include BCTs that had instructions on how to perform the behaviour and monitoring, or a credible source.

CONCLUSION: Social support and goal setting were frequently used BCTs in home-based CR programmes, with the BCTs related to monitoring, instruction on how to perform the behaviour, and credible source being included in effective programmes. Further robust trials are needed to determine the relative value of different BCTs within CR programmes.

Modèles de dépendance hiérarchique pour l’évaluation des passifs et la tarification en actuariat

Dans cette thèse on s’intéresse à la modélisation de la dépendance entre les risques en assurance non-vie, plus particulièrement dans le cadre des méthodes de provisionnement et en tarification. On expose le contexte actuel et les enjeux liés à la modélisation de la dépendance et l’importance d’une telle approche avec l’avènement des nouvelles normes et exigences des organismes réglementaires quant à la solvabilité des compagnies d’assurances générales. Récemment, Shi et Frees (2011) suggère d’incorporer la dépendance entre deux lignes d’affaires à travers une copule bivariée qui capture la dépendance entre deux cellules équivalentes de deux triangles de développement. Nous proposons deux approches différentes pour généraliser ce modèle. La première est basée sur les copules archimédiennes hiérarchiques, et la deuxième sur les effets aléatoires et la famille de distributions bivariées Sarmanov. Nous nous intéressons dans un premier temps, au Chapitre 2, à un modèle utilisant la classe des copules archimédiennes hiérarchiques, plus précisément la famille des copules partiellement imbriquées, afin d’inclure la dépendance à l’intérieur et entre deux lignes d’affaires à travers les effets calendaires. Par la suite, on considère un modèle alternatif, issu d’une autre classe de la famille des copules archimédiennes hiérarchiques, celle des copules totalement imbriquées, afin de modéliser la dépendance entre plus de deux lignes d’affaires. Une approche avec agrégation des risques basée sur un modèle formé d’une arborescence de copules bivariées y est également explorée. Une particularité importante de l’approche décrite au Chapitre 3 est que l’inférence au niveau de la dépendance se fait à travers les rangs des résidus, afin de pallier un éventuel risque de mauvaise spécification des lois marginales et de la copule régissant la dépendance. Comme deuxième approche, on s’intéresse également à la modélisation de la dépendance à travers des effets aléatoires. Pour ce faire, on considère la famille de distributions bivariées Sarmanov qui permet une modélisation flexible à l’intérieur et entre les lignes d’affaires, à travers les effets d’années de calendrier, années d’accident et périodes de développement. Des expressions fermées de la distribution jointe, ainsi qu’une illustration empirique avec des triangles de développement sont présentées au Chapitre 4. Aussi, nous proposons un modèle avec effets aléatoires dynamiques, où l’on donne plus de poids aux années les plus récentes, et utilisons l’information de la ligne corrélée afin d’effectuer une meilleure prédiction du risque. Cette dernière approche sera étudiée au Chapitre 5, à travers une application numérique sur les nombres de réclamations, illustrant l’utilité d’un tel modèle dans le cadre de la tarification. On conclut cette thèse par un rappel sur les contributions scientifiques de cette thèse, tout en proposant des angles d’ouvertures et des possibilités d’extension de ces travaux.

Addressing surprise and uncertain futures in marine science, marine governance, and society

On an increasingly populated planet, with decreasing biodiversity and limited new opportunities to tap unexploited natural resources, there is a clear need to adjust aspects of marine management and governance. Although sectarian management has succeeded in addressing and managing some important threats to marine ecosystems, unintended consequences are often associated with overlooking nonlinear interactions and cumulative impacts that increase the risk of surprises in social-ecological systems. In this paper, we begin to untangle science-governance-society (SGS) interdependencies in marine systems by considering how to recognize the risk of surprise in social and ecological dynamics. Equally important is drawing attention to our state of preparedness, adaptation, and timeliness of response in ecosystem governance and society, which involve fostering transformations away from rigid and nonintegrated structures of governance. More inclusive decision-making processes, deeper understanding of complexity, and colearning across SGS can help to build constructive solutions that are likely to benefit multiple stakeholders and build capacity to understand and respond to change.

Aprendizaje basado en problemas, ABP : una propuesta para transformar la enseñanza-aprendizaje de las aplicaciones de la trigonometría en la solución de triángulos en el grado 10º

El estudio tuvo como propósito determinar la efectividad relativa del ABP, comparado con el método tradicional para desarrollar habilidades de resolución de problemas en el aprendizaje de las aplicaciones de la solución de triángulos en el grado 10º de la Institución Educativa El Progreso, de El Carmen de Viboral, Antioquia. La enseñanza-aprendizaje de las matemáticas sustentadas con la estrategia didáctica Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas permite a los estudiantes y docentes aproximarse al conocimiento de una manera similar a como lo hacen los científicos; el primer paso es una situación de duda, perplejidad del estudiante provocada por la Situación Problema planteada por el docente, el segundo un momento de “sugerencias” en las que la mente salta hacia adelante en busca de una posible solución (Dewey, 1933, p. 102). El tercer paso “intelectualización” de la dificultad que se ha percibido para convertirlo en un problema que debe solucionarse (Dewey, 1933, p. 103). La cuarta es “la idea conductora o hipótesis”, las cuales se basan en la formulación de explicaciones sugeridas o soluciones posibles (Dewey, 1933, p. 104). El quinto paso sería el “razonamiento”, consiste en la elaboración racional de una idea que se va desarrollando de acuerdo a las habilidades de cada persona (Dewey, 1933, p. 105). El paso final es la “comprobación de hipótesis” en situaciones reales. Este proceso se evidenció a través de cuatro Situaciones-Problema enfocadas desde un contexto auténtico “la remodelación del parque principal de El Carmen de Viboral” con el objetivo de motivar a los estudiantes para el aprendizaje de algunos conceptos matemáticos y el desarrollo de habilidades de resolución de problemas. La metodología de la investigación fue un diseño cuasi-experimental con grupo experimental compuesto por 38 estudiantes del grado 10º2 y grupo control con 37 estudiantes del grado 10º1. Se empleó como técnica de recolección de la información una prueba pre-test antes del tratamiento y una prueba post-test que se aplicó después del tratamiento a ambos grupos; se aplicó también una escala de satisfacción de los estudiantes con la metodología tradicional en ambos grupos y una escala de satisfacción con la estrategia didáctica ABP sólo al grupo experimental; la observación directa, y el portafolio que evidenciaba todas las construcciones de los estudiantes. La aplicación de la estrategia didáctica experimental se aplicó durante 4 meses, con una intensidad horaria de cuatro horas semanales, tiempo durante el cual se implementaron las cuatro Situaciones-Problema. Se concluyó entre otros aspectos que el 86,5% de los estudiantes encuentran las clases de matemáticas como interesantes, contextualizadas, aplicables y significativas, mientras que antes del tratamiento sólo el 44,4% se encontraba satisfecho con las clases de matemáticas, con una diferencia en cambio de actitud de 42,1% frente a las clases de matemáticas con la metodología tradicional. En el análisis comparativo de adquisición de competencias específicas se demuestra que el grupo experimental demostró ser matemáticamente más competente con respecto al grupo control en todas las competencias evaluadas: capacidad de modelación, inductiva, comunicativa y habilidad procedimental. Además, el proyecto de investigación tuvo un valor agregado: 10 estudiantes tuvieron la oportunidad de conocer más sobre su cultura ceramista mediante el diseño y construcción de mosaicos que los ofreció la casa de la cultura en forma gratuita.

Ancoragem na movimentação ortodôntica

Uma ancoragem eficiente é um factor de extrema importância em Ortodontia. Perante a relevância deste assunto e sendo ainda um desafio para muitos ortodontistas, este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre dispositivos de ancoragem, especificamente mini-implantes e mini-placas, entendendo que os mesmos surgiram como auxiliares importantes no tratamento ortodôntico, com a finalidade de relacionar os tipos, indicações, aplicações clínicas, locais de instalação, vantagens, possíveis complicações na sua utilização e cuidados a serem tomados. Alta versatilidade de aplicação clínica, eliminação de movimentos indesejáveis dos dentes pilares, movimentos precisos, movimentos mais rápidos, redução de custos, processo cirúrgico simples e pouco invasivo, substituição de aparelhos extraorais, tamanho reduzido e capacidade de suportar de imediato forças ortodônticas pesadas, são algumas das vantagens na utilização dos mini-implantes e mini-placas que fazem com que a ancoragem óssea absoluta obtida através do seu uso crie melhores condições na obtenção dos objetivos propostos no tratamento ortodôntico com aparatologia fixa.

A comprehensive study of multiplicative attribute graph model

Graphs are powerful tools to describe social, technological and biological networks, with nodes representing agents (people, websites, gene, etc.) and edges (or links) representing relations (or interactions) between agents. Examples of real-world networks include social networks, the World Wide Web, collaboration networks, protein networks, etc. Researchers often model these networks as random graphs. In this dissertation, we study a recently introduced social network model, named the Multiplicative Attribute Graph model (MAG), which takes into account the randomness of nodal attributes in the process of link formation (i.e., the probability of a link existing between two nodes depends on their attributes). Kim and Lesckovec, who defined the model, have claimed that this model exhibit some of the properties a real world social network is expected to have. Focusing on a homogeneous version of this model, we investigate the existence of zero-one laws for graph properties, e.g., the absence of isolated nodes, graph connectivity and the emergence of triangles. We obtain conditions on the parameters of the model, so that these properties occur with high or vanishingly probability as the number of nodes becomes unboundedly large. In that regime, we also investigate the property of triadic closure and the nodal degree distribution.

Guía didáctica de geometría plana en las unidades didácticas de: triángulos y cuadriláteros para los estudiantes de la carrera de Matemáticas y Física de la Universidad de Cuenca

El presente trabajo titulado Guía Didáctica de Geometría Plana en las Unidades Didácticas de: Triángulos y Cuadriláteros para los estudiantes de la Carrera de Matemáticas y Física de la Universidad de Cuenca ha sido diseñado para fortalecer el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el primer ciclo de la carrera con el objetivo de facilitar la comprensión de la asignatura al momento de relacionar la teoría con la práctica. En el primer capítulo se da a conocer de manera general los antecedentes históricos de la Geometría Plana, la importancia de aplicar corrientes pedagógicas innovadoras como la del Constructivismo y la aplicación de la teoría del aprendizaje significativo en la educación actual, las dificultadesen el aprendizaje de la Geometría Plana,el valor de utilizar recursosdidácticos en el aulade clase y la importancia de las guías didácticas para el aprendizaje. En el segundo capítulo se desarrolla el diagnóstico de la propuesta mediante la aplicación de una encuesta, la misma que evidencia las razonespor las cuales los estudiantes de la Carrera de Matemáticas y Física presentan un bajo rendimientoen la asignatura de Geometría Plana, además de la factibilidad del uso de una guía didáctica como complemento en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Finalmente, el tercer capítulo está compuesto por once prácticas en los temas de triángulos y cuadriláteros, las mismas que están elaboradas de una manera secuencial, de modo que guíen al estudiante y reten su intelecto mediante actividades dinámicas con el apoyo de la manipulación de material didáctico.

Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis across host species and European countries with evidence for transmission between wildlife and domestic ruminants

BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) causes an infectious chronic enteritis (paratuberculosis or Johne's disease) principally of ruminants. The epidemiology of Map is poorly understood, particularly with respect to the role of wildlife reservoirs and the controversial issue of zoonotic potential (Crohn's disease). Genotypic discrimination of Map isolates is pivotal to descriptive epidemiology and resolving these issues. This study was undertaken to determine the genetic diversity of Map, enhance our understanding of the host range and distribution and assess the potential for interspecies transmission. RESULTS 164 Map isolates from seven European countries representing 19 different host species were genotyped by standardized IS900--restriction fragment length polymorphism (IS900-RFLP), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and mycobacterial interspersed repeat unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analyses. Six PstI and 17 BstEII IS900-RFLP, 31 multiplex [SnaBI-SpeI] PFGE profiles and 23 MIRU-VNTR profiles were detected. AFLP gave insufficient discrimination of isolates for meaningful genetic analysis. Point estimates for Simpson's index of diversity calculated for the individual typing techniques were in the range of 0.636 to 0.664 but a combination of all three methods increased the discriminating power to 0.879, sufficient for investigating transmission dynamics. Two predominant strain types were detected across Europe with all three typing techniques. Evidence for interspecies transmission between wildlife and domestic ruminants on the same property was demonstrated in four cases, between wildlife species on the same property in two cases and between different species of domestic livestock on one property. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that it is necessary to use multiple genotyping techniques targeting different sources of genetic variation to obtain the level of discrimination necessary to investigate transmission dynamics and trace the source of Map infections. Furthermore, the combination of genotyping techniques may depend on the geographical location of the population to be tested. Identical genotypes were obtained from Map isolated from different host species co-habiting on the same property strongly suggesting that interspecies transmission occurs. Interspecies transmission of Map between wildlife species and domestic livestock on the same property provides further evidence to support a role for wildlife reservoirs of infection.