Increased use of emergency services by older people after health screening

Background: evaluation of the 'Keep Well At Home' (KWAH) Project in West London indicated that a programme of screening persons aged 75 and over had not reduced rates of emergency attendances and admissions to hospital. However, coverage of the target population was incomplete. The present analysis addresses 'efficacy'-whether individuals who completed the screening protocol as intended did subsequently use Accident & Emergency (A&E) services less often. Methods: the target population was divided into five groups, depending on whether an individual had completed none, one or both phases of screening, and whether deviations from the protocol related to incomplete coverage or refusal to participate further. We ascertained use of emergency services before screening and for up to 3 years afterwards by linkage of records from KWAH to those of local A&E Departments. Patterns of emergency care were examined as crude races and, via proportional hazards models, after adjustment for available confounders. Results: there was an increase of 51% (95% CI 22-86%) in the crude rate of emergency admissions in the year after first-phase screening compared with the 12 months before assessment. This was most obvious in individuals deemed at high risk who also underwent the second-phase assessment (adjusted hazard ratio relative to individuals not 'at risk'= 2.33; 95% CI 1.59-3.42). Conclusions: the available data do not allow us to distinguish between several possible explanations for the paradoxical increase in use of emergency services. However, what seem to be sensible policies do not necessarily have their intended effects when implemented in practice.

Differences in mail and telephone responses to self-rated health: use of multiple imputation in correcting for response bias

Objectives: To estimate differences in self-rated health by mode of administration and to assess the value of multiple imputation to make self-rated health comparable for telephone and mail. Methods: In 1996, Survey 1 of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health was answered by mail. In 1998, 706 and 11,595 mid-age women answered Survey 2 by telephone and mail respectively. Self-rated health was measured by the physical and mental health scores of the SF-36. Mean change in SF-36 scores between Surveys 1 and 2 were compared for telephone and mail respondents to Survey 2, before and after adjustment for socio-demographic and health characteristics. Missing values and SF-36 scores for telephone respondents at Survey 2 were imputed from SF-36 mail responses and telephone and mail responses to socio-demographic and health questions. Results: At Survey 2, self-rated health improved for telephone respondents but not mail respondents. After adjustment, mean changes in physical health and mental health scores remained higher (0.4 and 1.6 respectively) for telephone respondents compared with mail respondents (-1.2 and 0.1 respectively). Multiple imputation yielded adjusted changes in SF-36 scores that were similar for telephone and mail respondents. Conclusions and Implications: The effect of mode of administration on the change in mental health is important given that a difference of two points in SF-36 scores is accepted as clinically meaningful. Health evaluators should be aware of and adjust for the effects of mode of administration on self-rated health. Multiple imputation is one method that may be used to adjust SF-36 scores for mode of administration bias.

Lessons from the National Mental Health Integration Program

Three projects were funded under the national Mental Health Integration Program (MHIP) in 1999, each of which employed a different model aimed at improving linkages between disparate parts of the mental health system. A national evaluation framework guided local evaluations of these projects, and this paper presents a synthesis of the findings. For providers, the projects improved working relationships, created learning opportunities and increased referral and shared care opportunities. For consumers and carers, the projects resulted in a greater range of options and increased continuity of care. For the wider system, the projects achieved significant structural and cultural change. Cost-wise, there were no increases in expenditure, and even some reductions. Many of the lessons from the projects (and their evaluations) may be generalised to other mental health settings and beyond.

Models of psychological service provision under Australia's better outcomes in mental health care program

The Access to Allied Psychological Services component of Australia's Better Outcomes in Mental Health Care program enables eligible general practitioners to refer consumers to allied health professionals for affordable, evidence-based mental health care, via 108 projects conducted by Divisions of General Practice. The current study profiled the models of service delivery across these projects, and examined whether particular models were associated with differential levels of access to services. We found: 76% of projects were retaining their allied health professionals under contract, 28% via direct employment, and 7% some other way; Allied health professionals were providing services from GPs' rooms in 63% of projects, from their own rooms in 63%, from a third location in 42%; and The referral mechanism of choice was direct referral in 51% of projects, a voucher system in 27%, a brokerage system in 24%, and a register system in 25%. Many of these models were being used in combination. No model was predictive of differential levels of access, suggesting that the approach of adapting models to the local context is proving successful.

The corporatization of community pharmacy:implications for service provision, the public health function, and pharmacy's claims to professional status in the United Kingdom

Background Pharmacy has experienced both incomplete professionalization and deprofessionalization. Since the late 1970s, a concerted attempt has been made to re-professionalize pharmacy in the United Kingdom (UK) through role extension—a key feature of which has been a drive for greater pharmacy involvement in public health. However, the continual corporatization of the UK community pharmacy sector may reduce the professional autonomy of pharmacists and may threaten to constrain attempts at reprofessionalization. Objectives The objectives of the research: to examine the public health activities of community pharmacists in the UK; to explore the attitudes of community pharmacists toward recent relevant UK policy and barriers to the development of their public health function; and, to investigate associations between activity, attitudes, and the type of community pharmacy worked in (eg, supermarket, chain, independent). Methods A self-completion postal questionnaire was sent to a random sample of practicing community pharmacists, stratified for country and sex, within Great Britain (n = 1998), with a follow-up to nonresponders 4 weeks later. Data were analyzed using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) (v12.0). A final response rate of 51% (n = 1023/1998) was achieved. Results The level of provision of emergency hormonal contraception on a patient group direction, supervised administration of medicines, and needle-exchange schemes was lower in supermarket pharmacies than in the other types of pharmacy. Respondents believed that supermarkets and the major multiple pharmacy chains held an advantageous position in terms of attracting financing for service development despite suggesting that the premises of such pharmacies may not be the most suitable for the provision of such services. Conclusions A mixed market in community pharmacy may be required to maintain a comprehensive range of pharmacy-based public health services and provide maximum benefit to all patients. Longitudinal monitoring is recommended to ensure that service provision is adequate across the pharmacy network.

Culture and the psychological impacts of natural disasters: Implications for disaster management and disaster mental health

In recent decades, natural disasters have caused extensive losses and damages to human psychological wellbeing, economy, and society. It has been argued that cultural factors such as social values, traditions, and attachment to a location influence communities facing and responding to natural disasters. However, the issue of culture in disaster mental health seems to have received limited attention in policy and practice. This review highlights the importance of cultural background in the assessment of vulnerability to the psychological impacts of disasters, disaster preparedness, and provision of disaster mental health services. In particular, this paper suggests the importance of cultural competence in the planning and delivery of effective disaster mental health services. In order to address the varying circumstances of people with different cultural backgrounds, disaster mental health services must be developed in a culturally sensitive manner. Development of culturally competent disaster mental health services requires significant changes in policy making, administration, and direct service provision

The Worsening of the employment and work conditions and its relationship to the self-perceived health in European working population. Relevance and effects of the latest socioeconomic crisis

The recent crisis of the capitalistic economic system has altered the working conditions and occupations in the European Union. The recession situation has accelerated trends and has brought transformations that have been observed before. Changes have not looked the same way in all the countries of the Union. The social occupation norms, labour relations models and the type of global welfare provision can help underline some of these inequalities. Poor working conditions can expose workers to situations of great risk. This is one of the basic assumptions of the theoretical models and analytical studies of the approach to the psychosocial work environment. Changes in working conditions of the population seems to be important to explain in the worst health states. To observe these features in the current period of economic recession it has made a comparative study of trend through the possibilities of the European Working Conditions Survey in the 2005 and 2010 editions. It has also set different multivariate logistic regression models to explore potential partnerships with the worst conditions of employment and work. It seems that the economic crisis has intensified changes in working conditions and highlighted the effects of those conditions on the poor health of the working population. This conclusion can’t be extended for all EU countries; some differences were observed in terms of global welfare models.

The Affordable Care Act and the Transformation of US Health Care

The neoliberal period was accompanied by a momentous transformation within the US health care system.  As the result of a number of political and historical dynamics, the healthcare law signed by President Barack Obama in 2010 ‑the Affordable Care Act (ACA)‑ drew less on universal models from abroad than it did on earlier conservative healthcare reform proposals. This was in part the result of the influence of powerful corporate healthcare interests. While the ACA expands healthcare coverage, it does so incompletely and unevenly, with persistent uninsurance and disparities in access based on insurance status. Additionally, the law accommodates an overall shift towards a consumerist model of care characterized by high cost sharing at time of use. Finally, the law encourages the further consolidation of the healthcare sector, for instance into units named “Accountable Care Organizations” that closely resemble the health maintenance organizations favored by managed care advocates. The overall effect has been to maintain a fragmented system that is neither equitable nor efficient. A single payer universal system would, in contrast, help transform healthcare into a social right.

Market reforms and privatisation in the English National Health Service

The article examines developments in the marketisation and privatisation of the English National Health Service, primarily since 1997. It explores the use of competition and contracting out in ancillary services and the levering into public services of private finance for capital developments through the Private Finance Initiative. A substantial part of the article examines the repeated restructuring of the health service as a market in clinical services, initially as an internal market but subsequently as a market increasing opened up to private sector involvement. Some of the implications of market processes for NHS staff and for increased privatisation are discussed. The article examines one episode of popular resistance to these developments, namely the movement of opposition to the 2011 health and social care legislative proposals. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these system reforms for the founding principles of the NHS and the sustainability of the service.

Évaluation de l’impact des services en téléobstétrique du RUIS McGill offerts à une population de femmes inuites avec grossesse à risque élevé habitant sur la côte de la baie d’Hudson au Nunavik

L’accessibilité à des soins de santé pour une population habitant une région éloignée au Québec représente un défi de taille pour le Ministère de la santé et des services sociaux. Des solutions, telles que la télésanté, ont été présentées afin de pallier ce problème. Le RUIS McGill a ainsi développé un programme de téléobstétrique afin de desservir une population de femmes inuites à grossesse à risque élevé (GARE) habitant le Nunavik. L’objectif de ce mémoire fut de comprendre l’impact du service de téléobstétrique du RUIS McGill sur la santé des femmes et de leur nouveau-né ainsi que sur les coûts de santé et l’utilisation des services suite à son implantation au Centre de santé et de services sociaux Inuulitsivik sur la côte de la baie d’Hudson. Les femmes inuites à grossesse à risque élevé et leurs enfants de la région de la baie d’Hudson du Nunavik, éloignés des services obstétriques spécialisés, sont visés. Le service de téléobstétrique permet un accès aux obstétriciens du RUIS McGill localisés à Montréal. Un devis quasi-expérimental est utilisé pour examiner trois hypothèses portant sur l’état de santé des mères et des enfants, sur l’utilisation des services de santé et sur leurs coûts. Le service de téléobstétrique est devenu fonctionnel en 2006, offrant la possibilité de constituer une étude avant-après à deux groupes de femmes, soit celles ayant accouché avant 2006 (prétest) et celle ayant accouché après 2012 (post-test). La collecte de donnée se fit, dans son intégralité, par l’entremise des dossiers médicaux papier des participantes permettant l’analyse de 47 dossiers pour le prétest et de 81 dossiers pour le post-test. L’exécution d’analyse de covariance, de régression logistique et du test non paramétrique de Mann-Witney permit de conclure que le prétest et le post-test ne différent que sur deux variables, soient le poids à la naissance, plus faible dans le post-test et la pression artérielle de la mère à la naissance, plus élevée dans le post-test. Pour l’ensemble des autres variables portant sur les trois hypothèses à l’étude, les résultats de ce mémoire ne démontrent aucune différence significative entre les deux groupes démontrant ainsi qu’une même qualité de soins a été conservée suite à l’implantation du programme de téléobstétrique. Sur la base des résultats, ce mémoire recommande de revoir et modifier les objectifs du programme; de partager les bornes de communication de télésanté avec d’autres spécialités; d’entreprendre une évaluation du programme axée sur les coûts; de suivre rigoureusement l’utilisation du programme pour en maximiser l’efficacité et le potentiel; d’établir un tableau de bord; et d’entreprendre une étude évaluative comparative dans un service de téléobstétrique comparable.

Évaluation de l’impact des services en téléobstétrique du RUIS McGill offerts à une population de femmes inuites avec grossesse à risque élevé habitant sur la côte de la baie d’Hudson au Nunavik

L’accessibilité à des soins de santé pour une population habitant une région éloignée au Québec représente un défi de taille pour le Ministère de la santé et des services sociaux. Des solutions, telles que la télésanté, ont été présentées afin de pallier ce problème. Le RUIS McGill a ainsi développé un programme de téléobstétrique afin de desservir une population de femmes inuites à grossesse à risque élevé (GARE) habitant le Nunavik. L’objectif de ce mémoire fut de comprendre l’impact du service de téléobstétrique du RUIS McGill sur la santé des femmes et de leur nouveau-né ainsi que sur les coûts de santé et l’utilisation des services suite à son implantation au Centre de santé et de services sociaux Inuulitsivik sur la côte de la baie d’Hudson. Les femmes inuites à grossesse à risque élevé et leurs enfants de la région de la baie d’Hudson du Nunavik, éloignés des services obstétriques spécialisés, sont visés. Le service de téléobstétrique permet un accès aux obstétriciens du RUIS McGill localisés à Montréal. Un devis quasi-expérimental est utilisé pour examiner trois hypothèses portant sur l’état de santé des mères et des enfants, sur l’utilisation des services de santé et sur leurs coûts. Le service de téléobstétrique est devenu fonctionnel en 2006, offrant la possibilité de constituer une étude avant-après à deux groupes de femmes, soit celles ayant accouché avant 2006 (prétest) et celle ayant accouché après 2012 (post-test). La collecte de donnée se fit, dans son intégralité, par l’entremise des dossiers médicaux papier des participantes permettant l’analyse de 47 dossiers pour le prétest et de 81 dossiers pour le post-test. L’exécution d’analyse de covariance, de régression logistique et du test non paramétrique de Mann-Witney permit de conclure que le prétest et le post-test ne différent que sur deux variables, soient le poids à la naissance, plus faible dans le post-test et la pression artérielle de la mère à la naissance, plus élevée dans le post-test. Pour l’ensemble des autres variables portant sur les trois hypothèses à l’étude, les résultats de ce mémoire ne démontrent aucune différence significative entre les deux groupes démontrant ainsi qu’une même qualité de soins a été conservée suite à l’implantation du programme de téléobstétrique. Sur la base des résultats, ce mémoire recommande de revoir et modifier les objectifs du programme; de partager les bornes de communication de télésanté avec d’autres spécialités; d’entreprendre une évaluation du programme axée sur les coûts; de suivre rigoureusement l’utilisation du programme pour en maximiser l’efficacité et le potentiel; d’établir un tableau de bord; et d’entreprendre une étude évaluative comparative dans un service de téléobstétrique comparable.

Educating the public health workforce : issues and challenges

Background: In public health, as well as other health education contexts, there is increasing recognition of the transformation in public health practice and the necessity for educational providers to keep pace. Traditionally, public health education has been at the postgraduate level; however, over the past decade an upsurge in the growth of undergraduate public health degrees has taken place. Discussion: This article explores the impact of these changes on the traditional sphere of Master of Public Health programs, the range of competencies required at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and the relevance of these changes to the public health workforce. It raises questions about the complexity of educational issues facing tertiary institutions and discusses the implications of these issues on undergraduate and postgraduate programs in public health. Conclusion: The planning and provisioning of education in public health must differentiate between the requirements of undergraduate and postgraduate students – while also addressing the changing needs of the health workforce. Within Australia, although significant research has been undertaken regarding the competencies required by postgraduate public health students, the approach is still somewhat piecemeal, and does not address undergraduate public health. This paper argues for a consistent approach to competencies that describe and differentiate entry-level and advanced practice.

Introduction to Public Health

"An Introduction to Public Health is about the discipline of public health and the nature and scope of public health activity set within the challenges of the twenty first century. It is an introductory text to the principles and practice of public health written in a way that is easy to understand. Of what relevance is public health to the many allied health disciplines who contribute to it? How might an understanding of public health contribute to a range of health professionals who use the principles and practices of public health in their professional activities? These are the questions that this book addresses. An Introduction to Public Health leads the reader on a journey of discovery that concludes with not only an understanding of the nature and scope of public health but the challenges that face the field into the future." Provided by publisher.