Simulations of incompressible fluid flows by a least squares finite element method

In this work simulations of incompressible fluid flows have been done by a Least Squares Finite Element Method (LSFEM) using velocity-pressure-vorticity and velocity-pressure-stress formulations, named u-p-ω) and u-p-τ formulations respectively. These formulations are preferred because the resulting equations are partial differential equations of first order, which is convenient for implementation by LSFEM. The main purposes of this work are the numerical computation of laminar, transitional and turbulent fluid flows through the application of large eddy simulation (LES) methodology using the LSFEM. The Navier-Stokes equations in u-p-ω and u-p-τ formulations are filtered and the eddy viscosity model of Smagorinsky is used for modeling the sub-grid-scale stresses. Some benchmark problems are solved for validate the numerical code and the preliminary results are presented and compared with available results from the literature. Copyright © 2005 by ABCM.

Carbon dioxide evaporation in a single microchannel

Despite its importance for designing evaporators and condensers, a review of the literature shows that heat transfer data during phase change of carbon dioxide is very limited, mainly for microchannel flows. In order to give a contribution on this subject, an experimental study of CO 2 evaporation inside a 0.8 mm-hydraulic diameter microchannel was performed in this work. The average heat transfer coefficient along the microchannel was measured and visualization of the flow patterns was conducted. A total of 67 tests were performed at saturation temperature of 23.3°C for a heat flux of 1800 W/(m2°C). Vapor qualities ranged from 0.005 to 0.88 and mass flux ranged from 58 to 235 kg/(m2s). An average heat transfer coefficient of 9700 W/(m2°C) with a standard deviation of 35% was obtained. Nucleate boiling was found to characterize the flow regime for the test conditions. The dryout of the flow, characterized by the sudden reduction in the heat transfer coefficient, was identified at vapor qualities around 0.85. Flow visualization results showed three flow patterns. For low vapor qualities (up to about 0.25), plug flow was predominant, while slug flow occurred at moderated vapor qualities (from about 0.25 to 0.50). Annular flow was the flow pattern for higher vapor qualities. Copyright © 2006 by ABCM.

Estudo do calo sensível e latente obtidos por intermédio da razão de Bowen em uma cultura de soja irrigada

The goal of this experiment was to study the latent and sensible heat variation determined by Bowen ratio from an irrigated soybean crop. A micrometeorological station with vertical displacement was constructed to maintain the same level of all measures over the canopy. The station was installed in the center of the crop, and it was over 130 m away from the main edge of the predominant wind direction. Fluxes were calculated by vertical temperature gradient determined at 0.15 and 1.15 m over the canopy. The latent heat flux was the mean energy consumer when the canopy covered the soil totally, and there were good soil water conditions. The sensible heat flux was greater when the soil was not totally covered by the canopy. The canopy was essential on the amount of latent heat dissipated by the crop.

Estimativa da exigência hídrica do amendoim usando um modelo agrometeorológico

In the experimental area of the Department of Environmental Sciences (21.85° S; 48.43° W; 786 m), in the School of Agronomical Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, an experiment was carried out using peanut (Arachis hypogaea L), cv. IAC-TATU-ST, to quantify the crop daily water requirements. During the peanut crop cycle, the environmental variables, such as rainfall, air temperature, air relative humidity, soil matric potential, soil heat flux and radiation balance, have been registered continually. These measurements were used to calculate the daily crop evapotranspiration, by the Bowen ratio method. The water replacement required by the peanut crop was done the dripping irrigation system, oriented by a dynamic agrometeorological model that computes the entrance and exit of water in the soil. During the peanut crop cycle, 9.0 mm of water was used from sowing to emergence; 67.0 mm of water, in the growth stage; 166.0 mm, in the flowering stage; 124.0 mm in the final stage and 46.0 mm from physiological maturity to harvest. Oot of 412.0 mm of the total consumption, 246.0 mm of water was supplied by irrigation and 166.0 mm by the rain. The grain yield was 3.15 t ha-1 for 15% of humidity, and the water use efficiency was 0.764 kg m-3.

Desenvolvimento e Balanço de energia da Cana-Deaçúcar no Norte Fluminense, Brasil

The growing concern for renewable and cleaner energy sources has increased the demand for biofuels, pointing out the ethanol from sugarcane. The aim of this study was quantify the partition of energy balance components and monitor the physiological development indexes of the sugarcane, relating them to water availability conditions of climate and soil in Campos dos Goytacazes, Norte Fluminense, Brazil. To this end, a micrometeorological station was settled in an area of 13 ha in commercial cultivation. The culture was regularly monitored at 85, 102, 128, 149, 174, 194, 215, 235, 255 and 280 days after cutting (DAC). The variations in water availability directly influenced the rates of crop growth and energy balance. Under the conditions studied most of the available energy (53%) was consumed by the latent heat flux.

Magnetothermal instabilities in magnetized anisotropic plasmas

Using the 16-moment transport equations for an ideal anisotropic collisionless plasma we analyze the influence of pressure anisotropy on the magnetothermal (MTI) and heat-flux-driven buoyancy (HBI) instabilities. We calculate the dispersion relation and the growth rates for these instabilities in the presence of a background heat flux and for configurations with static pressure anisotropy, finding that when the frequency at which heat conduction acts is much larger than any other frequency in the system (i.e. weak magnetic field) the pressure anisotropy has no effect on the MTI/HBI, provided the degree of anisotropy is small. In contrast, when this ordering of timescales does not apply the instability criteria depend on pressure anisotropy.

Application of landsat images for quantifying the energy balance under conditions of land use changes in the semi-arid region of Brazil

In the Nilo Coelho irrigation scheme, Brazil, the natural vegetation has been replaced by irrigated agriculture, bringing importance for the quantification of the effects on the energy exchanges between the mixed vegetated surfaces and the lower atmosphere. Landsat satellite images and agro-meteorological stations from 1992 to 2011 were used together, for modelling these exchanges. Surface albedo (α0), NDVI and surface temperature (T0) were the basic remote sensing retrieving parameters necessary to calculate the latent heat flux (λE) and the surface resistance to evapotranspiration (rs) on a large scale. The daily net radiation (Rn) was obtained from α0, air temperature (Ta) and short-wave transmissivity (τsw) throughout the slob equation, allowing the quantification of the daily sensible heat flux (H) by residual in the energy balance equation. With a threshold value for rs, it was possible to separate the energy fluxes from crops and natural vegetation. The averaged fractions of Rn partitioned as H and λE, were in average 39 and 67%, respectively. It was observed an increase of the energy used for the evapotranspiration process inside irrigated areas from 51% in 1992 to 80% in 2011, with the ratio λE/Rn presenting an increase of 3 % per year. The tools and models applied in the current research, can subsidize the monitoring of the coupled climate and land use changes effects in irrigation perimeters, being valuable when aiming the sustainability of the irrigated agriculture in the future, avoiding conflicts among different water users. © 2012 SPIE.

Estudo analítico/numérico do problema de ablação em corpos rombudos com simetria axial

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise numérica da convecção natural em dispositivos solar integrados coletor-tanque

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Determinação da difusividade térmica de um solo incorporado com resíduo de E.T.A

Pós-graduação em Física - IGCE

Modelagem térmica para avaliação da temperatura no fresamento de aços para moldes e matrizes

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS

Avaliação agrometeorológica do cultivo de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) em ambientes protegido e a campo, em ciclos de outono-inverno e primavera-verão

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Parâmetros agrometeorológicos de cultura de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) em ambientes protegido e campo

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Convecção natural em cavidades triangulares

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Regimes térmico e hídrico em solos sob ecossistemas naturais e área agrícola no Leste da Amazônia

A temperatura e umidade do solo são variáveis cujo conhecimento é fundamental para determinar os balanços de energia e água na biosfera. Os regimes térmico e hídrico dos solos sob cada ecossistema apresentam variações consideráveis, de acordo com sua mineralogia, o clima local e a vegetação. Nesse contexto, as temperaturas e umidades do solo foram medidas sob três ecossistemas existentes na região leste da Amazônia, a saber: floresta nativa (FLONA Caxiuanã, 01° 42' 30" S e 51° 31' 45" W), pastagem nativa (Soure, 00° 43' 25" S e 48° 30' 29" W) e área agrícola (!garapé-Açu, 01° 07' 59" S e 47° 36' 55" W). Os dados de campo na floresta e na pastagem foram coletados entre dezembro de 2001 e fevereiro de 2005; enquanto que na área agrícola, o monitoramento foi limitado de agosto de 2003 a fevereiro de 2005. Estas observações das variáveis físicas do solo foram analisadas levando em consideração as variáveis meteorológicas medidas simultaneamente tais como o fluxo de radiação solar incidente e a precipitação pluviométrica, que interferem diretamente nas variáveis do solo em cada sitio escolhido para estudo. As temperaturas do solo foram monitoradas por meio de sondas térmicas em profundidades de 0,05; 0,20 e 0,50 m. Fluxímetros de calor mediram esta variável em níveis de profundidade em 0,05 e 0,20 m. A umidade volumétrica do solo na camada superior de 0,30 m foi medida por sensor de sonda dupla por Reflectometria no Domínio do Tempo (TDR) em cada sitio. Foram feitas analises considerando as respostas do solo durante o período seco e chuvoso local, nestes três ecossistemas representativos do leste da Amazônia. Estimativas de difusividade térmica aparente do solo foram feitas pelos métodos da amplitude e da fase usando os dados de propagação do pulso diário de calor nesses solos. Os resultados mostraram valores bem diferentes, porém,no primeiro método pareceu mais confiável e adequado para o modelamento numérico. Como esperado, considerando a sua pouca cobertura vegetal, as temperaturas dos solos nos níveis superficiais, apresentaram grandes variações na pastagem e na área agrícola. Inesperadamente, as temperaturas na profundidade de 0,5 m abaixo da floresta mostraram maiores variações de amplitude que as profundidades de 0,20 e 0,05 m. O modelamento numérico das variações temporais da temperatura, em função da profundidade, para cada solo foi feito através do método harmônico Os resultados mostraram que o primeiro harmônico representou mais de 90% da variação total observada do pulso diário da temperatura da pastagem e área agrícola em 0,2 e 0,05 m de profundidade. Performance similar do modelamento foi observada na floresta nos níveis de 0,05 e 0,20 m. A magnitude dos fluxos de calor abaixo da pastagem e área agrícola atingiram valores seis vezes maiores que aqueles observados sob a floresta. Os resultados mostraram que, para a camada do solo superior de 0,30 m, a umidade volumétrica do solo sob a floresta é maior que sob os outros ecossistemas estudados neste trabalho. Este resultado é devido aparentemente; à proteção da floresta contra a evaporação da superfície do solo. Uma análise do comportamento sazonal e diário das temperaturas e umidade solos em resposta à radiação solar e precipitação é apresentada. Estudos de caso da taxa de perda da umidade do solo depois de significativa recarga de água por eventos de precipitação, também foram analisados. Algumas estimativas diárias de diminuição de água e recarga durante a noite e madrugada por subida de água de camadas subjacentes para a camada de 0.30 m foram feitas. Este trabalho analisou a maior serie temporal dos dados de temperatura e umidade dos solos coletados com alta freqüência de amostragem disponível até o momento, para o leste da Amazônia. Foi possível caracterizar as diferenças dos regimes destas variáveis físicas, abaixo de três ecossistemas importantes desta região. Estudos futuros dos minerais e materiais orgânicos nestes solos, bem como dos índices de área foliar e da biomassa das coberturas vegetais desses ecossistemas, melhoraria a compreensão dos regimes descritos neste trabalho.