The construction and characterization of new permeable rho antagonists and their roles after spinal cord injury

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP (EPAC) activation reverses neutrophil dysfunction induced by β2-agonists, corticosteroids, and critical illness

Background Neutrophils play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary infection. Impaired neutrophil phagocytosis predicts hospital-acquired infection. Despite this, remarkably few neutrophil-specific treatments exist. 

Objectives We sought to identify novel pathways for the restoration of effective neutrophil phagocytosis and to activate such pathways effectively in neutrophils from patients with impaired neutrophil phagocytosis. 

Methods Blood neutrophils were isolated from healthy volunteers and patients with impaired neutrophil function. In healthy neutrophils phagocytic impairment was induced experimentally by using β₂-agonists. Inhibitors and activators of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent pathways were used to assess the influence on neutrophil phagocytosis in vitro. 

Results β₂-Agonists and corticosteroids inhibited neutrophil phagocytosis. Impairment of neutrophil phagocytosis by β₂-agonists was associated with significantly reduced RhoA activity. Inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) restored phagocytosis and RhoA activity, suggesting that cAMP signals through PKA to drive phagocytic impairment. However, cAMP can signal through effectors other than PKA, such as exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP (EPAC). An EPAC-activating analog of cAMP (8CPT-2Me-cAMP) reversed neutrophil dysfunction induced by β₂-agonists or corticosteroids but did not increase RhoA activity. 8CPT-2Me-cAMP reversed phagocytic impairment induced by Rho kinase inhibition but was ineffective in the presence of Rap-1 GTPase inhibitors. 8CPT-2Me-cAMP restored function to neutrophils from patients with known acquired impairment of neutrophil phagocytosis. 

Conclusions EPAC activation consistently reverses clinical and experimental impairment of neutrophil phagocytosis. EPAC signals through Rap-1 and bypasses RhoA. EPAC activation represents a novel potential means by which to reverse impaired neutrophil phagocytosis.

Fonctions et régulations des protéines Crumbs dans la morphogenèse des tissus épithéliaux

Les tissus épithéliaux recouvrent les surfaces et les cavités du corps et fonctionnent comme des barrières sélectives capables d’échanges entre les différents compartiments de l’organisme. La fonctionnalité de ces tissus repose notamment sur la mise en place et le maintien d’une asymétrie structurale des cellules épithéliales, aussi appelée « polarité épithéliale ». La modulation des mécanismes orchestrant l’asymétrie membranaire est centrale dans la formation et le maintien de l’architecture des tissus épithéliaux. Ainsi, des défauts de polarité épithéliale provoquent des anomalies morphologiques et fonctionnelles des tissus épithéliaux, qui peuvent contribuer au cancer chez l’Homme. C’est pourquoi, la compréhension des processus liés à la polarité épithéliale constitue des objectifs cruciaux dans la biologie des épithéliums et dans la santé humaine, pour assurer le développement de nouvelles thérapies liées au rétablissement des fonctions soutenues par une asymétrie membranaire. Les mécanismes de polarité épithéliale et leurs fonctions signalétiques dans la morphogenèse des tissus épithéliaux jouent un rôle central dans ma thèse et font l’objet de mon introduction. Mon projet de doctorat a consisté à caractériser la fonction et la régulation de Crumbs, un acteur clé dans la mise en place du domaine apical, dans le contrôle de la morphologie cellulaire et dans la morphogenèse des tissus épithéliaux. C’est pourquoi, l’étude de la régulation de la fonction de Crb au sein de la cellule épithéliale revêt un rôle capital dans la compréhension de la biologie des épithéliums. Dans ce cadre, nous avons d’abord permis d’approfondir les modalités d’une éventuelle fonction du domaine extracellulaire de CRB3A. De plus, nous montrons que la GTPase Rac1 permet de contrôler Crumbs dans un contexte tridimensionnel. Ainsi, nous proposons un modèle fonctionnel de Crumbs, soutenu par des approches in vitro et in vivo, dans le contrôle de la morphologie cellulaire et la morphogenèse des tissus tridimensionnels.

Caractérisation du rôle signalétique de la protéine de polarité CRB3 dans le cancer

Les épithéliums recouvrent l’ensemble des surfaces et des cavités internes du corps humain. Le fonctionnement des cellules épithéliales repose sur la répartition des constituants cellulaires au sein de compartiments distincts : un compartiment apical, un compartiment latéral, et un compartiment basal : c’est ce que l’on appelle la polarité apico-basale. Plus de 80 % des cancers proviennent d’un dérèglement des cellules épithéliales. De plus, la polarité épithéliale est perdue lors des stades avancés du cancer, suggérant qu’elle contribue activement à la progression tumorale. C’est pourquoi il apparaît crucial de mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui régulent la polarité épithéliale. La polarité est assurée par un ensemble de protéines réparties au sein des différents compartiments et agissant sous forme de modules très dynamiques. Un de ces modules est articulé autour de la protéine CRB3, qui agit comme un déterminant apical essentiel des cellules épithéliales. L’expression de CRB3 est perdue dans de nombreuses lignées cellulaires cancéreuses en culture, suggérant que CRB3 pourrait détenir des fonctions inhibitrices de certains processus liés à l’avancement tumoral. Cependant, l’impact fonctionnel de la perte de CRB3 dans ces lignées cancéreuses reste encore peu connu, tout comme les mécanismes signalétiques agissant en aval de CRB3. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse mettent en lumière de nouvelles évidences concernant le rôle fonctionnel de la perte de CRB3 dans différentes lignées cellulaires cancéreuses. Plus précisément, nous montrons que CRB3 détient un rôle signalétique important lui conférant une fonction à la fois dans la morphogenèse épithéliale, mais également dans le maintien de l’intégrité épithéliale. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que la ré-expression de CRB3 dans des cellules cancéreuses d’origine épithéliale permet le rétablissement d’une morphologie de type épithéliale, en lien avec l’organisation d’un réseau circonférentiel d’acto-myosine. Nous identifions également le sentier signalétique activé en aval de CRB3 et menant à l’activation de la petite GTPase RhoA, nécessaire au remodelage de la morphologie et du réseau d’acto-myosine des cellules cancéreuses. Ce sentier semble notamment jouer un rôle important en aval de CRB3 pour limiter la migration cellulaire. Ensuite, nous montrons que CRB3 contrôle différents sentiers signalétiques, et notamment la voie ERK MAP Kinase, une voie de signalisation fortement dérégulée dans le cancer. Bien que le rôle fonctionnel de cette régulation soit encore inconnu, elle pourrait contribuer à limiter la progression tumorale en aval de CRB3. Enfin, nous montrons que la perte d’expression de Crb3 chez la souris induit une mortalité périnatale associée à des défauts de morphogenèse épithéliale, indiquant que Crb3 est requise pour la viabilité des souris et le développement des structures épithéliales. L’ensemble de ces travaux contribue à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes liant la perte de la polarité épithéliale à l’avancement du processus tumoral, et vise à identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour lutter contre le développement de.cancers.

Post-translational lysine-acetylation of Ran and its regulation by Sirtuin deacetylases

Through recent advances in high-throughput mass spectrometry it has become evident that post-translational N-(epsilon)-lysine-acetylation is a modification found on thousands of proteins of all cellular compartments and all essential physiological processes. Many aspects in the biology of lysine-acetylation are poorly understood, including its regulation by lysine-acetyltransferases and lysine-deacetylases (KDACs). Here, the role of this modification was investigated for the small GTP-binding protein Ran, which, inter alia, is essential for the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport. To this end, site-specifically acetylated Ran was produced in E. coli by genetic code expansion. For five previously identified sites, Ran acetylation was tested regarding its impact on the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rate, the assembly of export complexes (modeled in vitro with the export receptor CRM1 and the export substrate Spn1) and the interaction of Ran with its GTPase activation protein RanGAP and RanBP1. Overall, mild effects of Ran acetylation were observed for intrinsic and RanGAP-stimulated GTP hydrolysis rates. The interaction of active Ran with RanBP1 was negatively influenced by Ran acetylation at K159. Moreover, CRM1 bound to Ran acetylated at K37, K99 or K159 interacted more strongly with Spn1. Thus, lysine-acetylation interferes with essential aspects of Ran function. An in vitro screen was performed to identify potential Ran KDACs. The NAD+-dependent KDACs of the Sirtuin class showed activity towards two acetylation sites of Ran, K37 and K71. The specificity of Sirtuins was further analyzed based on an additional Ran acetylation site, K38. Since deacetylation of RanAcK38 was much slower compared to RanAcK37, di-acetylated RanAcK37/38 was tested next. The deacetylation rate of di-acetylated Ran was comparable to that of RanAcK37. Deacetylation experiments under single turnover conditions revealed that deacetylation occurs first at the K38 site in the di-acetylated RanAcK37/38 background. The ability of Sirtuins to deacetylate two adjacent AcKs was further investigated based on two proteins, which had previously been found to be di-acetylated and targeted by Sirtuins, namely the tumor suppressor protein p53 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK1). p53 was readily deacetylated at two di-acetylation sites (K372/372 and K381/382), whereas PEPCK1 was not deacetylated in vitro. Taken together, these results have important implications for the substrate specificity of Sirtuins.

Targeting the serrated pathway of colorectal cancer with mutation in BRAF

A recently acknowledged morphological pathway to colorectal cancer originates from precursor polyps with a serrated appearance due to branching and folding of the colon epithelium. This serrated origin accounts for up to 30% of all colorectal tumors but these are heterogeneous regarding molecular characteristics and patient outcome. Here we review the current knowledge about the classification of this tumor subtype and its association with five key features: mutation status of the BRAF or KRAS genes, the CpG island methylation phenotype, microsatellite instability, immune cell infiltration, and overexpression of GTPase RAC1b. Subsequently, available therapeutic approaches for targeting these molecular characteristics are presented and critically discussed.

Tumor-related splicing variant RAC1b in colorectal cancer: regulation and role in tumorigenesis

Purpose: Alternative splicing of the small GTPase RAC1 generates RAC1b, a hyperactivated variant that is overexpressed in a subtype of colorectal tumors. The objective of our studies is to understand the molecular regulation of this alternative splicing event and how it contributes to tumorigenesis. Experimental description: The regulation of the RAC1b splicing event in human colon cell lines was dissected using a transfected RAC1 minigene and the role of upstream regulating protein kinases through an RNA interference approach. The functional properties of the RAC1b protein were characterized by experimental modulation of Rac1b levels in colon cell lines. Results: The RAC1b protein results from an in-frame inclusion of an additional alternative exon encoding 19 amino acids that change the regulation and signaling properties of the protein. RAC1b is a hyperactive variant that exists predominantly in the GTP-bound active conformation in vivo and promotes cell cycle progression and cell survival through activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. RAC1b overexpression functionally cooperates with the oncogenic mutation in BRAF-V600E to sustain colorectal tumor cell survival. The splicing factor SRSF1 was identified to bind an exonic splice enhancer element in the alternative exon and acts as a prime regulator of Rac1b alternative splicing in colorectal cells. SRSF1 is controlled by upstream protein kinase SRPK1, the inhibition or depletion of which led to reduced SRSF1 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation with a concomitant reduction in RAC1b levels. As further SRSF1-regulating pathways we discovered kinase GSK3 and a cyclooxygenase independent effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. Conclusions: Expression of tumor-related RAC1b in colorectal cancer depends critically on SRSF1 for the observed deregulation of alternative splicing during tumorigenesis and is controlled by upstream protein kinases that can be pharmacologically targeted.

Defining the role of NatC dependent N-terminal acetylation in Drosophila fertility

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Redox regulation of Ras proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum

Reactive oxygen species are a normal consequence of life in an aerobic environment. However when they deviate from the narrow permissible range in cells, oxidative damage can occur. Dictyostelium discoideum is a model organism ideal for the study of cell signaling events such as those affected by oxidative stress. It was previously shown that Ras signaling in Dictyostelium is affected by genetic inactivation of the antioxidant enzyme Superoxide dismutase C (SodC) and in vitro data suggests that the NKCD motif of Ras is the redox target of superoxide.^ The main objective of this project was to determine the mechanism of superoxide mediated Ras regulation in vivo. To accomplish the main objective, we cloned, and in some cases, mutated different Ras proteins and later determined their activity in wild type and sodC- cells. RasC and RasD showed normal activation in sodC- cells, however RasG and RasS displayed high Ras activity. These last two Ras proteins contain the NKC118D motif inside the nucleotide binding region. A mutation of cysteine 118 to alanine in RasG rendered the protein less active in sodC- than the wild type RasG protein and a mutation alanine118 to cysteine in RasD conferred redox sensitivity to this small GTPase. Additionally, the propensity of RasG to be targeted by superoxide was evident when the environment of wild type cells was manipulated to induce the internal generation of superoxide through changes in the extracellular ion levels mainly magnesium. Lack of magnesium ions increased the intracellular level of superoxide and severely hampered directional cell migration. Chemotaxis of cells expressing RasG was negatively impacted by the absence of magnesium ions; however rasG- cells did not seem to be affected in their ability to perform chemotaxis. The last experiment implies that RasG is an important mediator of cell signaling during oxidative stress, responsible for preventing cells from continuing their developmental program. Our study suggests that the cysteine residue in the NKCD motif is essential for mediating the redox sensitivity of Ras proteins in Dictyostelium and that RasG is an essential mediator of the response to oxidative stress in this organism.^

Clustering of Rab11 vesicles in influenza A virus infected cells creates hotspots containing the 8 viral ribonucleoproteins

Influenza A virus is an important human pathogen causative of yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics. The ability to replicate within the host cell is a determinant of virulence, amplifying viral numbers for host-to-host transmission. This process requires multiple rounds of entering permissive cells, replication, and virion assembly at the plasma membrane, the site of viral budding and release. The assembly of influenza A virus involves packaging of several viral (and host) proteins and of a segmented genome, composed of 8 distinct RNAs in the form of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). The selective assembly of the 8-segment core remains one of the most interesting unresolved problems in virology. The recycling endosome regulatory GTPase Rab11 was shown to contribute to the process, by transporting vRNPs to the periphery, giving rise to enlarged cytosolic puncta rich in Rab11 and the 8 vRNPs. We recently reported that vRNP hotspots were formed of clustered vesicles harbouring protruding electron-dense structures that resembled vRNPs. Mechanistically, vRNP hotspots were formed as vRNPs outcompeted the cognate effectors of Rab11, the Rab11-Family-Interacting-Proteins (FIPs) for binding, and as a consequence impair recycling sorting at an unknown step. Here, we speculate on the impact that such impairment might have in host immunity, membrane architecture and viral assembly.

Estudio molecular en dos hermanas afectadas por ictiosis congénita autosómica recesiva : descripción de una nueva mutación causal en TGM1

Se describe la variante homocigota c.320-2A>G de TGM1 en dos hermanas con ictiosis congénita autosómica recesiva. El clonaje de los transcritos generados por esta variante permitió identificar tres mecanismos moleculares de splicing alternativos.