Enhanced nonlinear spectral compression in fibre by sinusoidal phase modulation

We propose a simple approach to enhance the spectral compression arising from nonlinear pulse propagation in a Kerr medium. We numerically show that an additional sinusoidal temporal phase modulation enables efficient reduction of the intensity level of spectral side lobes.

Content-aware compression for big textual data analysis

A substantial amount of information on the Internet is present in the form of text. The value of this semi-structured and unstructured data has been widely acknowledged, with consequent scientific and commercial exploitation. The ever-increasing data production, however, pushes data analytic platforms to their limit. This thesis proposes techniques for more efficient textual big data analysis suitable for the Hadoop analytic platform. This research explores the direct processing of compressed textual data. The focus is on developing novel compression methods with a number of desirable properties to support text-based big data analysis in distributed environments. The novel contributions of this work include the following. Firstly, a Content-aware Partial Compression (CaPC) scheme is developed. CaPC makes a distinction between informational and functional content in which only the informational content is compressed. Thus, the compressed data is made transparent to existing software libraries which often rely on functional content to work. Secondly, a context-free bit-oriented compression scheme (Approximated Huffman Compression) based on the Huffman algorithm is developed. This uses a hybrid data structure that allows pattern searching in compressed data in linear time. Thirdly, several modern compression schemes have been extended so that the compressed data can be safely split with respect to logical data records in distributed file systems. Furthermore, an innovative two layer compression architecture is used, in which each compression layer is appropriate for the corresponding stage of data processing. Peripheral libraries are developed that seamlessly link the proposed compression schemes to existing analytic platforms and computational frameworks, and also make the use of the compressed data transparent to developers. The compression schemes have been evaluated for a number of standard MapReduce analysis tasks using a collection of real-world datasets. In comparison with existing solutions, they have shown substantial improvement in performance and significant reduction in system resource requirements.

Behavior of Granular Materials Under Triaxial Compression with Pulsating Deviator Stress, HR-131, Special Report

Behavior of granular material subjected to repeated load triaxial compression tests is characterized by a model based on rate process theory. Starting with the Arrhenius equation from chemical kinetics, the relationship of temperature, shear stress, normal stress and volume change to deformation rate is developed. The proposed model equation includes these factors as a product of exponential terms. An empirical relationship between deformation and the cube root of the number of stress applications at constant temperature and normal stress is combined with the rate equation to yield an integrated relationship of temperature, deviator stress, confining pressure and number of deviator stress applications to axial strain. The experimental program consists of 64 repeated load triaxial compression tests, 52 on untreated crushed stone and 12 on the same crushed stone material treated with 4% asphalt cement. Results were analyzed with multiple linear regression techniques and show substantial agreement with the model equations. Experimental results fit the rate equation somewhat better than the integrated equation when all variable quantities are considered. The coefficient of shear temperature gives the activation enthalpy, which is about 4.7 kilocalories/mole for untreated material and 39.4 kilocalories/mole for asphalt-treated material. This indicates the activation enthalpy is about that of the pore fluid. The proportionality coefficient of deviator stress may be used to measure flow unit volume. The volumes thus determined for untreated and asphalt-treated material are not substantially different. This may be coincidental since comparison with flow unit volumes reported by others indicates flow unit volume is related to gradation of untreated material. The flow unit volume of asphalt-treated material may relate to asphalt cement content. The proposed model equations provide a more rational basis for further studies of factors affecting deformation of granular materials under stress similar to that in pavement subjected to transient traffic loads.

Characterization of the glial scar tissue in a murine model of spinal cord compression, with focus on hyaluronan

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder that affects thousands of people each year. Although in recent decades significant progress has been made in relation to understanding the molecular and cellular events underlying the nervous damage, spinal cord injury is still a highly disabling condition for which there is no curative therapy. People affected by spinal cord injuries manifested dysfunction or loss, temporary or permanent, of motor, sensory and / or autonomic functions depending on the spinal lesion damaged. Currently, the incidence rate of this type of injury is approximately 15-40 cases per million people worldwide. At the origin of these lesions are: road accidents, falls, interpersonal violence and the practice of sports. In this work we placed the hypothesis that HA is one of the component of the scar tissue formed after a compressive SCI, that it is likely synthetised by the perilesional glial cells and that it might support the permeation of the glial scar during the late phase of SCI. Nowadays, much focus is drawn on the recovery of CNS function, made impossible after SCI due to the high content of sulfated proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. Counterbalancing the ratio between these proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid could be one of the experimental therapy to re-permeate the glial scar tissue formed after SCI, making possible axonal regrowth and functional recovery. Therefore, we established a model of spinal cord compression in mice and studied the glial scar tissue, particularly through the characterization of the expression of enzymes related to the metabolism of HA and the subsequent concentration thereof at different distances of the lesion epicenter. Our results show that the lesion induced in mice shows results similar to those produced in human lesions, in terms of histologic similarities and behavioral results. but these animals demonstrate an impressive spontaneous reorganization mechanism of the spinal cord tissue that occurs after injury and allows for partial recovery of the functions of the CNS. As regards the study of the glial scar, changes were recorded at the level of mRNA expression of enzymes metabolizing HA i.e., after injury there was a decreased expression of HA synthases 1-2 (HAS 1-2) and an increase of the expression HAS3 synthase mRNA, as well as the enzymes responsible for the HA catabolism, HYAL 1-2. But the amount of HA measured through the ELISA test was found unchanged after injury, it is not possible to explain this fact only with the change of expression of enzymes. At two weeks and in response to SCI, we found synthesized HA by reactive astrocytes and probably by others like microglial cells as it was advanced by the HA/GFAP+ and HA/IBA1+ cells co-location.

Modélisation et analyse d'une machine à absorption/compression hybride fonctionnant à partir de rejets thermiques basse température

Les applications de réfrigération sont aujourd’hui majoritairement réalisées par des machines à compression alimentées en électricité. Animées à partir d’une source chaude, l’utilisation de machines à absorption permet d’utiliser très peu d’électricité comparée à une machine à compression et d’utiliser des réfrigérants écologiques. Le faible coefficient de performance et le coût élevé de ces machines est compensé par l’utilisation de rejets thermiques industriels destinés à être rejeté dans l’environnement et donc considérés comme gratuits. Le but de cette étude est de modéliser une machine à absorption hybride, utilisant le couple de fluide eau et ammoniac, en y ajoutant un compresseur ou booster dans la zone haute pression du circuit et d’évaluer ses performances. Cette modification crée une pression intermédiaire au désorbeur permettant de diminuer la température des rejets thermiques exploitables. Une température de rejets réutilisable de 50°C, contre 80°C actuellement, ouvrirait alors la voie à de nouvelles sources communes d’énergie. Le logiciel ASPEN Plus de simulation des procédés a été choisi afin de modéliser en régime permanent le système. Le modèle est en partie validé par l’étude expérimentale d’une machine à absorption commerciale de 10kW pour des applications de climatisation. Cette machine est située au Laboratoire des Technologies de l’Énergie d’Hydro-Québec. Ensuite, une étude de design permet de montrer, à puissance de réfrigération constante, les impacts bénéfiques de la technologie hybride sur le rendement exergétique, mais également sur la taille globale des échangeurs nécessaires. La technologie hybride est alors analysée économiquement face à une machine à absorption chauffée au gaz pour montrer sa rentabilité.

Influence of climate variability and stocking strategies on greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), production and profit of a northern Queensland beef cattle herd

Previous studies of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) from beef production systems in northern Australia have been based on models of ‘steady-state’ herd structures that do not take into account the considerable inter-annual variation in liveweight gain, reproduction and mortality rates that occurs due to seasonal conditions. Nor do they consider the implications of flexible stocking strategies designed to adapt these production systems to the highly variable climate. The aim of the present study was to quantify the variation in total GHGE (t CO2e) and GHGE intensity (t CO2e/t liveweight sold) for the beef industry in northern Australia when variability in these factors was considered. A combined GRASP–Enterprise modelling platform was used to simulate a breeding–finishing beef cattle property in the Burdekin River region of northern Queensland, using historical climate data from 1982–2011. GHGE was calculated using the method of Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Five different stocking-rate strategies were simulated with fixed stocking strategies at moderate and high rates, and three flexible stocking strategies where the stocking rate was adjusted annually by up to 5%, 10% or 20%, according to pasture available at the end of the growing season. Variation in total annual GHGE was lowest in the ‘fixed moderate’ (~9.5 ha/adult equivalent (AE)) stocking strategy, ranging from 3799 to 4471 t CO2e, and highest in the ‘fixed high’ strategy (~5.9 ha/AE), which ranged from 3771 to 7636 t CO2e. The ‘fixed moderate’ strategy had the least variation in GHGE intensity (15.7–19.4 t CO2e/t liveweight sold), while the ‘flexible 20’ strategy (up to 20% annual change in AE) had the largest range (10.5–40.8 t CO2e/t liveweight sold). Across the five stocking strategies, the ‘fixed moderate’ stocking-rate strategy had the highest simulated perennial grass percentage and pasture growth, highest average rate of liveweight gain (121 kg/steer), highest average branding percentage (74%) and lowest average breeding-cow mortality rate (3.9%), resulting in the lowest average GHGE intensity (16.9 t CO2e/t liveweight sold). The ‘fixed high’ stocking rate strategy (~5.9 ha/AE) performed the poorest in each of these measures, while the three flexible stocking strategies were intermediate. The ‘fixed moderate’ stocking strategy also yielded the highest average gross margin per AE carried and per hectare. These results highlight the importance of considering the influence of climate variability on stocking-rate management strategies and herd performance when estimating GHGE. The results also support a body of previous work that has recommended the adoption of moderate stocking strategies to enhance the profitability and ecological stability of beef production systems in northern Australia.

Étude du comportement des fluides magnétorhéologiques (MR) en compression-cisaillement simultanée

Les fluides magnétorhéologiques (MR) sont des fluides intelligents dont la viscosité apparente peut être modifiée rapidement (<1ms) par l'application d'un champ magnétique externe. À l'aide de cette caractéristique unique, les embrayages MR permettent de moduler rapidement un couple entre deux surfaces sans contact mécanique direct. De construction simple et robuste, les embrayages MR offrent ainsi un potentiel remarquable d'innovation pour diverses applications robotiques nécessitant un contrôle rapide et une haute fiabilité, comme dans les domaines de l'automobile [10], de l'aéronautique [16] ou de l'interaction humaine [77]. À ce jour, les embrayages MR exploitent le fluide MR strictement en cisaillement pur. Dans de telles conditions, la densité de couple des embrayages est limitée par l'optimisation de la mécanique des embrayages (ex. : poids) [63] et les propriétés fondamentales des fluides MR (ex. : contrainte) [11]. Alors qu'en cisaillement pur, la contrainte des fluides MR est limitée à ∼100 kPa, des études récentes démontrent qu'elle peut être augmentée d'un ordre de grandeur (>1000 kPa) lorsque le fluide MR est soumis à une compression, avant d'être cisaillé [89]. La combinaison de la compression et du cisaillement du fluide MR pourrait ainsi décupler la densité de couple des embrayages MR, mais ce phénomène d'agrégation assistée par compression, aussi appelé squeeze-strengthening ou super-strong} (SS), est toujours très mal compris. Beaucoup d'incertitude persiste quant à l'origine exacte du phénomène [45], des conditions qui le favorisent [55] [75] et des effets qu'il engendre [31]. Dans le but ultime d'augmenter la densité de couple des embrayages MR à l'aide du phénomène SS, le présent projet de recherche vise à étudier le comportement rhéologique des fluides MR dans des conditions de compression et de cisaillement simultané afin d'en comprendre les conditions qui favorisent le phénomène d'augmentation des contraintes. Pour ce faire, un banc d'essai permettant la compression pure, le cisaillement pur et la compression-cisaillement simultanée des fluides MR est conçu et utilisé pour étudier le fluide MR lorsque soumis à des conditions de chargement typique des embrayages MR. Les résultats expérimentaux issus de cette vaste étude expérimentale permettront d'établir un lien direct entre ce phénomène et le celui de filtration, duquel un modèle prédictif sera proposé. À l'aide du modèle théorique, le phénomène SS sera étudié à l'aide de diverses compositions de fluide MR (ex. : concentration, taille des particules, viscosité) et différentes géométries de compression, ce qui permettra de valoriser le modèle pour la conception préliminaire d'embrayages MR qui exploitent le phénomène SS.

Comparing fixed and flexible stocking as adaptations to inter-annual rainfall variability in the extensive beef industry of northern Australia

Many beef producers within the extensive cattle industry of northern Australia attempt to maintain a constant herd size from year-to-year (fixed stocking), whereas others adjust stock numbers to varying degrees annually in response to changes in forage supply. The effects of these strategies on pasture condition and cattle productivity cannot easily be assessed by grazing trials. Simulation studies, which include feedbacks of changes to pasture condition on cattle liveweight gain, can extend the results of grazing trials both spatially and temporally. They can compare a large number of strategies, over long periods of time, for a range of climate periods, at locations which differ markedly in climate. This simulation study compared the pasture condition and cattle productivity achieved by fixed stocking at the long-term carrying capacity with that of 55 flexible stocking strategies at 28 locations across Queensland and the Northern Territory. Flexible stocking strategies differed markedly in the degree they increased or decreased cattle stocking rates after good and poor pasture growing seasons, respectively. The 28 locations covered the full range in average annual rainfall and inter-annual rainfall variability experienced across northern Australia. Constrained flexibility, which limited increases in stocking rates after good growing seasons to 10% but decreased them by up to 20% after poor growing seasons, provides sustainable productivity gains for cattle producers in northern Australia. This strategy can improve pasture condition and increase cattle productivity relative to fixed stocking at the long-term carrying capacity, and its capacity to do this was greatest in the semiarid rangeland regions that contain the majority of beef cattle in northern Australia. More flexible stocking strategies, which also increased stocking rates after good growing seasons by only half as much as they decreased them after poor growing seasons, were equally sustainable and more productive than constrained flexibility, but are often impractical at property and industry scales. Strategies with the highest limits (e.g. 70%) for both annual increases and decreases in stocking rates could achieve higher cattle productivity, but this was at the expense of pasture condition and was not sustainable. Constrained flexible stocking, with a 10% limit for increases and a 20% limit for decreases in stocking rates annually, is a risk-averse adaptation to high and unpredictable rainfall variability for the extensive beef industry of northern Australia. © Australian Rangeland Society 2016.

BATTERY POWERED PORTABLE VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE SYSTEM WITH PCM CONDENSER

A battery powered air-conditioning device was developed to provide an improved thermal comfort level for individuals in inadequately cooled environments. This device is a battery powered air-conditioning system with the phase change material (PCM) for heat storage. The condenser heat is stored in the PCM during the cooling operation and is discharged while the battery is charged by using the vapor compression cycle as a thermosiphon loop. The main focus of the current research was on the development of the cooling system. The cooling capacity of the vapor compression cycle measured was 165.6 W with system COP at 2.85. It was able to provide 2 hours cooling without discharging heat to the ambient. The PCM was recharged in nearly 8 hours under thermosiphon mode.

3D Porous Architecture of Stacks of β-TCP Granules Compared with That of Trabecular Bone: A microCT, Vector Analysis, and Compression Study

International audience