Vitamin A supplementation enhances Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) early juvenile’s immunocompetence: new insights on potential underlying pathways

Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) has been considered since the 1990´s to be a promising flatfish species for diversifying European marine aquaculture. However, pathogen outbreaks leading to high mortality rates can impair Senegalese sole commercial production at the weaning phase. Different approaches have been shown to improve fish immunocompetence; with this in mind the objective of the work described herein was to determine whether increased levels of dietary vitamin A (VA) improve the immune response in early juveniles of Senegalese sole. For this purpose, Senegalese sole were reared and fed with Artemia metanauplii containing increased levels of VA (37,000; 44,666; 82,666 and 203,000 total VA IU Kg-1) from 6 to 60 days post-hatch (early juvenile stage). After an induced bacterial infection with a 50 % lethal dose of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, survival rate, as well as underlying gene expression of specific immune markers (C1inh, C3, C9, Lgals1, Hamp, LysC, Prdx1, Steap4 and Transf) were evaluated. Results showed that fish fed higher doses of dietary VA were more resistant to the bacterial challenge. The lower mortality was found to be related with differential expression of genes involved in the complement system and iron availability. We suggest that feeding metamorphosed Senegalese sole with 203,000 total VA IU Kg-1 might be an effective, inexpensive and environmentally friendly method to improve Senegalese sole immunocompetence, thereby improving survival of juveniles and reducing economic losses.

Particularidades del m?todo integral de entrenamiento en el desempe?o de jugadores de futbol adolescentes pre-juveniles (13-15 a?os) en la etapa de especializaci?n deportiva

El principal objetivo de este trabajo ha sido la elaboraci?n de un programa integral de entrenamiento en la preparaci?n de los futbolistas; dependiendo en una buena medida del sistema de preparaci?n a largo plazo, en este caso para este estudio nos centramos en la Etapa de Especializaci?n Deportiva. Analizando la literatura sobre el tema y los diferentes estudios se establecieron unos criterios de selecci?n de informaci?n concerniente a las tendencias de preparaci?n moderna; todo esto orientado a la poblaci?n, sus particularidades y caracter?sticas individuales. Se dise?? y se aplic? un programa de entrenamiento en j?venes futbolistas en la etapa de especializaci?n deportiva, queriendo evaluar las principales caracter?sticas de juego en el futbol a trav?s de los fundamentos t?cnicos b?sicos. Los resultados de la aplicaci?n del programa en su gran mayor?a fueron significativos, con relaci?n a la evaluaci?n inicial. Unas variables presentaron unas ganancias desde el punto de vista condicional y otras desde el punto de vista futbol?stico.

La música y los valores humanos. Análisis del flujo de valores humanos dentro del Sistema Nacional de Orquestas Juveniles e Infantiles de Venezuela

El trabajo tiene por objetivo general establecer la escala compartida de valores humanos que prevalece en el seno del Sistema Nacional de Orquestas y Coros Juveniles e Infantiles de Venezuela tomando como referencia a sus cinco agrupaciones más importantes. Para lograrlo, desarrolla en su marco teórico la definición de valores humanos, tomando como referencia fundamental el trabajo de Schwartz et al. (2012). Igualmente, hace una revisión sobre las investigaciones realizadas en torno a los valores del venezolano, para posteriormente considerar la temática de los valores y la música. Se desarrolla luego un perfil sobre el Sistema Nacional de Orquestas y Coros Juveniles e Infantiles de Venezuela, explicando sus orígenes y su funcionamiento. Posteriormente, se establecen los aspectos metodológicos del trabajo: Se considera un trabajo descriptivo, de metodología cuantitativa, sin dejar de lado aspectos cualitativos. Se estableció una muestra de 199 músicos entre las 5 principales agrupaciones de la organización, tomando en cuenta un intervalo de confianza del 95%, con un error muestral de 6%. En tal sentido, se encuestaron un total de 306 sujetos, a los cuales se les aplicó la versión revisada del Personal Values Questionnaire (PVQ-R) desarrollado por Shalom Schwartz, además de un grupo de preguntas de carácter demográfico y una pregunta abierta sobre lo más importante que consideraban que habían obtenido de El Sistema. De las 306 respuestas obtenidas, 233 cumplieron con los criterios para ser consideradas válidas para establecer la escala de valores. Para el análisis de la pregunta abierta, se tomaron en cuenta todas las respuestas obtenidas. En cuanto a los resultados, el valor más importante para estos músicos resultó ser la Seguridad-personal. Este resultado, a todas luces parece ser un sesgo motivado por la marcada situación de violencia que se vive en Venezuela. Los cinco valores más importantes después de este son: Benevolencia-confiabilidad, Autodirección-acción, Benevolencia-cuidado, Autodirección-pensamiento y Universalismo-interés. Los cuales se mantuvieron presentes, aunque en diversos órdenes, en 26 de las 32 categorías de análisis creadas para la pesquisa. En el extremo contrario, contrastando con lo planteado por la literatura escrita sobre los valores de los venezolanos, la presente investigación determinó que los músicos de El Sistema no tienen interés en el poder, y esto se confirmó en la totalidad de las categorías mencionadas. De esta manera, a la luz de la investigación realizada, el músico formado por el Sistema Nacional de Orquestas y Coros Juveniles e Infantiles de Venezuela aparece como un sujeto con alto sentido de afiliación, que valora su libertad para actuar y pensar y que está siempre dispuesto para su agrupación musical. Si bien le preocupan los problemas del mundo, su anclaje fundamental está en su grupo inmediato. Se siente, además, completamente alejado del poder. Tiene poco interés en dirigir a los demás y, prácticamente, no está interesado en acumular bienes o fortuna. Esta visión de mundo la asume en un entorno profundamente violento, de permanente riesgo, lo cual le hace tomar su Seguridad-personal como su mayor prioridad. Por otra parte, a partir de las respuestas a la pregunta abierta incluida en el instrumento, se determinó una serie de principios-guía que representan el sustrato de la cultura de El Sistema como microsociedad. Entre otros, resaltan la afiliación, la excelencia, el trabajo en equipo, la disciplina, el logro y el formar a las nuevas generaciones.

Effect of intermittent feeding on growth in early juveniles of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

Three experiments were conducted with juveniles of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus to investigate the effect of intermittent feeding regimes on growth and the ability to tolerate the shortage of food. In experiment 1, stage III juveniles were assigned to one of seven intermittent feeding groups (from FS1: 1 day fed/1 day non-fed to FS7: 7 days fed/7 days non-fed) and two control groups, continuously fed (CF) and continuously starved (CS) animals; this experiment comprised a short-term intermittent feeding period until the first molt, followed by a continuous feeding period. In the experiment 2, stage III juveniles were assigned to one of three intermittent feeding groups (FS2 to FS4) and one control group (CF); it consisted of a prolonged intermittent feeding period, until the end of the experiment In the experiment 3, stage VI and VII juveniles were assigned to one of three intermittent feeding groups (FS2 to FS4) and one control (CF); it also consisted of a prolonged intermittent feeding period. The red claw crayfish juveniles were able to tolerate periods of intermittent feeding and underwent compensatory growth after continuous feed was re-established. The ability of crayfish to tolerate intermittent feeding was influenced by developmental stage and duration of the intermittent feeding period. Stage III juveniles survived, but decreased growth, when subjected to prolonged intermittent feeding. However, they showed full compensatory growth when the intermittent feeding period was short and followed by continuous feeding. on the other hand, stage VI-VII tolerated 60 days of prolonged intermittent feeding without any change in growth and survival. The hepatosomatic index (based on wet weight) values of the treatments and the control were similar, suggesting that intermittent feeding may not be considered a nutritional stress condition. The relative pleon weight (based on wet weight) values of the treatments and control were similar suggesting low use of nutrients from the muscle to increase the chance for survival. The juveniles of C quadricarinatus can tolerate relatively long periods of low food availability and this is an important adaptation for their survival in changing/unpredictable environments and an attribute favorable for the production of the species. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Variables cognitivas y motivacionales relacionadas con el nivel de riesgo y el comportamiento de delincuentes juveniles y adultos

La tasa de reincidencia general de la muestra objeto de estudio asciende al 23,8% . El tipo de delito por el que reinciden con mayor frecuencia corresponde a delitos contra la propiedad, pero cada vez hay más delitos contra la seguridad vial, lo que explica el alto porcentaje de multas. El porcentaje de reincidencia más alto se dio entre los menores de régimen semiabierto, obviamente mayor que entre los de libertad vigilada, pero curiosamente también mayor que los de régimen cerrado. Los menores con medidas diferentes tienen perfiles psicológicos distintos. Las variables con mayor capacidad para predecir la reincidencia de los menores, entre las estudiadas, son la conducta institucional y la actitud antisocial. La motivación hacia la formación y la orientación al futuro se relacionan con la asistencia al programa pero no alcanzan la significación estadística. El PPS-VCJ tuvo efecto sobre la conducta institucional y la actitud antisocial pero no alcanzan la significación estadística respecto a la reincidencia. La mayor dificultad encontrada por los profesionales que aplican el programa es el solapamiento con las actividades programas por el centro. Como conclusiones del segundo estudio se puede decir que los delincuentes con antecedentes tienden a mostrar un mayor Fatalismo y Búsqueda de sensaciones y una menor Auto-regulación, así como una menor motivación y puntuaciones más altas en los estilos de pensamiento criminal. Los estilos de pensamiento criminal permiten diferenciar entre delincuentes violentos y no violentos. Los participantes con antecedentes violentos o que cumplen condenas por delitos violentos muestran una conducta institucional más disruptiva que los que no violentos. Los participantes con antecedentes y que han cometido delitos violentos puntúan más alto en psicopatía, estilo de vida criminal y factores de riesgo. A medida que el nivel de riesgo es mayor, el estilo de vida es más criminal y la puntuación en psicopatía más alta. El nivel de riesgo se relaciona con las actitudes ante la vida, la motivación y los estilos de pensamiento criminal. Como aportaciones, se pueden reseñar que esta investigación se ha realizado incorporando principios teóricos y empíricos provenientes del RNR y del GLM y que los resultados muestran que los factores de riesgo y los factores motivacionales se relacionan entre sí. En segundo lugar, los resultados del PPS-VCJ han mostrado que la falta de integridad, la escasa asistencia a las sesiones de una parte de los menores, condicionan los resultados de su aplicación. Ello refuerza la idea de Hollin (2008) cuando señala que para que una intervención tanto con menores como con adultos, sea eficaz no sólo ha de poseer las características que se desprenden de la investigación científica sino que ha de ser aplicada con integridad. Tal y como señaló Andrews (2006) , de lo que se trata es que la intención de tratamiento de los responsables políticos y de gestión y el tratamiento recibido por los usuarios sean una misma cosa. Por último, señalar que en esta tesis se ha visto que aquellos jóvenes más capaces de mirar al futuro se implican con más frecuencia en conductas que, de persistir en el tiempo, les ayudarían a no reincidir. Asimismo, los adultos privados de libertad durante períodos largos, prescinden del tiempo, y se muestran mayoritariamente más auto-regulados. Son los que puntúan más en riesgo los que se muestran más fatalistas y más propensos a la búsqueda de sensaciones.

Digestibility of different wheat products in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles

Dry matter, energy, crude protein and amino acid apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) were determined in white shrimp juveniles for six wheat products: hard red winter whole grain meal (HWG), Rayon whole grain meal (RWG), Durum whole grain meal (DWG), hard red winter clear flour (HCF), mixed wheat 2nd clear flour (MCF) and semolina (S). The test diets included 30% of the test ingredients and 70% of a ground commercial diet supplemented with 1% chromic oxide and 1% sodium alginate. Amino acid contents in the ingredients, diets and feces were analyzed, and digestibility was determined by difference in order to minimize the impact of endogenous amino acid losses; crude protein and amino acids ADCswere adjusted for dietary preprandial losses in seawater. In general, nutrients digestibility was far higher in the wheat products than in the fish meal-based reference diet. Drymatter and crude proteinADCswere not statistically different amongwheat products (from84 to 96% and from88 to 107% respectively). Energy ADCs were significantly higher for clear flours (96% for HCF and MCF) than forwhole grainmeals and S (from83 to 86%). Total amino acids (TAA) and essentialamino acids (EAA) ADCs, once adjusted for preprandial leaching fromthe experimental diets, ranged from81 to 89% and from 58 to 81% respectively, and were statistically comparable among wheat products. Low Thr ADCs appear as a common feature of the amino acids digestibility profiles for whole grain meals, clear flours, or semolina.

Use of BARD scoring system in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients and its correlation with ultrasonographic grading in Gizan, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of the BARD scoring system in Saudi non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients attending Gizan General Hospital and to identify the clinical variables associated with advanced fibrosis. . Methods: The cross-sectional study involved 120 patients aged ≥ 18 years who attended the Ultrasound Department of Gizan General Hospital, Gizan, Saudi Arabia, during January – June 2013. BARD scoring system comprised the following variables: body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28 = 1 point, aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio ≥ 0.8 = 2 points, and type 2 diabetes mellitus = 1 point. Results: Patients with advanced fibrosis were older (55.0 years) than patients with no/mild fibrosis (48.6 years), albeit not significantly so. A higher BMI was associated with advanced fibrosis in males, females and all study participants (p = 0.013, 0.016 and 0.001, respectively). Advanced fibrosis was more common in older patients with a higher weight to height ratio. Logistic regression suggested that age ≥ 50 years was associated with a 2.52-fold increase in the risk of advanced fibrosis, but this did not have a significant clinical impact (p = 0.087). BMI > 28 was associated with a 26.73-fold increased risk of advanced fibrosis, while AST/ALT ≥ 0.8 was associated with an 18.46-fold increased risk of advanced liver fibrosis (p = 0.002 and 0.006, respectively). Conclusion: The major risk factors for advanced fibrosis using BARD scoring system in patients with NAFLD were old age, BMI > 28, and AST/ALT ≥ 0.8. In addition, grade 3 ultrasonographic fatty liver significantly correlated with advanced fibrosis.

Digestibility and performance of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles - fed diets containing different protein, lipid and carbohydrate levels

Due to lack of information on the use of non-protein energy sources in diets for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and digestibility of 12 diets containing approximately two crude protein (CP; 220 and 250 g kg(-1)), two lipid (40 and 80 g kg(-1)) and three carbohydrate levels (410, 460 and 500 g kg(-1)). The pacu juveniles-fed diets containing 220 g kg(-1) CP did not respond (P > 0.05) to increased dietary lipid and carbohydrate levels, but the fish-fed diets containing 250 g kg(-1) CP showed a better feed conversion ratio. There were interactions in weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), crude protein intake (CPI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) dependent on dietary carbohydrate and lipid levels, showing positive effects of increasing carbohydrate levels only for fish-fed diets containing 80 g kg(-1) lipid level. However, when the diets contained 40 g kg(-1) lipid, the best energy productive value (EPV) results were obtained at 460 g kg(-1) carbohydrate. A higher usage of lipids (80 g kg(-1)) reduced CPI and was detrimental to protein [apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC)(CP)] and energy (ADC(GE)), but did not affect growth. The ADC(GE) improved proportionally as dietary carbohydrate levels increased (P < 0.05), increasing the concentration of digestible energy. In addition, the WG, CPI, ADC(GE) results showed best use of the energy from carbohydrates when dietary protein level was 250 g kg(-1) CP. The utilization of 250 g kg(-1) CP in feeds for juvenile pacu for optimal growth is suggested. Therefore, the optimum dietary lipid and carbohydrate levels depend on their combinations. It can be stated that pacu uses carbohydrates as effectively as lipids in the maximization of protein usage, as long as it is not lower than 250 g kg(-1) CP or approximately 230 g kg(-1) digestible protein.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS of AMAZON RIVER PRAWN FARMING TO THE MARKETS FOR LIVE BAIT and JUVENILES IN PANTANAL, BRAZIL

The implementation of a hypothetical aquaculture facility with hatchery, nursery and grow-out earthen ponds for raising the Amazon River Prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum in the Pantanal was considered. Eight larviculture cycles per year were projected: four to produce post-larvae for stocking in grow-out bait ponds, and four to stock nursery tanks to sell juveniles as seed to grow-out farms, which produce prawns for human consumption. Annual production would be 146,880 dozen bait prawns and 2,938 thousand juveniles. The assumed sale prices were US$ 1.38 per dozen baits and US$ 15.39 per thousand juveniles. The net present value was US$ 555,890.79, internal rate of return was 48% per year, payback period was 2.4 years and benefit-cost ratio was 3.90. The breakeven price to cover total costs per dozen baits was US$ 0.70 and per thousand juveniles was US$ 17.00, indicating that the selling price assumed for juveniles in base scenario is not realistic. Net return was US$ 84,773.80. The results indicate that this activity would be a lucrative and attractive investment in the Pantanal.

Transport of Pirarucu Arapaima gigas juveniles in plastic bag

Este estudo examinou as respostas de estresse de juvenis de pirarucu transportados em sistema fechado. Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) é um peixe nativo da bacia Amazônica, da família Osteoglossidae que possui respiração aérea obrigatória. Foi realizado um transporte de curta duração (6 h) em sacos de polietileno inflados com ar atmosférico (grupo ar) ou com oxigênio puro (grupo oxi). O oxigênio dissolvido foi o único parâmetro de qualidade da água que apresentou diferença estatística entre os grupos, e como esperado, o oxigênio estava supersaturado para o grupo oxi. Não houve mortalidade após o transporte em ambos os grupos. Os peixes se alimentaram 36 h após o transporte e apresentaram um consumo de ração habitual após 72 h. As respostas fisiológicas foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. O cortisol não apresentou mudança significativa durante o período de amostragem. Ao contrário da maioria das espécies, os valores de cortisol se apresentaram inalterados nos dois grupos durante a amostragem, enquanto a glicose teve um aumento significativo até 12 h após o transporte. Os resultados mostram que o transporte de pirarucu em sacos de polietileno pode ser realizado com ar atmosférico ou oxigênio puro, uma vez que as respostas de estresse, a qualidade da água e o comportamento alimentar após 36 h foram similar entre os grupos.

La educación intercultural bilingüe en la educación superior Argentina: identidades juveniles, diversidad cultural y políticas públicas

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Detection and Grading of Prostate Cancer in Temporal Enhanced Ultrasound using Convolutional Neural Networks

Prostate cancer is the most common non-dermatological cancer amongst men in the developed world. The current definitive diagnosis is core needle biopsy guided by transrectal ultrasound. However, this method suffers from low sensitivity and specificity in detecting cancer. Recently, a new ultrasound based tissue typing approach has been proposed, known as temporal enhanced ultrasound (TeUS). In this approach, a set of temporal ultrasound frames is collected from a stationary tissue location without any intentional mechanical excitation. The main aim of this thesis is to implement a deep learning-based solution for prostate cancer detection and grading using TeUS data. In the proposed solution, convolutional neural networks are trained to extract high-level features from time domain TeUS data in temporally and spatially adjacent frames in nine in vivo prostatectomy cases. This approach avoids information loss due to feature extraction and also improves cancer detection rate. The output likelihoods of two TeUS arrangements are then combined to form our novel decision support system. This deep learning-based approach results in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.80 and 0.73 for prostate cancer detection and grading, respectively, in leave-one-patient-out cross-validation. Recently, multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) has been utilized to improve detection rate of aggressive prostate cancer. In this thesis, for the first time, we present the fusion of mp-MRI and TeUS for characterization of prostate cancer to compensates the deficiencies of each image modalities and improve cancer detection rate. The results obtained using TeUS are fused with those attained using consolidated mp-MRI maps from multiple MR modalities and cancer delineations on those by multiple clinicians. The proposed fusion approach yields the AUC of 0.86 in prostate cancer detection. The outcomes of this thesis emphasize the viable potential of TeUS as a tissue typing method. Employing this ultrasound-based intervention, which is non-invasive and inexpensive, can be a valuable and practical addition to enhance the current prostate cancer detection.

Review of Two Issues at the Long-Term Commitment Facilities, Department of Juvenile Justice: 1)Safety Threat to Employees & Juveniles; and 2)Event Reporting Process Integrity Allegations

The Legislative Oversight Committee of the South Carolina House of Representatives, referred allegations pertaining to the Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) which were generated during its ongoing oversight study of DJJ. Specifically, the safety issues focused on lack of control; lack of trust; and lack of adequate staffing. This review’s scope and objectives were: Investigate specific complainant allegations of DJJ employees underreporting, misreporting, or destroying ERs; Review the efficiency and effectiveness of DJJ’s event reporting process and follow-up on anomalies or potential patterns of systemic underreporting, misreporting, or missing ERs; and Assess juvenile and employee safety conditions through interviewing a cross-section of relevant employees, record review, and possibly an employee survey.

Some aspects of grading Java code submissions in MOOCs

Recently, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have been offering a new online approach in the field of distance learning and online education. A typical MOOC course consists of video lectures, reading material and easily accessible tests for students. For a computer programming course, it is important to provide interactive, dynamic, online coding exercises and more complex programming assignments for learners. It is expedient for the students to receive prompt feedback on their coding submissions. Although MOOC automated programme evaluation subsystem is capable of assessing source programme files that are in learning management systems, in MOOC systems there is a grader that is responsible for evaluating students’ assignments with the result that course staff would be required to assess thousands of programmes submitted by the participants of the course without the benefit of an automatic grader. This paper presents a new concept for grading programming submissions of students and improved techniques based on the Java unit testing framework that enables automatic grading of code chunks. Some examples are also given such as the creation of unique exercises by dynamically generating the parameters of the assignment in a MOOC programming course combined with the kind of coding style recognition to teach coding standards.