Representation and Detection of Shapes in Images

We present a set of techniques that can be used to represent and detect shapes in images. Our methods revolve around a particular shape representation based on the description of objects using triangulated polygons. This representation is similar to the medial axis transform and has important properties from a computational perspective. The first problem we consider is the detection of non-rigid objects in images using deformable models. We present an efficient algorithm to solve this problem in a wide range of situations, and show examples in both natural and medical images. We also consider the problem of learning an accurate non-rigid shape model for a class of objects from examples. We show how to learn good models while constraining them to the form required by the detection algorithm. Finally, we consider the problem of low-level image segmentation and grouping. We describe a stochastic grammar that generates arbitrary triangulated polygons while capturing Gestalt principles of shape regularity. This grammar is used as a prior model over random shapes in a low level algorithm that detects objects in images.

Visual Segmentation without Classification in a Model of the Primary Visual Cortex

Stimuli outside classical receptive fields significantly influence the neurons' activities in primary visual cortex. We propose that such contextual influences are used to segment regions by detecting the breakdown of homogeneity or translation invariance in the input, thus computing global region boundaries using local interactions. This is implemented in a biologically based model of V1, and demonstrated in examples of texture segmentation and figure-ground segregation. By contrast with traditional approaches, segmentation occurs without classification or comparison of features within or between regions and is performed by exactly the same neural circuit responsible for the dual problem of the grouping and enhancement of contours.

Statistical Models for Co-occurrence Data

Modeling and predicting co-occurrences of events is a fundamental problem of unsupervised learning. In this contribution we develop a statistical framework for analyzing co-occurrence data in a general setting where elementary observations are joint occurrences of pairs of abstract objects from two finite sets. The main challenge for statistical models in this context is to overcome the inherent data sparseness and to estimate the probabilities for pairs which were rarely observed or even unobserved in a given sample set. Moreover, it is often of considerable interest to extract grouping structure or to find a hierarchical data organization. A novel family of mixture models is proposed which explain the observed data by a finite number of shared aspects or clusters. This provides a common framework for statistical inference and structure discovery and also includes several recently proposed models as special cases. Adopting the maximum likelihood principle, EM algorithms are derived to fit the model parameters. We develop improved versions of EM which largely avoid overfitting problems and overcome the inherent locality of EM--based optimization. Among the broad variety of possible applications, e.g., in information retrieval, natural language processing, data mining, and computer vision, we have chosen document retrieval, the statistical analysis of noun/adjective co-occurrence and the unsupervised segmentation of textured images to test and evaluate the proposed algorithms.

Logistics Network Design with Differentiated Delivery Lead-Time: Benefits and Insights

Most logistics network design models assume exogenous customer demand that is independent of the service time or level. This paper examines the benefits of segmenting demand according to lead-time sensitivity of customers. To capture lead-time sensitivity in the network design model, we use a facility grouping method to ensure that the different demand classes are satisfied on time. In addition, we perform a series of computational experiments to develop a set of managerial insights for the network design decision making process.

CoDa-dendrogram: A new exploratory too

The use of orthonormal coordinates in the simplex and, particularly, balance coordinates, has suggested the use of a dendrogram for the exploratory analysis of compositional data. The dendrogram is based on a sequential binary partition of a compositional vector into groups of parts. At each step of a partition, one group of parts is divided into two new groups, and a balancing axis in the simplex between both groups is defined. The set of balancing axes constitutes an orthonormal basis, and the projections of the sample on them are orthogonal coordinates. They can be represented in a dendrogram-like graph showing: (a) the way of grouping parts of the compositional vector; (b) the explanatory role of each subcomposition generated in the partition process; (c) the decomposition of the total variance into balance components associated with each binary partition; (d) a box-plot of each balance. This representation is useful to help the interpretation of balance coordinates; to identify which are the most explanatory coordinates; and to describe the whole sample in a single diagram independently of the number of parts of the sample

A Factor analysis of hidrochemical composition of Llobregat river basin

Hydrogeological research usually includes some statistical studies devised to elucidate mean background state, characterise relationships among different hydrochemical parameters, and show the influence of human activities. These goals are achieved either by means of a statistical approach or by mixing models between end-members. Compositional data analysis has proved to be effective with the first approach, but there is no commonly accepted solution to the end-member problem in a compositional framework. We present here a possible solution based on factor analysis of compositions illustrated with a case study. We find two factors on the compositional bi-plot fitting two non-centered orthogonal axes to the most representative variables. Each one of these axes defines a subcomposition, grouping those variables that lay nearest to it. With each subcomposition a log-contrast is computed and rewritten as an equilibrium equation. These two factors can be interpreted as the isometric log-ratio coordinates (ilr) of three hidden components, that can be plotted in a ternary diagram. These hidden components might be interpreted as end-members. We have analysed 14 molarities in 31 sampling stations all along the Llobregat River and its tributaries, with a monthly measure during two years. We have obtained a bi-plot with a 57% of explained total variance, from which we have extracted two factors: factor G, reflecting geological background enhanced by potash mining; and factor A, essentially controlled by urban and/or farming wastewater. Graphical representation of these two factors allows us to identify three extreme samples, corresponding to pristine waters, potash mining influence and urban sewage influence. To confirm this, we have available analysis of diffused and widespread point sources identified in the area: springs, potash mining lixiviates, sewage, and fertilisers. Each one of these sources shows a clear link with one of the extreme samples, except fertilisers due to the heterogeneity of their composition. This approach is a useful tool to distinguish end-members, and characterise them, an issue generally difficult to solve. It is worth note that the end-member composition cannot be fully estimated but only characterised through log-ratio relationships among components. Moreover, the influence of each endmember in a given sample must be evaluated in relative terms of the other samples. These limitations are intrinsic to the relative nature of compositional data

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Características clínicas y sociodemográficas de pacientes colombianos con Síndrome de Sjögren solo y asociado a otras enfermedades autoinmunes

Introducción: Dado que una de las principales comorbilidades asociadas al síndrome de Sjögren es la presencia de otra enfermedad autoinmune, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la frecuencia de poliautoinmunidad en pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren y evaluar sus factores asociados. Métodos: Este fue un estudio de corte transversal en el que 410 pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren (por criterios del Consenso Americano-Europeo, incluyendo biopsia positiva) fueron sistemáticamente incluidos e investigados para la presencia de otra enfermedad autoinmune. Los datos recogidos fueron evaluados mediante análisis de regresión logística y el índice de Rogers y Tanimoto para evaluar factores asociados y agrupamiento. Resultados: Hubo 134 (32.6%) de pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren y otra enfermedad autoinmune. La enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune, artritis reumatoide, lupus eritematosos sistémico y enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal fueron observados en un 21.5%, 8.3%, 7.6% y 0.7% respectivamente. Hubo 35 (8.5%) pacientes con síndrome autoinmune múltiple. El hábito de fumar, historia previa de abortos, positividad de los anticuerpos antinucleares (ANAS) y una mayor duración de la enfermedad fueron los factores de riesgo más fuertes para el desarrollo de poliautoinmunidad. Discusión: Este estudio da a conocer la alta prevalencia de poliautoinmunidad en una población bien definida de pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren, los factores asociados para el desarrollo de esta complicación y su patrón de agrupamiento. Estos resultados pueden servir para definir enfoques plausibles para estudiar los mecanismos comunes de las enfermedades autoinmunes.

Introducing polyautoimmunity: secondary autoimmune diseases no longer exist

Similar pathophysiological mechanisms within autoimmune diseases have stimulated searches for common genetic roots. Polyautoimmunity is defined as the presence of more than one autoimmune disease in a single patient. When three or more autoimmune diseases coexist, this condition is called multiple autoimmune syndrome (MAS). We analyzed the presence of polyautoimmunity in 1,083 patients belonging to four autoimmune disease cohorts. Polyautoimmunity was observed in 373 patients (34.4%). Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS) were the most frequent diseases encountered. Factors significantly associated with polyautoimmunity were female gender and familial autoimmunity. Through a systematic literature review, an updated search was done for all MAS cases (January 2006–September 2011). There were 142 articles retrieved corresponding to 226 cases. Next, we performed a clustering analysis in which AITD followed by systemic lupus erythematosus and SS were the most hierarchical diseases encountered. Our results indicate that coexistence of autoimmune diseases is not uncommon and follows a grouping pattern. Polyautoimmunity is the term proposed for this association of disorders, which encompasses the concept of a common origin for these diseases.

Factores psicológicos asociados al desempeño académico en los cursos universitarios de estadística: diferencias por sexo y área de titulación

Se examinaron factores auto-perceptivos (autoconcepto,autoeficacia) y actitudinales referentes a la estadísticapara determinar si las interacciones entre el perfil autoperceptivo/actitudinal del estudiante, el sexo y el área detitulación se asocian con el rendimiento académico y laansiedad estadística. En una muestra de estudiantes universitarioscolombianos (178 mujeres, 154 hombres), losanálisis de conglomerados revelaron dos perfiles autoperceptivos/actitudinales significativamente distintos,según los niveles bajos (perfil-1) o altos (perfil-2) en lasvariables de agrupación (autoconcepto, autoeficacia yactitudes hacia la estadística). Los análisis de varianzay de covarianza mostraron que el perfil auto-perceptivo/actitudinal de los estudiantes tiene un efecto significativoen el rendimiento y la ansiedad estadística, que varía porsexo y área de titulación. Los hallazgos contrastan conlos de otros estudios que examinan los mismos constructosseparadamente.

Desigualdad y polarización del PIB por habitante en Colombia

El concepto y la medición de la polarización de una distribución han atraído la atención de los economistas en los últimos años. De manera independiente, Esteban-Ray y Wolfson han conceptualizado la noción de polarización y propuesto índices para medirla. De igual manera, Lasso de la Vega desarrolla una extensión del indicador propuesto por Esteban-Ray.Los índices de polarización tratan de estimar, dada una distribución de renta, en qué medida la población está agrupada en torno a un número de polos. Esta noción está ligada al concepto de desigualdad y surge como resultado de la deficiencia de las medidas tradicionales de desigualdad de distinguir adecuadamente entre convergencia a una media global o agrupamiento en torno a medias locales.Con este conjunto de indicadores se desarrolla una aplicación para el caso de los departamentos colombianos durante el período 1984-2004 con base en la información del PIB publicada por el Departamento Nacional de Estadística (DANE). De aquí se concluye que el proceso de desigualdad inter-regional en Colombia ha estado acompañado por una disminución de la polarización.-----The concept and measurement of the distribution polarization have appealed the economists’ attention in the past few years. Independently, Esteban- Ray and Wolfson have conceptualized the polarization notion and proposed the indices for its measurement. Similarly, Lasso de la Vega developed an extension to the indicator proposed by Esteban-Ray.Polarization indices are intended to estimate, given an income distribution, how much the population is grouped around a number of poles. This notion is linked to the concept of inequality and arises out of the traditional inequality measurements inability to properly distinguish between convergence to a global average or grouping around local averages.This suite of indicators is used on an application developed for the case of the Colombian departments in the 1984-2004 period based on the GDP data published by the Departamento Nacional de Estadística (Colombian statistics agency, DANE). The conclusion is that the cross-region inequality in Colombia has been accompanied by a polarization reduction.

Adaptaciones en la enseñanza de los maestros de educación general : repercusiones de las respuestas de inclusión.

Resumen tomado de la publicación. Monográfico con el título: 'La educación ante la inclusión del alumnado con necesidades específicas de apoyo'

An octree isosurface codification based on discrete planes

Describes a method to code a decimated model of an isosurface on an octree representation while maintaining volume data if it is needed. The proposed technique is based on grouping the marching cubes (MC) patterns into five configurations according the topology and the number of planes of the surface that are contained in a cell. Moreover, the discrete number of planes on which the surface lays is fixed. Starting from a complete volume octree, with the isosurface codified at terminal nodes according to the new configuration, a bottom-up strategy is taken for merging cells. Such a strategy allows one to implicitly represent co-planar faces in the upper octree levels without introducing any error. At the end of this merging process, when it is required, a reconstruction strategy is applied to generate the surface contained in the octree intersected leaves. Some examples with medical data demonstrate that a reduction of up to 50% in the number of polygons can be achieved

Survival of European patients diagnosed with lymphoid neoplasms in 2000-2002: results of the HAEMACARE project

The European Cancer Registry-based project on hematologic malignancies (HAEMACARE), set up to improve the availability and standardization of data on hematologic malignancies in Europe, used the European Cancer Registry-based project on survival and care of cancer patients (EUROCARE-4) database to produce a new grouping of hematologic neoplasma(defined by the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition and the 2001/2008 World Health Organization classifications) for epidemiological and public health purposes. We analyzed survival for lymphoid neoplasms in Europe by disease group, comparing survival between different European regions by age and sex. Design and Methods Incident neoplasms recorded between 1995 to 2002 in 48 population-based cancer registries in 20 countries participating in EUROCARE-4 were analyzed. The period approach was used to estimate 5-year relative survival rates for patients diagnosed in 2000-2002, who did not have 5 years of follow up. Results: The 5-year relative survival rate was 57% overall but varied markedly between the defined groups. Variation in survival within the groups was relatively limited across European regions and less than in previous years. Survival differences between men and women were small. The relative survival for patients with all lymphoid neoplasms decreased substantially after the age of 50. The proportion of ‘not otherwise specified’ diagnoses increased with advancing age.Conclusions: This is the first study to analyze survival of patients with lymphoid neoplasms, divided into groups characterized by similar epidemiological and clinical characteristics, providing a benchmark for more detailed analyses. This Europe-wide study suggests that previously noted differences in survival between regions have tended to decrease. The survival of patients with all neoplasms decreased markedly with age, while the proportion of ‘not otherwise specified’ diagnoses increased with advancing age. Thus the quality of diagnostic work-up and care decreased with age, suggesting that older patients may not be receiving optimal treatment

Estudi de mètodes de classificació borrosa i la seva aplicació a l'agrupació de zones geogràfiques en base a diverses característiques incertes

Aquesta memòria està estructurada en sis capítols amb l'objectiu final de fonamentar i desenvolupar les eines matemàtiques necessàries per a la classificació de conjunts de subconjunts borrosos. El nucli teòric del treball el formen els capítols 3, 4 i 5; els dos primers són dos capítols de caire més general, i l'últim és una aplicació dels anteriors a la classificació dels països de la Unió Europea en funció de determinades característiques borroses. En el capítol 1 s'analitzen les diferents connectives borroses posant una especial atenció en aquells aspectes que en altres capítols tindran una aplicació específica. És per aquest motiu que s'estudien les ordenacions de famílies de t-normes, donada la seva importància en la transitivitat de les relacions borroses. La verificació del principi del terç exclòs és necessària per assegurar que un conjunt significatiu de mesures borroses generalitzades, introduïdes en el capítol 3, siguin reflexives. Estudiem per a quines t-normes es verifica aquesta propietat i introduïm un nou conjunt de t-normes que verifiquen aquest principi. En el capítol 2 es fa un recorregut general per les relacions borroses centrant-nos en l'estudi de la clausura transitiva per a qualsevol t-norma, el càlcul de la qual és en molts casos fonamental per portar a terme el procés de classificació. Al final del capítol s'exposa un procediment pràctic per al càlcul d'una relació borrosa amb l'ajuda d'experts i de sèries estadístiques. El capítol 3 és un monogràfic sobre mesures borroses. El primer objectiu és relacionar les mesures (o distàncies) usualment utilitzades en les aplicacions borroses amb les mesures conjuntistes crisp. Es tracta d'un enfocament diferent del tradicional enfocament geomètric. El principal resultat és la introducció d'una família parametritzada de mesures que verifiquen unes propietats de caràcter conjuntista prou satisfactòries. L'estudi de la verificació del principi del terç exclòs té aquí la seva aplicació sobre la reflexivitat d'aquestes mesures, que són estudiades amb una certa profunditat en alguns casos particulars. El capítol 4 és, d'entrada, un repàs dels principals resultats i mètodes borrosos per a la classificació dels elements d'un mateix conjunt de subconjunts borrosos. És aquí on s'apliquen els resultats sobre les ordenacions de les famílies de t-normes i t-conormes estudiades en el capítol 1. S'introdueix un nou mètode de clusterització, canviant la matriu de la relació borrosa cada vegada que s'obté un nou clúster. Aquest mètode permet homogeneïtzar la metodologia del càlcul de la relació borrosa amb el mètode de clusterització. El capítol 5 tracta sobre l'agrupació d'objectes de diferent naturalesa; és a dir, subconjunts borrosos que pertanyen a diferents conjunts. Aquesta teoria ja ha estat desenvolupada en el cas binari; aquí, el que es presenta és la seva generalització al cas n-ari. Més endavant s'estudien certs aspectes de les projeccions de la relació sobre un cert espai i el recíproc, l'estudi de cilindres de relacions predeterminades. Una aplicació sobre l'agrupació de les comarques gironines en funció de certes variables borroses es presenta al final del capítol. L'últim capítol és eminentment pràctic, ja que s'aplica allò estudiat principalment en els capítols 3 i 4 a la classificació dels països de la Unió Europea en funció de determinades característiques borroses. Per tal de fer previsions per a anys venidors s'han utilitzat sèries temporals i xarxes neuronals. S'han emprat diverses mesures i mètodes de clusterització per tal de poder comparar els diversos dendogrames que resulten del procés de clusterització. Finalment, als annexos es poden consultar les sèries estadístiques utilitzades, la seva extrapolació, els càlculs per a la construcció de les matrius de les relacions borroses, les matrius de mesura i les seves clausures.