Diversidade de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) em um mosaico de paisagens na Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, RJ, Sudeste do Brasil

A Mata Atlântica brasileira é um dos biomas mais ameaçados do planeta e abriga uma das maiores biodiversidades conhecidas dentre os ecossistemas terrestres. Este bioma apresenta uma mastofauna diversificada e em algumas áreas as taxocenoses de morcegos podem representar mais da metade de toda a riqueza local de mamíferos. Diante da variedade de hábitos alimentares, suas interações ecológicas e abundância na Mata Atlântica fluminense, a análise da comunidade de morcegos torna-se crucial para subsidiar planos de manejo. Apesar do Rio de Janeiro ser um dos estados mais bem amostrados para morcegos, muitos locais ainda não foram amostrados satisfatoriamente e ainda sabemos pouco sobre a dinâmica das comunidades de morcegos em paisagens fragmentadas. De maio de 2011 a julho de 2014, realizamos 72 noites de amostragens em seis diferentes usos de solo numa paisagem fragmentada na Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, município de Cachoeiras de Macacu, região metropolitana do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Sudeste do Brasil. Utilizamos 10 redes de neblina de 9 x 3m, abertas durante toda a noite (média de 12 horas por noite), totalizando um esforço de captura de 233280 m.h. Esta dissertação está dividida em dois capítulos. No primeiro, baseando-se nos dados obtidos e na literatura, sugerimos algumas diretrizes para o desenho amostral de inventários de morcegos, apresentando a importância de cada diretriz para maximizar o sucesso na amostragem de morcegos na Mata Atlântica do Sudeste do Brasil. No segundo capítulo, investigamos as diferenças na riqueza de espécies, abundância e guildas tróficas entre os seis usos de solo amostrados e discuto a distribuição das espécies entre elas. Nós capturamos 1821 morcegos distribuídos em três famílias: Phyllostomidae (25 espécies), Molossidae (3 espécies) e Vespertilionidae (6 espécies). Outras duas espécies de duas famílias, Noctilionidae e Thyropteridae, foram registradas por observações diretas (sem capturas), totalizando 36 espécies de morcegos para a Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. Os morcegos frugívoros representaram 82,7% das capturas. As maiores riquezas de espécies foram registradas na área antropizada (22 espécies) e borda de floresta contínua (21 espécies) enquanto as menores foram na floresta contínua (13 espécies) e no fragmento pequeno (10 espécies). A mesma tendência foi encontrada para as guildas tróficas. Sete guildas foram registradas na área antropizada e na borda de floresta, enquanto apenas cinco na floresta contínua e três no fragmento pequeno. O escalonamento multidimensional não-métrico (NMDS) e análise de Cluster, ambos com a dissimilaridade de Bray-Curtis, mostraram a separação dos usos de solo em grupos distintos dependendo do grau de alteração dos mesmos.

濒危植物大花黄牡丹种子休眠与萌发特性研究

本文以中国极危种大花黄牡丹种子为研究材料，对其种子生物学、休眠与萌发特性进行研究，采用变温层积和激素处理解除种子休眠，并通过生物抑制物测试、胚培养、激素含量动态变化的测定，研究种子休眠的原因，从根本上解决了大花黄牡丹迁地保护过程中种子繁殖的技术难题，并初步探讨了大花黄牡丹致濒因素与种子休眠及萌发特性的关系，结果表明： 1.大花黄牡丹种子饱实度高，活力强，种皮较坚硬，但不存在吸水障碍，干燥条件下易因失水而丧失活力。迁地保护冷室中盆播18个月方可出苗，出苗率约4%;变温层积实验表明该种具有典型的下胚轴休眠和上胚轴生长抑制。 2.胚组织培养表明：带胚乳和种皮的胚不能萌发，剥除种皮和胚乳后，胚根可萌发，胚芽不生长，GA3处理上胚轴可促进生长，说明种皮和胚乳是导致大花黄牡丹种子下胚轴休眠的关键因素，而上胚轴生长抑制与胚本身关系更密切。 3.抑制物质提取实验表明：大花黄牡丹种子胚乳、种皮、胚等各部位的浸提液均存在抑制小白菜种子萌发的物质，且抑制作用依次增强，说明胚乳和胚是其下胚轴休眠的主要原因。经过暖层积（15 ℃/90 d）种子（未解除上胚轴生长抑制）的胚根、子叶、胚轴浸提液对小白菜和已解除休眠的大花黄牡丹种子的萌发均有不同程度的抑制作用，并依次减弱，说明种胚本身的抑制物质是导致生理休眠的主要原因。 4.变温层积处理和外源激素实验表明：新鲜种子采收后15 ℃暖层积3个月生根率可达85%，下胚轴休眠解除对温度要求严格，高于或低于15 ℃及变温条件均不利于下胚轴萌发;暖层积90d、根长大于6 cm种子再经过60～80 d/ 5 ℃冷层积，即可有效解除大花黄牡丹种子上胚轴的生长抑制，出芽率达80%，最终出苗率68%。不同浓度GA3及不同处理时间促进上胚轴伸长实验结果显示，GA3　400 mg/L浸种根长大于1.5 cm的种子2 h，出芽率可达100%，可以完全解除上胚轴的生长抑制作用。 5.休眠萌发过程中种子各部位内源激素含量动态变化分析结果说明，初始状态脱落酸含量高是导致大花黄牡丹种子下胚轴休眠、上胚轴生长抑制的主要原因之一，且上胚轴抑制与子叶、下胚轴和根的脱落酸含量密切相关;同时认为种子各部位初始生长素含量水平低是导致其休眠的另一个主要原因;变温层积过程中胚各部位脱落酸含量的急剧下降和生长素的迅速升高是解除休眠的关键;同时发现赤霉素在解除休眠和促进萌发过程中起着重要的促进作用，外源GA3能够有效地打破上胚轴的深度休眠。玉米素核苷在休眠与萌发进程中变化趋势与生长素和赤霉素相似，说明其对种子胚根和上胚轴的萌发和生长具有一定的促进作用。

番茄种子萌发的高温耐性诱导及其生理效应

番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Miller）原产于南美西部高原地带，适应原产地赤道附近高地干燥冷凉的气候特点，不耐高温多湿，种子萌发期间对高温非常敏感。本研究以佳粉17番茄种子为材料，试图寻找诱导番茄种子萌发期间高温耐性的方法，并通过研究高温耐性被诱导前后种子内部发生的生理生化变化，探索番茄种子萌发期间不耐高温以及高温耐性诱导的机理。试验结果显示： 25 ℃是种子萌发的最适温度，种子发芽率为97.5%。高温抑制种子的萌发，33 ℃和35 ℃条件下萌发率分别为58.5%和8.5%。 萌发适宜温度预吸胀、低温预吸胀、吸湿-回干预处理可提高番茄种子萌发期间的高温耐性，而水杨酸处理则没有明显效果。种子经25 ℃预吸胀30 h、0 ℃预吸胀10 h、吸湿-回干预处理后在33 ℃条件下的萌发率分别为81.5%、78.0%、90%，在35 ℃下的萌发率分别达到33.5%、42%、48.5%。经以上处理后，种子萌发速率提高，萌发高峰期提前，幼苗生长健壮，根干重增加，活力指数变大。 番茄种子萌发期间遭受高温危害时，电解质渗漏增加，相对电导率升高；脂膜过氧化作用加剧，其产物MDA的含量增加。经萌发适宜温度预吸胀、低温预吸胀、吸湿-回干等方法预处理后，高温伤害减轻，膜的完整性增强，电解质渗漏减缓，膜脂过氧化作用减弱，因而相对电导率降低，MDA含量减少。 高温抑制了抗氧化酶的活性，种子内部SOD、APX、CAT、GR等抗氧化酶活性降低。经萌发适宜温度预吸胀、低温预吸胀、吸湿-回干等方法预处理以后，抗氧化酶活性有不同程度的提高，清除细胞内超氧阴离子自由基的能力增强，因而使过氧化伤害减弱， 适宜温度预吸胀、低温预吸胀、吸湿-回干等预处理方法在保护生物膜的同时，增强抗氧化作用，抑制过氧化伤害，从而提高了番茄种子萌发的高温耐性，这是番茄种子高温耐性提高的生理机制之一。

Preparation and characterization of Si sheets by renewed SSP technique

Silicon sheets from powder (SSP) ribbons have been prepared by modified SSP technique using electronic-grade (9N purity) silicon powder. The surface morphology, crystallographic quality, composition and electric properties of the SSP ribbons were investigated by surface profiler, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), metallurgical microscope, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and four-point probe apparatus, respectively. The results show that the SSP ribbon made from electronic-grade silicon powder is a suitable candidate for the substrates of crystalline silicon thin film (CSiTF) solar cells, which could meet the primary requirements of CSiTF solar cell process on the substrates, including surface smoothness, crystallographic quality, purity and electric conductivity, etc. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

生态恢复后的千烟洲植物群落种类组成及结构特征

Qianyanzhou(QYZ) Ecological Station established in 1983 with an area of 204 hm~2 is affiliated to the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network.Before 1982,herbs had been dominant,sparsely dotted with shrubs.After 20-year restoration of the vegetation,the vegetation showed significant changes in both forest coverage and species diversity.Forest coverage had increased to 93.3% in 1999 from 0.4% in 1982.The vegetation could be broadly classified into two groups: artificial forest,accounting for the most percent,and natural secondary forest.These two groups could be subdivided into 12 types.Based on the 2003 field work,The authors studied plant community composition and vertical structure.The results were as follows: 1) On the study plots were there about 150 species,of which 100,49,and 47 grew in arbor layer and shrub layer and herb layer,respectively.Of 12 community types,the amount of species in shrub layer was larger than that of other two layers.As to the species richness in the different community types,Liquidambar formosana community showed the highest and Imperata cylindrical var.major community the least.The amount of species in arbor layer of artificial forest was smaller than those of natural Pinus massoniana forest,but no difference in understory.2) Loropetalum chinense,Quercus fabric and Vaccinium bracteatum were dominant shrub species with a wide distribution.Three ferns Woodwardia japonica、Dryopteris atrata and Dicrannepteris dichotoma were dominant herb species.Lianas were sparse,but Milletlia reticulata were found in all forest types.3) Up to now some natural regeneration species,such as Eurya muricata、Quercus fabri、Vaccinium bracteatum、Rhus chinensis、Adinandra bockiana,had grown in the arbor layer of artificial forests.Some herb species,such as Arundinella setosa、Miscanthus floridulus、Isachne globosa、Scirpus triqueter,which were dominant ones in the herb layer before the restoration of vegetation,disappeared now.4) The vertical structure of natural Pinus massoniana community and Liquidambar formosana community showed more complex comparing with artificial forests.For the artificial forests,the conifer and broad-leaves mixed forest had a more complex structure.In both natural Pinus(massoniana) community and Liquidambar formosana community,it was dominated by individuals with height of 3～4 m,while 10～12 m in the artificial forests.

Electrospun palladium nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofibers and their electrocatalytic activities towards hydrogen peroxide and NADH

Palladium nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofibers (Pd/CNFs) were synthesized by the combination of electrospinning and thermal treatment processes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that spherical Pd nanoparticles (NPs) are well-dispersed on the surfaces of CNFs or embedded in CNFs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates that cubic phase of Pd was formed during the reduction and carbonization processes, and the presence of Pd NPs promoted the graphitization of CNFs. This nanocomposite material exhibited high electric conductivity and accelerated the electron transfer, as verified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV).

Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole-polyurethane cationomer composites

Poly(ether urethane) cationomers based on poly(oxytetramethylene), 4,4'-bibenzyldiisocyanate, N-methyldiethanolamine as chain extender, and acrylic acid/poly(acrylic acid) as quaternization agent were synthesized. Pyrrole (15 wt.-%) was polymerized in films of the ionomer containing CuCl2. The films were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The electric conductivity of the film without polypyrrole is 7.5 . 10(-12) Omega(-1)cm(-1), while incorporation of polypyrrole increases the conductivity to 4.5 . 10(-6) Omega(-1) cm(-1).

青藏高原矮嵩草草甸种子库的初步研究

The seed bank of Kobresia humilis meadow in Qing- Zang Plateau was preliminaryly studied and the relationships among seed bank , seed rain and above-ground vegetation were compared and analysed.The results showed that there were 23 species in the seed bank in both of green up and withering stage. In species composition of the seed bank ,Ranunculaceae and Leguminosae were dominant ,while the percentage of Cyperaceae and Gramineae were lower. The percentage of K. humilis seeds was relatively lower with 0. 97 % in green up stage and 1. 97 % in withering stage. The species composition of the seed bank correlated with that of the seed rain ( r = 0. 7505 , P < 0. 01) ,and there were 18 common species which was 78. 3 %of species of the seed bank. Only 41. 81 %of above-ground vegetation species presented in the seed bank. The seed numbers of the dominant plant species in vegetation were smaller , with lower percentage in the seed bank. Therefore , the dominant vegetation of K. humilis et al. mainly depended on vegetative reproduction to maintain and strengthen. From vegetation to the seed bank in green up stage ,the species diversity decreased by 9. 94 %. It implied that the seed bank was the source of vegetation regeneration , but also a mechanism of preserving species diversity of the plants.

Conductive junctions with parallel graphene sheets.

The establishment of conductive graphene-molecule-graphene junction is investigated through first-principles electronic structure calculations and quantum transport calculations. The junction consists of a conjugated molecule connecting two parallel graphene sheets. The effects of molecular electronic states, structure relaxation, and molecule-graphene contact on the conductance of the junction are explored. A conductance as large as 0.38 conductance quantum is found achievable with an appropriately oriented dithiophene bridge. This work elucidates the designing principles of promising nanoelectronic devices based on conductive graphene-molecule-graphene junctions.

Radium and barium removal through blending hydraulic fracturing fluids with acid mine drainage.

Wastewaters generated during hydraulic fracturing of the Marcellus Shale typically contain high concentrations of salts, naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), and metals, such as barium, that pose environmental and public health risks upon inadequate treatment and disposal. In addition, fresh water scarcity in dry regions or during periods of drought could limit shale gas development. This paper explores the possibility of using alternative water sources and their impact on NORM levels through blending acid mine drainage (AMD) effluent with recycled hydraulic fracturing flowback fluids (HFFFs). We conducted a series of laboratory experiments in which the chemistry and NORM of different mix proportions of AMD and HFFF were examined after reacting for 48 h. The experimental data combined with geochemical modeling and X-ray diffraction analysis suggest that several ions, including sulfate, iron, barium, strontium, and a large portion of radium (60-100%), precipitated into newly formed solids composed mainly of Sr barite within the first ∼ 10 h of mixing. The results imply that blending AMD and HFFF could be an effective management practice for both remediation of the high NORM in the Marcellus HFFF wastewater and beneficial utilization of AMD that is currently contaminating waterways in northeastern U.S.A.

Differential physico-chemical tolerances of amphipod species revealed by field transplantations

Physico-chemical regimes of river systems are major determinants of the distributions and relative abundances of macroinvertebrate taxa. Other factors, however, such as biotic interactions, may co-vary with changes in physico-chemistry and concomitant changes in community composition. Thus, direct cause and effect relationships may not always be established from field surveys. Equally, however, laboratory studies may suffer from lack of realism in extrapolation to the field. Here, we use balanced field transplantation experiments to elucidate the role of physico-chemical regime in determining the generally mutually exclusive distributions of two amphipod taxa, Gammarus (two species) and Crangonyx pseudogracilis. Within two river systems in Ireland, the former species dominate stretches of well oxygenated, high-quality water, whereas the latter dominates stretches of poorly oxygenated, low-quality water. G. pulex and G. duebeni celticus did not survive in bioassay tubes in areas dominated by C. pseudogracilis, which itself survived in tubes in such areas. However, both C. pseudogracilis and Gammarus spp. survived equally well in tubes in areas dominated by Gammarus spp. Physicochemical regime thus limits the movement of Gammarus spp. into C. pseudogracilis areas, but some other factor excludes C. pseudogracilis from Gammarus spp. areas. Since previous laboratory experiments showed high predation rates of Gammarus spp. on C. pseudogracilis, we propose that predation by the former causes exclusion of the latter. Hence, presumed effects of physico-chemical regime on macroinvertebrate presence/abundance may often require experimental field testing and appreciation of alternative explanations.

Pattern formation of chevrons in the conduction regime in homeotropically aligned liquid crystals

We report on chevrons (herringbonelike patterns) observed in homeotropically aligned liquid crystals with high electric conductivity. We focus our attention on two types of chevrons observed in the conduction regime. The threshold voltage and the characteristic double periodicity of chevrons (i.e., the short wavelength lambda(1) of the striated rolls and the long wavelength lambda(2) Of the chevron bands) have been measured as functions of the applied electric frequency f. With the aid of a crossed polarizer set, we have, in addition, determined the director field which shows a periodic in-plane rotation for our chevrons (with a wavelength lambda(2)) We arrived at the types of chevrons after qualitatively different bifurcation sequences with increasing voltage. The frequency dependence of lambda(2) also shows a qualitatively different behavior with respect to the two types of chevrons. The experimental results are discussed in terms of recent theoretical investigations.

Large-scale density functional calculations of the surface properties of the Wigner crystal

The surface properties of the jellium model have been investigated by large supercell computations in the density functional theory-local spin-density (DFT-LSD) approach for planar slabs with up to 1000 electrons. A wide interval of densities has been explored, extending into the stability range of the Wigner crystal. Most computations have been carried out on nominally paramagnetic samples with an equal number of spin-up and spin-down electrons. The results show that within DFT-LSD spontaneous spin polarization and charge localization start nearly simultaneously at the surface for r(s) similar to 20, then, with decreasing density, they progress toward the center of the slab. Electrons are fully localized and spin polarized at r(s) = 30. At this density the charge distribution is the superposition of disjoint charge blobs, each corresponding to one electron. The distribution of blobs displays both regularities and disorder, the first being represented by well-defined planes and simple in-plane geometries, and the latter by a variety of surface defects. The surface energy, surface dipole, electric polarisability, and magnetization pattern have been determined as a function of density. All these quantities display characteristic anomalies at the density of the localization transition. The analysis of the low-frequency electric conductivity shows that in the fluid paramagnetic regime the in-plane current preferentially flows in the central region of the slab and the two spin channels are equally conducting. In the charge localized, spin-polarized regime, conductivity is primarily a surface effect, and an apparent asymmetry is observed in the two spin currents.

3D Analysis of Heat Transfer Intensification by Re-Entrance Flow Pin-Fins Microstructures with a Highly Thermal-Conductive Plate

Joule heat-induced hot-spot formation sets severe limits in the operation of continuous annular electrochromatography (CAEC), a new concept for preparative separation as an analog to analytical capillary electrochromatography (CEC). This may lead to eluent flow perturbance, even to boiling, which would massively weaken separation efficiency and may even hamper the stationary phase used for separation. For reasons of system integration and high-efficiency heat transfer, micro flow heat exchangers are considered with a separate coolant flow. A 3D numerical analysis of the heat transfer of water single-phase laminar flow in a square microchannel and different arrays of micro pin-fins was carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics. Several advanced materials with low electric conductivity and at the same time with high heat conductivity were put forward to be used in the CAEC system. As essential design point, it is proposed to constitute the micro heat exchanger from two different parts of the CAEC system, namely a microstructured pin-fins plate and a so-called conductive plate.

Response to salinity in young olive trees of three Iberian varieties

Soil salinization is a problem in the Mediterranean region. This paper reports a research on the response to salt in two year-old olive trees (Olea europaea L.) of three Iberian varieties: Arbequina, Cobrançosa and Galega Vulgar. Plants were grown in plastic pots containing approximately 9 Kg of a sandy granitic soil, on a greenhouse at the University of Évora since February 2010. The experiment went from February to April 2012. As a rule, plants were watered every other day alternating salt solution (0 mM, 80 mM or 200 mM NaCl) or tap water. After three months irrigation with the different NaCl solutions, soil electric conductivity and soil water content were significantly higher on salt-irrigated pots. Salt also decreased significantly stomatal conductance (gs) and mid-day leaf water potential (), Cobrançosa having in general higher gs and but lower SLA than the two other varieties. Chlorophyll content of leaves was not affected by salt after this three months exposure to NaCl but was significantly higher on Arbequina and lower on Cobrançosa. In general, hyperspectral reflectance indexes did not show significant correlations with salt irrigation, except for the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) which was clearly lower on plants of all three varieties irrigated with salt. Interestingly, Cobrançosa showed frequently vegetation indexes different from the other two varieties.