Belief change with noisy sensing in the situation calculus

Situation calculus has been applied widely in arti?cial intelligence to model and reason about actions and changes in dynamic systems. Since actions carried out by agents will cause constant changes of the agents’ beliefs, how to manage
these changes is a very important issue. Shapiro et al. [22] is one of the studies that considered this issue. However, in this framework, the problem of noisy sensing, which often presents in real-world applications, is not considered. As a
consequence, noisy sensing actions in this framework will lead to an agent facing inconsistent situation and subsequently the agent cannot proceed further. In this paper, we investigate how noisy sensing actions can be handled in iterated
belief change within the situation calculus formalism. We extend the framework proposed in [22] with the capability of managing noisy sensings. We demonstrate that an agent can still detect the actual situation when the ratio of noisy sensing actions vs. accurate sensing actions is limited. We prove that our framework subsumes the iterated belief change strategy in [22] when all sensing actions are accurate. Furthermore, we prove that our framework can adequately handle belief introspection, mistaken beliefs, belief revision and belief update even with noisy sensing, as done in [22] with accurate sensing actions only.

Use of an earthworm lysosomal biomarker for the ecological assessment of pollution from an industrial plastics fire

A low-cost field technique employing retention of the dye neutral-red by lysosomes in coelomocyte cells taken from earthworms (Lumbricus castaneus), was used as a means of assessing the ecological effects (if any) of an industrial accident. Earthworms and soil samples were collected at the site of a large industrial plastics fire in Thetford, UK along a 200 m transect leading from the factory perimeter fence, over a layer of molten plastic impregnated soil and into the surrounding forest. Coelomic fluid extracted from the earthworms was dye-loaded with neutral-red and lysosomal leaking observed. Metal residues in soil and earthworms were found to be highly elevated close to the factory perimeter and to rapidly drop to background levels within the first 50 m of the transect. Coelomocyte cells taken from earthworms adjacent to the factory perimeter showed the shortest period of neutral-red retention (2 min); cells taken from worms further into the surrounding forest had a longer retention time (12 min), whilst cells taken from worms from a control site showed even greater retention times (25 min). Thus, the neutral-red retention times correlated negatively with measured residues of heavy metals in the earthworms, the higher the body metal concentration the shorter the retention time. This field trial has demonstrated the validity of using an in vitro cellular biomarker technique for use in biological impact assessment along gradients of contamination.

Finite-element investigation of cold-formed steel portal frames in fire

This paper presents the results of a full-scale site fire test performed on a cold-formed steel portal frame building with semi-rigid joints. The purpose of the study is to establish a performance-based approach for the design of such structures in fire boundary conditions. In the full-scale site fire test, the building collapsed asymmetrically at a temperature of 714°C. A non-linear elasto-plastic finite-element shell model is described and is validated against the results of the full-scale test. A parametric study is presented that highlights the importance of in-plane restraint from the side rails in preventing an outwards sway failure for both a single portal and full building geometry model. The study also demonstrates that the semi-rigidity of the joints should be taken into account in the design. The single portal and full building geometry models display a close match to site test results with failure at 682°C and 704°C, respectively. A design case is described in accordance with Steel Construction Institute design recommendations. The validated single portal model is tested with pinned bases, columns protected, realistic loading and rafters subject to symmetric uniform heating in accordance with the ISO 834 standard fire curve; failure occurs at 703°C.

THE TEACHING ABOUT THE CARE OF THE ELDERLY IN NURSING TRAINING: THE SITUATION IN PORTUGAL

This paper aims to look at the teaching situation of the nursing undergraduate degree’s courses about eldercare in Portugal. A documentary research on the teaching programs in 39 nursing schools, 26 schools presented syllabus units related to the topic ‘eldercare’ and in eight of these schools the contents of the units were identified. Using textual analysis and from the categories we concluded that the teaching regarding eldercare for the nurse training in Portugal is focused on hospital care; it is directed to the adult/elderly/family; it explores the definitions related to the aging process; it explores community issues, legislation and research. People responsible for the design/monitoring of teaching programs should include teaching regarding eldercare in the nurse training, considering that the elder population is increasing in Portugal.

Stakeholder participation in sustainable forest management in fire-prone areas

Os incêndios florestais, associados ao abandono do espaço rural, a pequena propriedade florestal e o desinteresse e o absentismo dos proprietários florestais têm sido apontados como fatores que têm afetado a sustentabilidade das florestas em Portugal. Apesar da formulação de políticas e de instrumentos de planeamento e de gestão florestal para lidar com estes constrangimentos, são ainda escassos os progressos para uma Gestão Florestal Sustentável. A nível internacional e europeu, a participação dos agentes já representa um aspeto-chave no processo de definição e de implementação de estratégias que promovam a multifuncionalidade da floresta, mas também se adeqúem às necessidades e aos interesses dos agentes locais. A temática da tese esteve focada nesta discussão, argumentando que existe uma escassa participação dos agentes nos processos de tomada de decisão relativos ao setor florestal. O principal objetivo da investigação foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia participativa para a discussão e negociação de estratégias locais para a Gestão Florestal Sustentável, que maximizem o potencial produtivo e o papel sócio-ambiental das florestas, diminuam o risco de incêndio e promovam o crescente interesse e participação dos agentes locais na gestão florestal. A tese está estruturada em três partes. A primeira parte apresenta uma avaliação do sector florestal nacional, com base numa revisão bibliográfica e numa comparação de indicadores, políticas e instrumentos de planeamento e gestão florestal (Capítulo 2) e com base num estudo de perceção social desenvolvido numa área de estudo localizada na região Centro de Portugal. Este estudo analisa as perceções técnicas (decisores políticos e técnicos) e sociais (proprietários florestais e outros membros da comunidade local) sobre as florestas, a gestão florestal e os incêndios florestais (Capítulo 4). As ‘Zonas de Intervenção Florestal’, enquanto ferramenta recente para a cooperação e organização dos proprietários e produtores florestais, foram também analisadas (Capítulo 3). A segunda parte da tese é dedicada à análise de processos de participação pública, com base numa revisão bibliográfica sobre os benefícios, níveis, abordagens e métodos de participação (Capítulo 5) e numa avaliação de processos de participação pública desenvolvidos em Portugal (Capítulo 6). A terceira parte da tese foca-se no desenho e no teste da metodologia participativa proposta no âmbito desta tese (Capítulo 7) e na formulação de algumas orientações para melhoria dos processos participativos na gestão florestal (Capítulo 8). Os resultados confirmaram a centralidade dos incêndios florestais e dos fatores associados ao contexto socioeconómico (e.g. despovoamento e envelhecimento populacional, absentismo, falta de gestão florestal, estrutura fundiária) como os principais problemas que afetam a floresta na região Centro de Portugal. A organização e cooperação dos proprietários florestais emergiu como solução possível para lidar com estas ameaças e promover a multifuncionalidade da floresta, sendo essencial aumentar o conhecimento e a participação dos agentes nas decisões associadas à floresta. É proposta uma ferramenta para esta participação, centrada no contexto local e facilmente utilizável por todos os agentes. A implementação da metodologia participativa revelou o seu potencial no desenvolvimento de uma participação equitativa e inclusiva dos múltiplos agentes.

Environmental factors, clipping and fire: effects on cerrado (Brazilian savanna) native and invasive grasses

The Brazilian Cerrado houses a hugely diverse biota and is considered a conservation hotspot. One of the greatest threats to the integrity of this ecosystem is introduced African grasses, which can competitively exclude native grasses and cause changes in the microclimate and other disturbances. The Cerrado is a mosaic vegetation that provides different combinations, both spatially and temporally, of conditions that can become natural stressors to the herbaceous vegetation (water, nutrient and light availability). These mosaics are reflected in differences in relationships among native and invasive species, affecting competition and creating situations (place/season) that are more, or less, susceptible to invasion. The present study aimed to identify the different biological responses of native (Aristida recurvata, Aristida setifolia, Axonopus barbigerus, Echinolaena inflexa, Gymnopogon spicatus, Paspalum gardnerianum, Paspalum stellatum, Schizachyrium microstachyum, Schizachyrium sanguineum) and invasive (Melinis minutiflora and Andropogon gayanus) grasses to variations in natural stressors and to disturbance (fire and clipping), in order to understand changes in ecosystem functioning and competition processes between the grasses, and to understand invasion dynamics in this ecosystem. The presence of invasive species proved to affect the ecosystem functioning by increasing soil feeding activity. These differences were no longer observed in the dry season or when fires were frequent, showing that water availability and fire are more detrimental to soil feeding activity than is the vegetation. Laboratory experiments showed that both drought and flood simulated scenarios damaged both species, although the invasive species performed better under all watering conditions and responded better to fertilization. Underlying mechanisms such as the efficiency of photosynthesis and antioxidant mechanisms helped to explain this behavior. The invasive species grew faster and showed less cellular damage and a healthier photosystem, reflected in higher assimilation rates under stress. These differences between the native and invasive species were reduced with clipping, especially in dry soil with no fertilization, where the native species recovered better in relation to the pre-clipping levels. Flooding was as stressful as drought, but the invasive species can bypass this issue by growing an extensive root system, especially in the better-drained soils. Fire is more detrimental than clipping, with a slower recovery, while post-fire temperatures affect the germination of both invasive and native seeds and may be an important factor influencing the persistence of a diverse biota. This approach will finally contribute to the choice of the appropriate management techniques to preserve the Cerrado’s biodiversity.

Biogeography of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra, L.) in Portugal

Dissertação de mest., Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Implantation de l'approche orientante dans une école secondaire état de la situation

Ce mémoire porte sur l'évaluation de l'implantation de l'approche orientante dans une école secondaire de l'Estrie. Les données ont été recueillies auprès des membres du personnel scolaire à l'aide d'un questionnaire développé en concertation avec le comité d'approche orientante de ce milieu. Les résultats indiquent d'une part, que le processus d'implantation de l'approche orientante est en cours mais qu'il n'est pas encore terminé et, d'autre part, qu'il existe des conditions gagnantes à l'implantation de ce concept dont une conception commune, la collaboration entre les acteurs, la formation du personnel, la mise en place de ressources et une évaluation continue des efforts entrepris.

Le rapport aux traces écrites en situation d'évaluation de lecture de textes narratifs brefs le cas d'élèves au deuxième cycle du secondaire

La présente recherche porte sur les traces écrites laissées par des élèves de quatrième secondaire sur leur texte en situation de préparation à une évaluation sommative. Compte tenu des milieux d'où ils proviennent et de leurs connaissances antérieures, force est de constater que les compétences en lecture de ces élèves sont très variables et ont des conséquences importantes non seulement dans leur cours de français, mais aussi dans toutes les autres matières: plus les élèves avancent dans leur cheminement scolaire, plus les enseignants leur demandent de lire des textes longs et complexes. Pourtant, force est de constater que les résultats en lecture des élèves de quatrième et cinquième secondaire restent faibles. De nombreuses études ont démontré que la lecture de textes narratifs mobilise tous les aspects de la lecture et augmente les compétences générales à lire. Pour les enseignants de français, une façon courante d'évaluer la lecture au deuxième cycle du secondaire est donc de distribuer un texte narratif bref (conte, nouvelle, extrait de roman) à l'avance aux élèves et de leur suggérer d'y laisser des traces écrites de leur réflexion ou des stratégies utilisées, dans le but de favoriser leur compréhension et leur interprétation du texte. Ces traces peuvent prendre la forme, par exemple, de soulignements, de surlignements, d'annotations dans les marges, de schémas. Toutefois, peu de recherches scientifiques se sont attardées aux opinions, aux conceptions et aux pratiques des élèves lorsqu'il s'agit de se préparer à une évaluation de la sorte. Notre recherche, exploratoire et descriptive, vise deux objectifs spécifiques: premièrement, décrire l'investissement, les opinions et attitudes, les conceptions et le mode d'investissement d'élèves de quatrième secondaire et, deuxièmement, décrire les relations entre ces quatre dimensions afin de dresser un portrait global du rapport des élèves aux traces écrites lors de leur préparation à une évaluation de lecture. Pour ce faire, nous avons privilégié une collecte de données en trois phases: après avoir passé, à un échantillon de 41 élèves volontaires, des questionnaires présentant des items à coter sur une échelle de Likert, nous avons observé les textes sur lesquels des traces de leur travail de préparation étaient visibles. Pour finir, nous avons rencontré quatre de ces élèves en entrevue semi-dirigées, choisis en fonction de leurs réponses aux questionnaires et du type de traces qu'ils avaient laissées. Pour augmenter la validité des résultats, les données recueillies à chacune des phases [ont] été croisées afin d'obtenir un maximum d'informations sur le rapport des élèves aux traces écrites. Les résultats obtenus montrent que, malgré le fait que les élèves ont des perceptions généralement assez positives du recours aux traces écrites, les traces qu'ils laissent généralement sur leurs textes sont peu pertinentes dans la mesure où elles ne contribuent pas, pour la plupart, à établir des liens essentiels à la compréhension globale du texte narratif, comme les liens de causalité. Les entrevues nous apprennent que certains élèves ont effectivement l'impression que certaines traces écrites sont plus pertinentes que d'autres, mais qu'ils ignorent souvent lesquelles et comment y recourir pendant leur lecture. Le rapport aux traces écrites est complexe, dépend de la situation et varie d'un individu à l'autre en fonction de plusieurs facteurs contextuels: les expériences et connaissances antérieures de l'élève, la résistance du texte imposé et les contacts avec les pairs. Tous ces facteurs influencent l'élève dans ce qu'il pense, ce qu'il ressent et ce qu'il fait lors de la préparation à une évaluation de lecture.

La présence de l'écrit dans la vie de jeunes adultes non diplômés en situation de précarité

La situation precaire de jeunes adultes non diplomés préoccupe les acteurs sociaux et des programmes soutiennent leur insertion. Ces programmes, à l'image de la société, font un usage important de l'écrit. Pourtant, des recherches indiquent que du personnel intervenant auprs de ces jeunes adultes croient qu'ils n'aiment pas lire et écrire et n'ont pas ce genre d'activités. La question de recherche est: Quelle est la place de l'écrit dans la vie de jeunes adultes non diplômés en situation de précarité? Ce mémoire s'inscrit dans un projet de l'équipe de recherche sur les transitions et l'apprentissage avec un échantillon de 45 jeunes adultes fréquentant un carrefour jeunesse-emploi. La méthodologie est mixte à dominante qualitative. Les résultats permettent d'affirmer que l'écrit a une place significative dans des moments importants de ces jeunes adultes, que la présence de l'écrit est souvent existentielle permettant la rencontre de soi et la rencontre des autres.