Official Positions for FRAX® Bone Mineral Density and FRAX® simplification from Joint Official Positions Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation on FRAX®.

Tools to predict fracture risk are useful for selecting patients for pharmacological therapy in order to reduce fracture risk and redirect limited healthcare resources to those who are most likely to benefit. FRAX® is a World Health Organization fracture risk assessment algorithm for estimating the 10-year probability of hip fracture and major osteoporotic fracture. Effective application of FRAX® in clinical practice requires a thorough understanding of its limitations as well as its utility. For some patients, FRAX® may underestimate or overestimate fracture risk. In order to address some of the common issues encountered with the use of FRAX® for individual patients, the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) and International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) assigned task forces to review the medical evidence and make recommendations for optimal use of FRAX® in clinical practice. Among the issues addressed were the use of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements at skeletal sites other than the femoral neck, the use of technologies other than dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, the use of FRAX® without BMD input, the use of FRAX® to monitor treatment, and the addition of the rate of bone loss as a clinical risk factor for FRAX®. The evidence and recommendations were presented to a panel of experts at the Joint ISCD-IOF FRAX® Position Development Conference, resulting in the development of Joint ISCD-IOF Official Positions addressing FRAX®-related issues.

Trabecular bone score (TBS) as a new complementary approach for osteoporosis evaluation in clinical practice.

Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a recently-developed analytical tool that performs novel grey-level texture measurements on lumbar spine dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images, and thereby captures information relating to trabecular microarchitecture. In order for TBS to usefully add to bone mineral density (BMD) and clinical risk factors in osteoporosis risk stratification, it must be independently associated with fracture risk, readily obtainable, and ideally, present a risk which is amenable to osteoporosis treatment. This paper summarizes a review of the scientific literature performed by a Working Group of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis. Low TBS is consistently associated with an increase in both prevalent and incident fractures that is partly independent of both clinical risk factors and areal BMD (aBMD) at the lumbar spine and proximal femur. More recently, TBS has been shown to have predictive value for fracture independent of fracture probabilities using the FRAX® algorithm. Although TBS changes with osteoporosis treatment, the magnitude is less than that of aBMD of the spine, and it is not clear how change in TBS relates to fracture risk reduction. TBS may also have a role in the assessment of fracture risk in some causes of secondary osteoporosis (e.g., diabetes, hyperparathyroidism and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis). In conclusion, there is a role for TBS in fracture risk assessment in combination with both aBMD and FRAX.

Comprometimento ósseo do joelho pós-trauma: avaliação pela ressonância magnética

Neste trabalho são apresentados 50 casos de trauma do joelho submetidos a ressonância magnética, no período de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 1997. Foram avaliados o aspecto e a incidência das principais alterações ósseas, correlacionando-as com os mecanismos de agressão e com os dados clínicos, e demonstrando as principais lesões associadas. As contusões ósseas foram os achados mais comuns, sendo encontradas em 38 indivíduos (76%). As fraturas osteocondrais ocorreram em cinco pacientes (10%). As fraturas ósseas foram detectadas em cinco casos (10%), sendo três deles associados a contusão de outros compartimentos ósseos adjacentes. A condromalácia da patela mostrou-se presente em apenas dois indivíduos (4%). Concluímos que a ressonância magnética é o método de escolha no estudo por imagem para o diagnóstico das lesões ósseas no trauma do joelho.

Sífilis congênita simulando a síndrome da criança espancada: relato de caso

As autoras descrevem os achados radiológicos dos ossos longos de um recém-nascido com diagnóstico confirmado de sífilis congênita, enfatizando o diagnóstico diferencial com a síndrome da criança espancada. É apresentada a evolução radiológica das lesões nos ossos longos, do nascimento até o quarto mês de vida. Os dados clínicos e laboratoriais do recém-nascido, as radiografias anteriores e os achados radiológicos característicos da doença de base foram essenciais para o diagnóstico desta doença.

N-acetylcysteine treatment ameliorates the skeletal phenotype of a mouse model of diastrophic dysplasia.

Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is a recessive chondrodysplasia caused by mutations in SLC26A2, a cell membrane sulfate-chloride antiporter. Sulfate uptake impairment results in low cytosolic sulfate, leading to cartilage proteoglycan (PG) undersulfation. In this work, we used the dtd mouse model to study the role of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a well-known drug with antioxidant properties, as an intracellular sulfate source for macromolecular sulfation. Because of the important pre-natal phase of skeletal development and growth, we administered 30 g/l NAC in the drinking water to pregnant mice to explore a possible transplacental effect on the fetuses. When cartilage PG sulfation was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography disaccharide analysis in dtd newborn mice, a marked increase in PG sulfation was observed in newborns from NAC-treated pregnancies when compared with the placebo group. Morphometric studies of the femur, tibia and ilium after skeletal staining with alcian blue and alizarin red indicated a partial rescue of abnormal bone morphology in dtd newborns from treated females, compared with pups from untreated females. The beneficial effect of increased macromolecular sulfation was confirmed by chondrocyte proliferation studies in cryosections of the tibial epiphysis by proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry: the percentage of proliferating cells, significantly reduced in the placebo group, reached normal values in dtd newborns from NAC-treated females. In conclusion, NAC is a useful source of sulfate for macromolecular sulfation in vivo when extracellular sulfate supply is reduced, confirming the potential of therapeutic approaches with thiol compounds to improve skeletal deformity and short stature in human DTD and related disorders.

Intraosseous lipoma: radiological findings

OBJECTIVE: Intraosseous lipomas may be less rare lesions than previously suggested in the literature. They have frequently been misdiagnosed as other benign bone lesions. A combination of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and radiography is essential for decreasing misdiagnosis rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study presents ten cases of intraosseous lipoma. The patients' ages ranged from 25 to 80 years, and six of them were female. Six patients presented with bone pain, whereas four patients were asymptomatic with incidentally discovered lesions. The involved bones were: femur (four patients), tibia (two patients), calcaneus (one patient), sacrum (one patient), iliac bone (one patient), navicular bone (one patient). All of the patients were assessed by means of conventional radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the affected region. RESULTS: In all of the cases, plain films revealed well-defined lytic lesions. Both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were quite useful in demonstrating fat within the femur. The histologic pattern of all tumors was that of mature adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: Intraosseous lipoma is a well-defined entity that may develop with varying presentations. Plain radiographs alone cannot establish the diagnosis of this lesion. However, both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are quite useful methods in these cases.

Avaliação por imagem das lesões da placa de crescimento

As estruturas responsáveis pelo crescimento do osso incluem a fise (também chamada placa de crescimento) e as epífises. Afecções que acometem pacientes com o esqueleto imaturo, ou seja, com a placa de crescimento ainda aberta, podem interferir no crescimento ósseo, resultando em complicações como parada do crescimento, encurtamento dos membros ou deformidades angulares. Condições traumáticas que resultam muitas vezes em fraturas epifisárias são a causa mais comum das lesões da placa de crescimento. A avaliação cuidadosa desses pacientes pelos métodos de diagnóstico por imagem atualmente disponíveis, sobretudo a radiografia, a tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética, permite o reconhecimento precoce do comprometimento das estruturas relacionadas ao crescimento ósseo, além de tratamento adequado, diminuindo a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de tais complicações.

A Collation of Recently published Western European Formulae for Age Estimation of Subadult Skeletal Remains: Recommendations For Forensic Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology

The aim of this study is to provide an effective and quick reference guide based on the most useful European formulae recently published for subadult age estimation. All of these formulae derive from studies on postnatal growth of the scapula, innominate, femur, and tibia, based on modern skeletal data (173 ♂, 173 ♀) from five documented collections from Spain, Portugal, and Britain. The formulae were calculated from Inverse Regression. For this reason, these formulae are especially useful for modern samples from Western Europe and in particular on 20th century human remains from the Iberian Peninsula. Eleven formulae were selected as the most useful because they can be applied to individuals from within a wide age range and in individuals of unknown sex. Due to their high reliability and because they derive from documented European skeletal samples, we recommend these formulae be used on individuals of Caucasoid ancestry from Western Europe.

Ensayo clínico aleatorizado sobre el control del dolor en las fracturas pertrocantéreas de fémur mediante el uso o no de tracción cutánea

Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de control del dolor de los pacientes afectos de fracturas pertrocantéreas de fémur en función de la aplicación o no de tracción cutánea. Método: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado unicéntrico, paralelo, controlado y abierto realizado en el ámbito hospitalario. Los sujetos a estudio fueron pacientes que acudieron al servicio de urgencias por fractura pertrocantérea de fémur. Muestra de 40 pacientes (potencia 80% IC: 95%). Muestreo no probabilístico consecutivo. Pacientes asignados de manera aleatoria (1:1) a tratamiento con tracción cutánea o sin tracción. La asignación fue realizada mediante sobres cerrados. La variable principal de estudio fue la evaluación del dolor a las 48 horas de ingreso. La recogida de datos se realizó durante febrero a octubre de 2008 mediante cuaderno de registro de datos ad hoc, siendo evaluadas basalmente, a las 2 h, 24 h y 48 h del ingreso del paciente. Resultados: A la 48 horas del ingreso el dolor basal medio de la muestra mejoró en 4,4 puntos (DE: 1,8) (p < 0,001), el efecto diferencial del nivel de dolor entre los dos grupos de estudio fue de 0,7 puntos de la escala EVA (IC: 95% -0,7 a 0,6), el efecto de la tracción no demostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,721). Fue retirado un paciente por reacción cutánea al adhesivo de la tracción. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con tracción cutánea en los pacientes con fractura pertrocantérea de fémur no produce cambios en la evolución del dolor en comparación con los pacientes sin tracción cutánea.

Trabecular bone score in type 1 diabetes--a cross-sectional study.

UNLABELLED: Trabecular bone score (TBS) seems to provide additive value on BMD to identify individuals with prevalent fractures in T1D. TBS did not significantly differ between T1D patients and healthy controls, but TBS and HbA1c were independently associated with prevalent fractures in T1D. A TBS cutoff <1.42 reflected prevalent fractures with 91.7 % sensitivity and 43.2 % specificity. INTRODUCTION: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) increases the risk of osteoporotic fractures. TBS was recently proposed as an indirect measure of bone microarchitecture. This study aimed at investigating the TBS in T1D patients and healthy controls. Associations with prevalent fractures were tested. METHODS: One hundred nineteen T1D patients (59 males, 60 premenopausal females; mean age 43.4 ± 8.9 years) and 68 healthy controls matched for gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed. The TBS was calculated in the lumbar region, based on two-dimensional (2D) projections of DXA assessments. RESULTS: TBS was 1.357 ± 0.129 in T1D patients and 1.389 ± 0.085 in controls (p = 0.075). T1D patients with prevalent fractures (n = 24) had a significantly lower TBS than T1D patients without fractures (1.309 ± 0.125 versus 1.370 ± 0.127, p = 0.04). The presence of fractures in T1D was associated with lower TBS (odds ratio = 0.024, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.001-0.875; p = 0.042) but not with age or BMI. TBS and HbA1c were independently associated with fractures. The area-under-the curve (AUC) of TBS was similar to that of total hip BMD in discriminating T1D patients with or without prevalent fractures. In this set-up, a TBS cutoff <1.42 discriminated the presence of fractures with a sensitivity of 91.7 % and a specificity of 43.2 %. CONCLUSIONS: TBS values are lower in T1D patients with prevalent fractures, suggesting an alteration of bone strength in this subgroup of patients. Reliable TBS cutoffs for the prediction of fracture risk in T1D need to be determined in larger prospective studies.

Correlação entre a escala de coma de Glasgow e os achados de imagem de tomografia computadorizada em pacientes vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico

OBJETIVO: Determinar a correlação da escala de coma de Glasgow, fatores causais e de risco, idade, sexo e intubação orotraqueal com os achados tomográficos em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal prospectivo de 102 pacientes, atendidos nas primeiras 12 horas, os quais receberam pontuação segundo a escala de coma de Glasgow e foram submetidos a exame tomográfico. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 37,77 ± 18,69 anos, com predomínio do sexo masculino (80,4%). As causas foram: acidente automobilístico (52,9%), queda de outro nível (20,6%), atropelamento (10,8%), queda ao solo ou do mesmo nível (7,8%) e agressão (6,9%). No presente estudo, 82,4% dos pacientes apresentaram traumatismo cranioencefálico de classificação leve, 2,0% moderado e 15,6% grave. Foram observadas alterações tomográficas (hematoma subgaleal, fraturas ósseas da calota craniana, hemorragia subaracnoidea, contusão cerebral, coleção sanguínea extra-axial, edema cerebral difuso) em 79,42% dos pacientes. Os achados tomográficos de trauma craniano grave ocorreram em maior número em pacientes acima de 50 anos (93,7%), e neste grupo todos necessitaram de intubação orotraqueal. CONCLUSÃO: Houve significância estatística entre a escala de coma de Glasgow, idade acima de 50 anos (p < 0,0001), necessidade de intubação orotraqueal (p < 0,0001) e os achados tomográficos.

Fratura toracolombar do tipo explosão: o que o radiologista deve conhecer

As fraturas vertebrais do tipo explosão são definidas como fraturas nas quais ocorre comprometimento da coluna anterior, média e posterior da vértebra. O tratamento destas fraturas vertebrais persiste indefinido, gerando questionamentos quanto à melhor forma de intervenção destes pacientes. Devido a estas dúvidas, os métodos de imagem apresentam papel fundamental na propedêutica pré-operatória. No entanto, diversas análises e mensurações são realizadas pelos cirurgiões de coluna sem padronização e consenso antes de se decidir sobre a melhor abordagem destes casos. Nesta revisão temos como objetivo padronizar e descrever as principais técnicas e achados radiológicos, com base nos principais critérios de instabilidade utilizados pelos cirurgiões na avaliação da fratura toracolombar tipo explosão, sendo eles, a medida da perda da altura da parede anterior da vértebra fraturada, a porcentagem de fragmento intracanal e o grau de abertura da distância interespinhosa e interpedicular. Acreditamos que, ao padronizar as principais mensurações realizadas para avaliação das fraturas toracolombares do tipo explosão por meio dos métodos radiológicos, estaremos fornecendo informações necessárias para a melhor interpretação dos resultados dos exames e, consequentemente, para uma tomada de decisão mais adequada acerca do tratamento.

Trapped periosteum in a distal femoral physeal injury: magnetic resonance imaging evaluation

Epiphyseal fractures are frequently associated with knee trauma during sports in children and adolescents. Usually, Salter-Harris types I and II fractures are conservatively treated. However, failed closed reduction of displaced fractures suggest the presence of trapped periosteum, with indication for surgery. The present report describes a case of Salter-Harris type I fracture of the distal femur in a child, complicated with trapped periosteum detected at magnetic resonance imaging.

Trauma dos ossos temporais e suas complicações: aspectos na tomografia computadorizada

A maioria das fraturas dos ossos temporais resulta de traumas cranianos bruscos, de alta energia, estando muitas vezes relacionadas a outras fraturas cranianas ou a politraumatismo. As fraturas e os deslocamentos da cadeia ossicular, na orelha média, representam umas das principais complicações das injúrias nos ossos temporais e, por isso, serão abordadas de maneira mais profunda neste artigo. Os outros tipos de injúrias englobam as fraturas labirínticas, fístula dural, paralisia facial e extensão da linha de fratura ao canal carotídeo. A tomografia computadorizada tem papel fundamental na avaliação inicial dos pacientes politraumatizados, pois é capaz de identificar injúrias em importantes estruturas que podem causar graves complicações, como perda auditiva de condução ou neurossensorial, tonturas e disfunções do equilíbrio, fístulas perilinfáticas, paralisia do nervo facial, lesões vasculares, entre outras.

Prevalence of exclusive lower extremity metastases at 18F-NaF PET/CT

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the prevalence of exclusive lower extremity metastases, specifically in the femur and below the knee, observed at 18F-NaF PET/CT.Materials and Methods:One thousand consecutive PET/CT studies were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of exclusive uptake in lower extremities suggesting metastatic involvement. The presumptive diagnoses based on such uptakes were subsequently obtained by evaluation of other imaging studies.Results:No exclusive uptake suggestive of metastasis below the femur was observed in the present series. Exclusive uptake was observed in the proximal femur with a presumptive diagnosis of metastasis in two patients.Conclusion:The prevalence of exclusive metastasis below the femur is low and scanning from head to knees is appropriate in most cases.