Internet i les multinacionals europees a l'Àsia Oriental

Aquest document identifica quins són els valors culturals (en forma d'imatges gràfiques) que fan servir les multinacionals europees en les pàgines web que adrecen als mercats de l'Àsia oriental. Rebat, per al cas estudiat, l'ús d'estratègies comunicatives adaptades a entorns culturals concrets com l'asiàtic i posa de manifest el poder de les multinacionals en la transmissió dels seus valors.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of the Beijing genotype are rarely observed in tuberculosis patients in South America

The frequency of the Beijing genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a cause of tuberculosis (TB) in South America was determined by analyzing genotypes of strains isolated from patients that had been diagnosed with the disease between 1997 and 2003 in seven countries of the subcontinent. In total, 19 of the 1,202 (1.6%) TB cases carried Beijing isolates, including 11 of the 185 patients from Peru (5.9%), five of the 512 patients from Argentina (1.0%), two of the 252 Brazilian cases (0.8%), one of the 166 patients from Paraguay (0.6%) and none of the samples obtained from Chile (35), Colombia (36) and Ecuador (16). Except for two patients that were East Asian immigrants, all cases with Beijing strains were native South Americans. No association was found between carrying a strain with the Beijing genotype and having drug or multi-drug resistant disease. Our data show that presently transmission of M. tuberculosis strains of the Beijing genotype is not frequent in Latin America. In addition, the lack of association of drug resistant TB and infection with M. tuberculosis of the Beijing genotype observed presently demands efforts to define better the contribution of the virulence and lack of response to treatment to the growing spread of Beijing strains observed in other parts of the world.

Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels.

Levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol are heritable, modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease. To identify new loci and refine known loci influencing these lipids, we examined 188,577 individuals using genome-wide and custom genotyping arrays. We identify and annotate 157 loci associated with lipid levels at P < 5 × 10(-8), including 62 loci not previously associated with lipid levels in humans. Using dense genotyping in individuals of European, East Asian, South Asian and African ancestry, we narrow association signals in 12 loci. We find that loci associated with blood lipid levels are often associated with cardiovascular and metabolic traits, including coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, waist-hip ratio and body mass index. Our results demonstrate the value of using genetic data from individuals of diverse ancestry and provide insights into the biological mechanisms regulating blood lipids to guide future genetic, biological and therapeutic research.

Genome-wide association analysis of blood-pressure traits in African-ancestry individuals reveals common associated genes in African and non-African populations.

High blood pressure (BP) is more prevalent and contributes to more severe manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in African Americans than in any other United States ethnic group. Several small African-ancestry (AA) BP genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been published, but their findings have failed to replicate to date. We report on a large AA BP GWAS meta-analysis that includes 29,378 individuals from 19 discovery cohorts and subsequent replication in additional samples of AA (n = 10,386), European ancestry (EA) (n = 69,395), and East Asian ancestry (n = 19,601). Five loci (EVX1-HOXA, ULK4, RSPO3, PLEKHG1, and SOX6) reached genome-wide significance (p < 1.0 × 10(-8)) for either systolic or diastolic BP in a transethnic meta-analysis after correction for multiple testing. Three of these BP loci (EVX1-HOXA, RSPO3, and PLEKHG1) lack previous associations with BP. We also identified one independent signal in a known BP locus (SOX6) and provide evidence for fine mapping in four additional validated BP loci. We also demonstrate that validated EA BP GWAS loci, considered jointly, show significant effects in AA samples. Consequently, these findings suggest that BP loci might have universal effects across studied populations, demonstrating that multiethnic samples are an essential component in identifying, fine mapping, and understanding their trait variability.

Phylogeographic patterning of mtDNA in the widely distributed harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) suggests dramatic cycles of range contraction and expansion during the mid- to late Pleistocene

We examined sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 bp, n = 73) and control region (842-851 bp, n = 74) in the Eurasian harvest mouse (Micromys minutus (Pallas, 1771)), with samples drawn from across its range, from Western Europe to Japan. Phylogeographic analyses revealed region-specific haplotype groupings combined with overall low levels of inter-regional genetic divergence. Despite the enormous intervening distance, European and East Asian samples showed a net nucleotide divergence of only 0.36%. Based on an evolutionary rate for the cytochrome b gene of 2.4%(.)(site(.)lineage(.)million years)(-1), the initial divergence time of these populations is estimated at around 80 000 years before present. Our findings are consistent with available fossil evidence that has recorded repeated cycles of extinction and recolonization of Europe by M. minutus through the Quaternary. The molecular data further suggest that recolonization occurred from refugia in the Central to East Asian region. Japanese haplotypes of M. minutus, with the exception of those from Tsushima Is., show limited nucleotide diversity (0.15%) compared with those found on the adjacent Korean Peninsula. This finding suggests recent colonization of the Japanese Archipelago, probably around the last glacial period, followed by rapid population growth.

Lack of EGFR-activating mutations in European patients with triple-negative breast cancer could emphasise geographic and ethnic variations in breast cancer mutation profiles.

INTRODUCTION: Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are characterised by lack of expression of hormone receptors and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2). As they frequently express epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs), anti-EGFR therapies are currently assessed for this breast cancer subtype as an alternative to treatments that target HER-2 or hormone receptors. Recently, EGFR-activating mutations have been reported in TNBC specimens in an East Asian population. Because variations in the frequency of EGFR-activating mutations in East Asians and other patients with lung cancer have been described, we evaluated the EGFR mutational profile in tumour samples from European patients with TNBC. METHODS: We selected from a DNA tumour bank 229 DNA samples isolated from frozen, histologically proven and macrodissected invasive TNBC specimens from European patients. PCR and high-resolution melting (HRM) analyses were used to detect mutations in exons 19 and 21 of EGFR. The results were then confirmed by bidirectional sequencing of all samples. RESULTS: HRM analysis allowed the detection of three EGFR exon 21 mutations, but no exon 19 mutations. There was 100% concordance between the HRM and sequencing results. The three patients with EGFR exon 21 abnormal HRM profiles harboured the rare R836R SNP, but no EGFR-activating mutation was identified. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights variations in the prevalence of EGFR mutations in TNBC. These variations have crucial implications for the design of clinical trials involving anti-EGFR treatments in TNBC and for identifying the potential target population.

On the innovation capacity of technologyrelated knowledge-intensive business services. A case study of the technology and engineering consulting (TEC) sector in Singapore

Even though the research on innovation in services has expanded remarkably especially during the past two decades, there is still a need to increase understanding on the special characteristics of service innovation. In addition to studying innovation in service companies and industries, research has also recently focused more on services in innovation, as especially the significance of so-called knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) for the competitive edge of their clients, othercompanies, regions and even nations has been proved in several previous studies. This study focuses on studying technology-based KIBS firms, and technology andengineering consulting (TEC) sector in particular. These firms have multiple roles in innovation systems, and thus, there is also a need for in-depth studies that increase knowledge about the types and dimensions of service innovations as well as underlying mechanisms and procedures which make the innovations successful. The main aim of this study is to generate new knowledge in the fragmented research field of service innovation management by recognizing the different typesof innovations in TEC services and some of the enablers of and barriers to innovation capacity in the field, especially from the knowledge management perspective. The study also aims to shed light on some of the existing routines and new constructions needed for enhancing service innovation and knowledge processing activities in KIBS companies of the TEC sector. The main samples of data in this research include literature reviews and public data sources, and a qualitative research approach with exploratory case studies conducted with the help of the interviews at technology consulting companies in Singapore in 2006. These complement the qualitative interview data gathered previously in Finland during a larger research project in the years 2004-2005. The data is also supplemented by a survey conducted in Singapore. The respondents for the survey by Tan (2007) were technology consulting companies who operate in the Singapore region. The purpose ofthe quantitative part of the study was to validate and further examine specificaspects such as the influence of knowledge management activities on innovativeness and different types of service innovations, in which the technology consultancies are involved. Singapore is known as a South-east Asian knowledge hub and is thus a significant research area where several multinational knowledge-intensive service firms operate. Typically, the service innovations identified in the studied TEC firms were formed by several dimensions of innovations. In addition to technological aspects, innovations were, for instance, related to new client interfaces and service delivery processes. The main enablers of and barriers to innovation seem to be partly similar in Singaporean firms as compared to the earlier study of Finnish TEC firms. Empirical studies also brought forth the significance of various sources of knowledge and knowledge processing activities as themain driving forces of service innovation in technology-related KIBS firms. A framework was also developed to study the effect of knowledge processing capabilities as well as some moderators on the innovativeness of TEC firms. Especially efficient knowledge acquisition and environmental dynamism seem to influence the innovativeness of TEC firms positively. The results of the study also contributeto the present service innovation literature by focusing more on 'innovation within KIBs' rather than 'innovation through KIBS', which has been the typical viewpoint stressed in the previous literature. Additionally, the study provides several possibilities for further research.

Influence of M. tuberculosis lineage variability within a clinical trial for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Recent studies suggest that M. tuberculosis lineage and host genetics interact to impact how active tuberculosis presents clinically. We determined the phylogenetic lineages of M. tuberculosis isolates from participants enrolled in the Tuberculosis Trials Consortium Study 28, conducted in Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Spain, Uganda and the United States, and secondarily explored the relationship between lineage, clinical presentation and response to treatment. Large sequence polymorphisms and single nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed to determine lineage and sublineage of isolates. Of 306 isolates genotyped, 246 (80.4%) belonged to the Euro-American lineage, with sublineage 724 predominating at African sites (99/192, 51.5%), and the Euro-American strains other than 724 predominating at non-African sites (89/114, 78.1%). Uneven distribution of lineages across regions limited our ability to discern significant associations, nonetheless, in univariate analyses, Euro-American sublineage 724 was associated with more severe disease at baseline, and along with the East Asian lineage was associated with lower bacteriologic conversion after 8 weeks of treatment. Disease presentation and response to drug treatment varied by lineage, but these associations were no longer statistically significant after adjustment for other variables associated with week-8 culture status.

Is the sword moss (Bryoxiphium) a preglacial Tertiary relict?

The disjunction of floras between East Asia, Southeast North America, West North America, and Southwest Eurasia has been interpreted in terms of the fragmentation of a once continuous mixed mesophytic forest that occurred throughout the Northern Hemisphere due to the climatic and geological changes during the late Tertiary. The sword moss, Bryoxiphium, exhibits a distribution that strikingly resembles that of the mesophytic forest elements such as Liriodendron and is considered as the only living member of an early Tertiary flora in Iceland. These hypotheses are tested here using molecular dating analyses and ancestral area estimations. The results suggest that the extant range of Bryoxiphium results from the fragmentation of a formerly wider range encompassing North America and Southeast Asia about 10 million years ago. The split of continental ancestral populations is too recent to match with a continental drift scenario but is spatially and temporally remarkably congruent with that observed in Tertiary angiosperm relict species. The timing of the colonization of Iceland from Macaronesian ancestors, about two million years ago, is, however, incompatible with the hypothesis that Bryoxiphium is the only living member of an early Tertiary flora of the island. Alaska was recurrently colonized from East Asia. The ability of Bryoxiphium to overcome large oceanic barriers is further evidenced by its occurrence on remote oceanic archipelagos. In particular, Madeira was colonized twice independently from American and East Asian ancestors, respectively. The striking range disjunction of Bryoxiphium is interpreted in terms of its mating system, as the taxon exhibits a very singular pattern of spatial segregation of the sexes.

Normal range values for thromboelastography in healthy adult volunteers

Thromboelastography (TEG®) provides a functional evaluation of coagulation. It has characteristics of an ideal coagulation test for trauma, but is not frequently used, partially due to lack of both standardized techniques and normal values. We determined normal values for our population, compared them to those of the manufacturer and evaluated the effect of gender, age, blood type, and ethnicity. The technique was standardized using citrated blood, kaolin and was performed on a Haemoscope 5000 device. Volunteers were interviewed and excluded if pregnant, on anticoagulants or having a bleeding disorder. The TEG® parameters analyzed were R, K, α, MA, LY30, and coagulation index. All volunteers outside the manufacturer’s normal range underwent extensive coagulation investigations. Reference ranges for 95% for 118 healthy volunteers were R: 3.8-9.8 min, K: 0.7-3.4 min, α: 47.8-77.7 degrees, MA: 49.7-72.7 mm, LY30: -2.3-5.77%, coagulation index: -5.1-3.6. Most values were significantly different from those of the manufacturer, which would have diagnosed coagulopathy in 10 volunteers, for whom additional investigation revealed no disease (81% specificity). Healthy women were significantly more hypercoagulable than men. Aging was not associated with hypercoagulability and East Asian ethnicity was not with hypocoagulability. In our population, the manufacturer’s normal values for citrated blood-kaolin had a specificity of 81% and would incorrectly identify 8.5% of the healthy volunteers as coagulopathic. This study supports the manufacturer’s recommendation that each institution should determine its own normal values before adopting TEG®, a procedure which may be impractical. Consideration should be given to a multi-institutional study to establish wide standard values for TEG®.

Estado e economia na Coreia do Sul - do Estado desenvolvimentista à crise asiática e à recuperação posterior

The State and the economy in South Korea: from the developmentist state to the Asian crisis and later recovery. The article focuses on the institutions of South Korean capitalism and on the interactions between the state and the economy. The economic model in South Korea was characterized by a very interventionist state, which played a very active role in the process of industrialization. However, South Korea suffered a severe crisis in 1997, attributed by many authors to the distortions inherent to strong state intervention. The article shows that the crisis was a result of the combination between internal economic fragilities and a rapid process of financial deregulation, which undermined the state's capacity of control. The crisis, nevertheless, does not disqualify the role of the national institutions in the very successful process of industrialization. Despite the reforms, the Korean capitalism conserves much of the previous model of business organization and industrial relations. The state continues strong and played active role in the process of economic reforms. There are, nevertheless, doubts about the impacts of the reforms and the new configuration of Korean capitalism. They will depend on the current transformations in world economy and in the East Asian countries.

Public management, policy capacity, innovation and development

In this paper we discuss the question of what factors in development policy create specific forms of policy capacity and under what circumstances developmentoriented complementarities or mismatches between the public and private sectors emerge. We argue that specific forms of policy capacity emerge from three interlinked policy choices, each fundamentally evolutionary in nature: policy choices on understanding the nature and sources of technical change and innovation; on the ways of financing economic growth, in particular technical change; and on the nature of public management to deliver and implement both previous sets of policy choices. Thus, policy capacity is not so much a continuum of abilities (from less to more), but rather a variety of modes of making policy that originate from co-evolutionary processes in capitalist development. To illustrate, we briefly reflect upon how the East Asian developmental states of the 1960s-1980s and Eastern European transition policies since the 1990s led to almost opposite institutional systems for financing, designing and managing development strategies, and how this led, through co-evolutionary processes, to different forms of policy capacity.

Le néak sraè, riziculteur khmer : mobilité paysanne, localité et communauté au Cambodge postcolonial

Dans le Cambodge angkorien, les souverains khmers administraient une paysannerie mouvante par le biais de temples-palais. Lorsque les Français prennent le contrôle, en 1845, ils se retrouvent devant une « masse paysanne inorganisée, inorganique même » (Delvert, 1961 : 201) et restent « confondus devant la mobilité des Cambodgiens » (Forest, 1980 : 30). À l’époque postcoloniale, les ethnologues feront essentiellement le même constat, pendant que John F. Embree (1950) proposera de catégoriser les sociétés indianisées du Sud-Est asiatique comme étant « loosely structured » : postulant une faible intégration individuelle des structures sociales donnant lieu à une prévalence de comportements individualistes ad hoc et à des communautés sans réelle organisation. La proposition fera école. Ces observations paraissent justes, mais l’analyse infructueuse. La structure dont parle Embree s’appuie sur une culture hautement syncrétique qui se reflétait aléatoirement dans les comportements. Mais l’organisation sociale khmère se trouve ailleurs : dans les solutions organisationnelles qui gouvernent les choix des individus lorsqu’ils doivent se regrouper afin d’effectuer des tâches récurrentes. À ce titre, les paysans khmers évoluaient dans une organisation sociale rigoureusement minimaliste et flexible. La maisonnée était l’élément essentiel, tandis que la communauté territoriale locale était contingente et fluctuante. Dans l’environnement naturel généreux du Cambodge, un petit groupe d’individus mobiles réunis sous un même toit pouvait aisément accomplir toutes les tâches nécessaires à sa survie. Alors on ne s’attachait jamais indéfiniment à une localité : seulement à des communautés sans cesse en évolution, centrées autour de pagodes agissant comme des ports d’ancrage.

La symptomatologie dépressive prénatale : une étude comparative des femmes canadiennes et immigrantes à Montréal.

Contexte : Environ 20 % des femmes enceintes présentent un risque élevé de dépression prénatale. Les femmes immigrantes présentent des symptômes dépressifs élevés pendant la grossesse, le début de la période suivant l'accouchement et comme mères de jeunes enfants. Tandis que les disparités ethniques dans la symptomatologie dépressive pendant la grossesse ont été décrites, la combinaison de la longueur du séjour dans le pays d’accueil et la région d'origine sont rarement évalués dans des études qui portent sur la santé des immigrants au Canada. En outre, les études auprès des femmes immigrantes enceintes ont souvent un échantillon de taille qui ne suffit pas pour démêler les effets de la région d'origine et de la durée du séjour sur la santé mentale. De plus, au Canada, presque une femme sur cinq est un immigrant, mais leur santé mentale au cours de la grossesse, les niveaux d'exposition aux facteurs de risque reconnus pour la dépression prénatale et comment leur exposition et la vulnérabilité face à ces risques se comparent à celles des femmes enceintes nés au Canada, sont peu connus. De plus, le processus d'immigration peut être accompagné de nombreux défis qui augmentent le risque de violence subie par la femme. Néanmoins, les preuves existantes dans la littérature sont contradictoires, surtout en ce qui concerne le type de violence évaluée, les minorités ethniques qui sont considérées et l'inclusion de l'état de santé mentale. Objectifs : Tout d'abord, nous avons comparé la santé mentale de femmes immigrantes et les femmes nées au Canada au cours de la grossesse en tenant compte de la durée du séjour et de la région d'origine, et nous avons évalué le rôle des facteurs socio-économiques et du soutien social dans la symptomatologie dépressive prénatale. Deuxièmement, nous avons examiné la répartition des facteurs de risque contextuels de la symptomatologie dépressive prénatale selon le statut d'immigrant et la durée du séjour au Canada. Nous avons ensuite évalué l'association entre ces facteurs de risque et les symptômes de dépression prénataux et ensuite comparé la vulnérabilité des femmes nés au Canada et les femmes immigrantes à ces facteurs de risque en ce qui concerne les symptômes de la dépression prénatale. En troisième lieu, nous avons décrit la prévalence de la violence pendant la grossesse et examiné l'association entre l'expérience de la violence depuis le début de la grossesse et la prévalence des symptômes de la dépression prénatale, en tenant compte du statut d’immigrant. Méthodes : Les données proviennent de l'étude de Montréal sur les différences socio-économiques en prématurité. Les femmes ont été recrutées lors des examens de routine d'échographie (16 à 20 semaines), lors de la prise du sang (8-12 semaines), ou dans les centres de soins prénatals. L’échelle de dépistage Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) a été utilisée pour évaluer la symptomatologie dépressive à 24-26 semaines de grossesse chez 1495 immigrantes et 3834 femmes nées au Canada. Les niveaux d'exposition à certains facteurs de risque ont été évalués selon le statut d'immigrant et la durée de séjour à l'aide des tests Chi-2 ou test- t. L'échelle de dépistage Abuse Assessment screen (AAS) a été utilisée pour déterminer la fréquence et la gravité de la violence depuis le début de la grossesse. La relation avec l'agresseur a été également considérée. Toutes les mesures d'association ont été évaluées à l'aide de régressions logistiques multiples. Des termes d'interaction multiplicative furent construits entre chacun des facteurs de risque et statut d'immigrant pour révéler la vulnérabilité différentielle entre les femmes nés au Canada et immigrantes. Résultats : La prévalence des symptômes de dépression prénatales (CES-D > = 16 points) était plus élevée chez les immigrantes (32 % [29,6-34,4]) que chez les femmes nées au Canada (22,8 % (IC 95 % [21.4-24.1]). Des femmes immigrantes présentaient une symptomatologie dépressive élevée indépendamment du temps depuis l'immigration. La région d'origine est un fort indice de la symptomatologie dépressive : les prévalences les plus élevées ont été observées chez les femmes de la région des Caraïbes (45 %), de l’Asie du Sud (43 %), du Maghreb (42 %), de l'Afrique subsaharienne (39 %) et de l’Amérique latine (33 %) comparativement aux femmes nées au Canada (22 %) et celle de l'Asie de l’Est où la prévalence était la plus faible (17 %). La susceptibilité de présenter une dépression prénatale chez les femmes immigrantes était attenuée après l’ajustement pour le manque de soutien social et de l'argent pour les besoins de base. En ce qui concerne la durée du séjour au Canada, les symptômes dépressifs ont augmenté avec le temps chez les femmes d’origines européenne et asiatique du sud-est, diminué chez les femmes venant du Maghreb, de l’Afrique subsaharienne, du Moyen-Orient, et de l’Asie de l'est, et ont varié avec le temps chez les femmes d’origine latine et des Caraïbes. Les femmes immigrantes étaient beaucoup plus exposées que celles nées au Canada à des facteurs de risques contextuels indésirables comme la mésentente conjugale, le manque de soutien social, la pauvreté et l'encombrement au domicile. Au même niveau d'exposition aux facteurs de risque, les femmes nées au Canada ont présenté une plus grande vulnérabilité à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale en l'absence de soutien social (POR = 4,14 IC95 % [2,69 ; 6.37]) tandis que les femmes immigrées ont présentées une plus grande vulnérabilité à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale en absence d'argent pour les besoins de base (POR = 2,98 IC95 % [2.06 ; 4,32]). En ce qui concerne la violence, les menaces constituent le type de la violence le plus souvent rapporté avec 63 % qui ont lieu plus d'une fois. Les femmes immigrantes de long terme ont rapporté la prévalence la plus élevée de tous les types de violence (7,7 %). La violence par le partenaire intime a été la plus fréquemment rapportées (15 %) chez les femmes enceintes les plus pauvres. Des fortes associations ont été obtenues entre la fréquence de la violence (plus d'un épisode) et la symptomatologie dépressive (POR = 5,21 [3,73 ; 7,23] ; ainsi qu’entre la violence par le partenaire intime et la symptomatologie dépressive (POR = 5, 81 [4,19 ; 8,08). Le statut d'immigrant n'a pas modifié les associations entre la violence et la symptomatologie dépressive. Conclusion: Les fréquences élevées des symptômes dépressifs observées mettent en évidence la nécessité d'évaluer l'efficacité des interventions préventives contre la dépression prénatale. La dépression chez les femmes enceintes appartenant à des groupes minoritaires mérite plus d'attention, indépendamment de leur durée de séjour au Canada. Les inégalités d’exposition aux facteurs de risque existent entre les femmes enceintes nées au Canada et immigrantes. Des interventions favorisant la réduction de la pauvreté et l'intégration sociale pourraient réduire le risque de la dépression prénatale. La violence contre les femmes enceintes n'est pas rare au Canada et elle est associée à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale. Ces résultats appuient le développement futur du dépistage périnatal de la violence, de son suivi et d'un système d'aiguillage culturellement ajusté.